PDF of slides (Standalone version) for 2012 100YSS Conference in Houston TX. Session is a proposal for a type of very-long-term archive as habitat, relief effort vessel, and crisis control solution.
4. The Fermi Paradox and The Great
Silence
Are we alone?
EXOPLANET TRANSIT / ESA / Illustration by AOES Medialab 2003
5. The Fermi Paradox and The Great
Silence
Kepler and 0ther observations tell us
that there is no shortage of worlds to be
detected.
Billions of years for worlds to develop.
Radiant life or von Neumann probes would need < 1 million
years.
Where are they?
This is the Fermi Paradox.
The quiet in place of any other signs of life: the Great Silence.
EXOPLANET TRANSIT / ESA / Illustration by AOES Medialab 2003
6. Exploring further...
Possible answers to the Fermi
Paradox
Responsibility to strive,
regardless of the unknown
status of other life
biota.cc/vessel.pdf
EXOPLANET TRANSIT
ESA / Illustration by AOES Medialab 2003
7. The Fermi Paradox and The Great
Silence
Is life widespread, or as uncommon
as we seem to be?
Learning the truth through interstellar travel will take time.
Until that time, we must foster the traces of life as though we
knew of no other traces... As is true.
We must foster a supporting—and surviving—interstellar
civilization.
EXOPLANET TRANSIT / ESA 2003 / Illustration by AOES Medialab
8. Existential Risk
Will we endure?
MASSIVE TERRESTRIAL STRIKE / Don Davis / NASA
9. Existential Risk
100 years to achieve our primary goal.
Our endeavor could be cut short before
that time has passed.
The risk that we may not endure is termed Existential Risk.
An existential risk is one that threatens the premature
extinction of Earth-originating intelligent life or the
permanent and drastic destruction of its potential for
desirable future development.
- Nick Bostrom
Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity (2011)
MASSIVE TERRESTRIAL STRIKE / Don Davis / NASA
10. Existential Risk
“... the permanent and drastic destruction
of its potential for desirable future
development.”
Survival alone is not enough.
In some cases, a surviving society may be brutalized, stagnant,
or diminished irreparably. Bostrom’s 2011 classification sets
aside discussion of particular causes.
Strict focus on outcomes helps us envision possible recovery
scenarios.
MASSIVE TERRESTRIAL STRIKE / Don Davis / NASA
11. Existential Risk
Classification of Existential Risk
Human Extinction
Humanity goes extinct prematurely, i.e., before reaching technological maturity.
Permanent Stagnation
Humanity survives but never reaches technological maturity.
Subclasses: Unrecovered Collapse, Plateauing, Recurrent Collapse
Flawed Realization
Humanity reaches technological maturity but in a way that is dismally and
irremediably flawed.
Subclasses: Unconsummated Realization, Ephemeral Realization
Subsequent Ruination
Humanity reaches technological maturity in a way that gives good future prospects,
yet subsequent developments cause the permanent ruination of those prospects.
- Nick Bostrom
Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity (2011)
Four classes, but only two can be shaped
by us.
MASSIVE TERRESTRIAL STRIKE / Don Davis / NASA
12. Existential Risk
Classification of Existential Risk
Human Extinction
Humanity goes extinct prematurely, i.e., before reaching technological maturity.
Permanent Stagnation
Humanity survives but never reaches technological maturity.
Subclasses: Unrecovered Collapse, Plateauing, Recurrent Collapse
Flawed Realization
Humanity reaches technological maturity but in a way that is dismally and
irremediably flawed.
Subclasses: Unconsummated Realization, Ephemeral Realization
Subsequent Ruination
Humanity reaches technological maturity in a way that gives good future prospects,
yet subsequent developments cause the permanent ruination of those prospects.
- Nick Bostrom
Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity (2011)
Extinction is extinction; beyond our
control.
MASSIVE TERRESTRIAL STRIKE / Don Davis / NASA
13. Existential Risk
Classification of Existential Risk
Human Extinction
Humanity goes extinct prematurely, i.e., before reaching technological maturity.
Permanent Stagnation
Humanity survives but never reaches technological maturity.
Subclasses: Unrecovered Collapse, Plateauing, Recurrent Collapse
Flawed Realization
Humanity reaches technological maturity but in a way that is dismally and
irremediably flawed.
