This presentation provides an overview of the Indo-European language family, which includes over half the world's languages. It describes the major branches such as Indian, Iranian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Hellenic, Albanian, Tocharian, Italic, Celtic, and their descendent languages. Key points covered include the geographic origins and distributions of the branches as well as important languages within each branch such as Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, and their derivations over time.

1. PRESENTATION ON
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
FAMILY OF LANGUAGES
TR

2.  The most widely studied language
family
 More than half of the world's
population speak one or more of these
languages.
 The term Indo-European was
previously coined as Aryan, and later on
Indo Germanic.

3. Members of The Indo-European Family of Languages
Note: Two other branches of Indo-European family Hittie and
Tocharianare now extinct. These are not shown in the above
diagram.

5.  Vedas
Indian
 The use of Sanskrit
extended afterward
Panini and the transition
of Vedic Sanskrit
 Two epics, the Mahabharatha
and the Ramayana
 Prakrits and Pali
 Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi and Marathi
descendents of dialects

6. Iranian
Covers the Northwest of India and the great
plateau of Iran.
Linked with the Indian branch.
Expansion of the language carried as remote as
southern Russia and central China.
Iranian
Avestan
Persian

7. AVESTAN: Of AVESTA-
sacred book of
Zrastrians- sometimes called zend.
OLD
PERSIAN: Preserved-conquests-
Daries,Xerxes.

8. Armenian
Found in a small area south of the Caucasus
 Mountains and the eastern end of the Black Sea.
Entrance, between the eighth and sixth centuries
B.C.
Balkans, Hellespont
Influences of some consonant shifting
Lack of grammatical gender
 No link with any other Indo European

9.  The Phrygians
 Limitations
 Its rising
 Armenian literature
 Persian domination
 Other languages in vocabulary.

10. Balto-Slavic
Balto-Slavic
Slavic
Baltic
Slavic
Baltic
Prussian
Latvian
Lithuanian
East
Slavic
West
Slavic
South
Slavic

11. BALTIC
Prussian:
Letic:
Displaced- German-19th century
2 million, Lativa
Lithunian:
3 million- Lithunia

12. SALVIC
EAST
SALVIC: Great Russian, White
Russian, Little Russian(Ukrainian)
WEST
SALVIC: Polish, Czechoslovakian,
Sorbian(Wend).
SOUTH
SALVIC: Bulgarian, SerboCroatian, Slovenian
Bible and certain liturgical texts
represents salvic language.

13. Hittie
The oldest recorded branch
 The term taken from the translation of
the Hebrew Bible
 Records are on clay tablet
The Hittites were ancient Anatolian
people

14. Germanic
Germanic
East Germanic

North Germanic
West Germanic
Gothic, is the principal language of East Germanic.
 Burgundian and Vandalic.
 North Germanic is found in Scandinavia, Denmark,
Iceland and the Faroe Islands.

15. West Germanic
High German
Low German
 Middle,
Rhenish, East Franconian Bavarian and
Alemannic dialects of High German
Old Saxon, Old Low Franconian, Old Frisian and
Old English.
Old Frisian and Old English constitute Anglo-Frisian
Old Low Franconian, with some mixture of Frisian
and Saxon constitute Dutch and Flemish.

16. Hellenic
 Geographical position
 Five dialectal groups
 Attic the mostly studied dialect
 Place of greats’ assemblage
 Attic, base of Koine
 Local differentiation of Koine and Modern Greek.

17. Albanian

Modern remnant of Illyrian
 Vocabulary is mixed
 Slowly recognized
 Formerly classed with Hellenic group
 Now independent recognition

18. Tocharian
 Added in the Indo-European language family in
the 20th century.
 Some fragmentary texts discovered
 Belongs to the Indo-European family along with
the Hellenic, Italic, Germanic and Celtic groups.

19. Italic
 Derived from Latin
 Settlements from different parts of the world.
 Etruscan, Lingurian, Venetic, Messapian and Greek,
spoken earlier.
Italic
Latin
Italic Branch
Oscan
Umbrian
 Latin gradually getting dominant.

21.  French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italic, prominent
Romance language
Romanian, Catalon, Galician, Rhaeto-Romanic,
Wallon- minor Romanian


22. Celtic
 Language of the Celts in Gaul is known as Gallic
 Goidelic or Gaelic Celts
 Brythonic Celts
 Cornish became extinct in the eighteenth century
 Manx has died out since World War II
 Gaelic is found in the Highlands and spoken by
75,000 people.

23.  Gaelic is found in the Highlands and spoken by
75,000 people.
 Welsh is spoken about one-quarter of the people
 Irish

24. THANK YOU
TR