Subclasses: Unconsummated Realization, Ephemeral Realization
Subsequent Ruination
Humanity reaches technological maturity in a way that gives good future prospects,
yet subsequent developments cause the permanent ruination of those prospects.
- Nick Bostrom
Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity (2011)
Far-future outcomes: beyond our control.
MASSIVE TERRESTRIAL STRIKE / Don Davis / NASA
14. Existential Risk
Classification of Existential Risk
Human Extinction
Humanity goes extinct prematurely, i.e., before reaching technological maturity.
Permanent Stagnation
Humanity survives but never reaches technological maturity.
Subclasses: Unrecovered Collapse, Plateauing, Recurrent Collapse
Flawed Realization
Humanity reaches technological maturity but in a way that is dismally and
irremediably flawed.
Subclasses: Unconsummated Realization, Ephemeral Realization
Subsequent Ruination
Humanity reaches technological maturity in a way that gives good future prospects,
yet subsequent developments cause the permanent ruination of those prospects.
- Nick Bostrom
Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity (2011)
But we can, and must, control for lapse of
capability.
MASSIVE TERRESTRIAL STRIKE / Don Davis / NASA
15. Existential Risk
Imperative
To achieve an interstellar civilization while
addressing existential risk, we must do more
than survive: we must preserve our aspirations,
our capabilities, our cultural resources, and our
biodiversity.
MASSIVE TERRESTRIAL STRIKE / Don Davis / NASA
16. Could an archive answer to Permanent
Stagnation or Flawed Realization?
Gregory Benford’s Library of Life proposal (1992) addressed
catastrophic loss of biodiversity.
DIATOM 1 (Sarah Parker-Eaton & Louise Hibbert)
Photo via Bradbury J: Nature's Nanotechnologists: Unveiling the Secrets of Diatoms. PLoS Biol 2/10/2004: e306.
17. The Library of Life
DIATOM 1 (Sarah Parker-Eaton & Louise Hibbert)
Photo via Bradbury J: Nature's Nanotechnologists: Unveiling the Secrets of Diatoms. PLoS Biol 2/10/2004: e306.
18. The Library of Life
The Library of Life: A thought
experiment on avoiding irreversible loss
of biodiversity.
A broad program of freezing species in threatened
ecospheres could preserve biodiversity for eventual use by
future generations. Sampling without studying can lower
costs dramatically. […] Much more information than species
DNA will be saved, allowing future biotechnology to derive
high information content and perhaps even resurrect then-
extinct species.
- Gregory Benford
Abstract for “Saving the Library of Life” (1992)
DIATOM 1 (Sarah Parker-Eaton & Louise Hibbert)
Photo via Bradbury J: Nature's Nanotechnologists: Unveiling the Secrets of Diatoms. PLoS Biol 2/10/2004: e306.
19. The Library of Life
Controversial, but galvanizing.
My main concern is that people will conclude that scientists
have given up on preserving living biodiversity, or that future
species extinctions are not so worrisome because we can
always reconstitute the species and genera that we render
extinct. But […] these potential obstacles can be
circumvented: by stressing [...] that the very fact that such
steps are being taken is an indication of how serious the
problem is.
- Carl Sagan
Letter to Benford in Deep Time (1999)
The Library of Life proposal: One of the deepest and earliest
influences on my Vessel Archives proposal.
We cannot be afraid to galvanize our efforts, when confronting
existential risk.
DIATOM 1 (Sarah Parker-Eaton & Louise Hibbert)
Photo via Bradbury J: Nature's Nanotechnologists: Unveiling the Secrets of Diatoms. PLoS Biol 2/10/2004: e306.
20. The Library of Life
What type of facility would be needed to
carry a Library of Life, or a cultural
equivalent, over the very-long-term?
Cultural archives would use different methods. Built through
both curation and sampling. Facility could take on as many
different forms as there are cultures...
DIATOM 1 (Sarah Parker-Eaton & Louise Hibbert)
Photo via Bradbury J: Nature's Nanotechnologists: Unveiling the Secrets of Diatoms. PLoS Biol 2/10/2004: e306.
39. Photo via Alijava (CC-BY-SA-2.5) 2010
biota.cc/vessel.pdf
CLOCK OF THE LONG NOW
BAMBOO Photo via Alijava (CC-BY-SA-2.5) 2007
Photo via Alijava (CC-BY-SA-2.5) 2012 Photo via Alijava (CC-BY-SA-2.5) 2007
Heath Rezabek is the Teen Services Coordinator at the Austin Public Library, where he works with his staff to empower at-risk youth through media literacy. &#xA0;A librarian by career and calling, his session suggests a key role for archives in the 100 Year Starship Mission. &#xA0;However, Heath is here today as an individual and enthusiast: &#xA0;A writer, artist, and advocate for the 100YSS Mission. &#xA0;His other interests include community building, sustainable architecture, the mission of art, cosmology, the importance of the humanities, and the prospects for life in the universe. &#xA0;He unites these themes in his session: &#xA0;Existential Risk, Human Survival, and the Future of Life in the Universe: &#xA0;Interstellar Civilization through Vessel Archives.\n\n( &#x2026; Thank you. &#x2026; )\n\n\n\n\n
Thank you.\n\nSome quick notes before we begin.\n\nSession slides available both on Slideshare and as a PDF from my own server.\n\n( &#x2026; These break-out slides will mention Brief highlights. &#x2026; )\n\n
These break-out slides will mention Brief highlights.\n\nWorking Paper is longer - 50 pages - with more background than I can cover in 20 minutes. A link to the PDF is at bottom of these slides.\n\nI welcome contact, inquiries, and collaboration via email.\n\n( &#x2026; As early as the January 2011 100 Year Starship Workshop, the mission had identified human survival as a key factor in its work. &#x2026; )\n
Are we alone?\n\n&#x2026; Is life -- living matter, whether simple or complex -- common, or is it rare, in the observable universe? \n\n( &#x2026; The Kepler Mission and others tell us that there is no shortage of rocky worlds to be detected &#x2026; )\n\n
The Kepler Mission and others tell us that there is no shortage of rocky worlds to be detected.\n\nThere&#x2019;ve been billions of years for worlds to develop.\nRadiant life or von Neumann probes would need as little as 1 million years to colonize the Galaxy.\n\nWhere are they?\n\nThis is the Fermi Paradox.\nThe quiet in place of any other signs of life has been termed the Great Silence.\n
Exploring further in the paper we have some Possible answers to the Fermi Paradox\n\n... and we discuss our Responsibility to strive, regardless of the unknown status of other life\n( &#x2026; Is life widespread, or as uncommon as we seem to be? &#x2026; )\n
Is life widespread, or as uncommon as we seem to be?\nLearning the truth through interstellar travel will take time.\nIn order to achieve our goal of interstellar travel, we must foster a supporting and surviving interstellar civilization. ( &#x2026; This brings us to second key question &#x2026; )\n
This brings me to our second key question\n\nWill we endure?\n\n( &#x2026; We have given ourselves 100 years to achieve our primary goal, yet our endeavor could be cut short before that time has passed. The risk that we may not endure is termed Existential Risk. &#x2026; )\n\n\n\n
We have given ourselves 100 years to achieve our primary goal, yet our endeavor could be cut short before that time has passed. The risk that we may not endure is termed Existential Risk. \n\nNick Bostrom, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, defines -\nAn existential risk is one that threatens the premature extinction of Earth-originating intelligent life, or the permanent and drastic destruction of its potential for desirable future development. \nThe paper quoted here is an excellent treatment, found on his site, called &#x201C;Existential Risk Prevention as the Most Important Task for Humanity.&#x201D;\n\n( &#x2026; Now let&#x2019;s notice that fragment - &#x201C;... destruction of its potential for desirable future development.&#x201D; &#x2026; )\n\n
Now let&#x2019;s notice that fragment - &#x201C;... destruction of its potential for desirable future development.&#x201D;\nSurvival alone is not enough. In some cases, a surviving society may be brutalized, stagnant, or diminished irreparably.\n\nBostrom&#x2019;s 2011 classification sets aside discussion of particular causes.\n( &#x2026; Its strict focus on outcomes helps us envision possible recovery scenarios. &#x2026; )\n
Its strict focus on outcomes helps us envision possible recovery scenarios.\n\nBostrom&#x2019;s classification is notable for not being a laundry-list of extinction events. It points out two key outcomes in particular. I call these Dystopian Outcomes, as they&#x2019;re unfavorable outcomes which continue indefinitely:\n\nPermanent Stagnation - Humanity survives but never reaches technological maturity or interstellar civilization. \n\nFlawed Realization - Humanity reaches technological maturity but in a way that is irredeemably flawed. \n\n[ -- I joke that, in the realm of Existential Risk, Dystopian outcomes are ones that only an existentialist could love. -- ]\n\nBut What of the other two classes?\n\n( &#x2026; Human Extinction is exactly as it sounds, no different whether the cause is a sterilizing asteroid, a pandemic, or an unforeseen technology. &#x2026; )\n\n
Human Extinction is exactly as it sounds, no different whether the cause is a sterilizing asteroid, a pandemic, or an unforeseen technology.\n\n( &#x2026; Subsequent Ruination is a Far-future catch-all. Extinction at some point after we become interstellar is the least of our worries over the next 100 years. &#x2026; )\n\n
Subsequent Ruination is a Far-future catch-all. Extinction at some point after we become interstellar is the least of our worries over the next 100 years.\n\n( &#x2026; That leaves us the challenges of today: the risk of a deeply diminished legacy, to pass on to the stars. &#x2026; )\n\n
That leaves us the challenges of today: the risk of a deeply diminished legacy, to pass on to the stars.\n\nAvoiding this outcome is the focus of my proposal.\n\n( &#x2026; So, Reminded of the need to foster our cultural capabilities beyond mere survival, let&#x2019;s restate the January 2011 Workshop goal as an imperative: &#x2026; )\n
So, Reminded of the need to foster our cultural capabilities beyond mere survival, let&#x2019;s restate the January 2011 Workshop goal as an imperative:\n\nTo achieve an interstellar civilization while addressing existential risk, we must do more than survive: we must preserve our aspirations, our capabilities, our cultural resources, and our biodiversity.\n\n( &#x2026; What type of archive would answer to our Dystopian Outcomes -- Permanent Stagnation or Flawed Realization? &#x2026; )\n\n\n\n
What type of archive would answer to our Dystopian Outcomes -- Permanent Stagnation or Flawed Realization? \n\nGregory Benford suggested one example in 1992, addressing catastrophic loss of biodiversity.\n\n( &#x2026; The Library of Life proposal is a thought experiment on avoiding irreversible. &#x2026; )\n\n
The Library of Life proposal is a thought experiment on avoiding irreversible loss.\n\n( &#x2026; In it, he details... )\n\n
In it, he details...\n\nA broad program of freezing species in threatened ecospheres [that] could preserve biodiversity for eventual recovery by future generations. [Believing even then that we had no more time for the slow luxury of taxonomy, he recommended freezing flora and fauna in situ, their complex relationships as predator and prey intact. &#x201C;Much more information than species DNA will be saved,&#x201D; he wrote, &#x201C;allowing future biotechnology to derive high information content -- and perhaps even resurrect then-extinct species.&#x201D;\n( &#x2026; The proposal was controversial, but galvanizing. Carl Sagan wrote in a letter to Benford &#x2026; )\n\n
The proposal was controversial, but galvanizing. Carl Sagan wrote in a letter to Benford\n\nMy main concern is that people will conclude that scientists have given up on preserving living biodiversity, or that future species extinctions are not so worrisome because we can always reconstitute the species [&#x2026;] that we render extinct. But [&#x2026;] these potential obstacles can be circumvented: by stressing [...] that the very fact that such steps are being taken is an indication of how serious the problem is.\n\nWhen I first encountered the The Library of Life proposal, I was stunned by a glimpse of very-long-term thinking. It eventually contributed to my becoming a Librarian. So one of the deepest and earliest ideas to shape the Vessel Archive proposal comes from the Library of Life, and can stated by saying:\n\n( &#x2026; We cannot be afraid to galvanize our efforts, in confronting existential risk. &#x2026; )\n
We cannot be afraid to galvanize our efforts, in confronting existential risk. \n\nSo, can we envision the type of facility would be needed to carry a Library of Life, or house a cultural equivalent, over the very-long-term?\n\nCultural archives would require different methods, and the facility itself could take on as many different forms as there are cultures.\n\n( &#x2026; Here I propose the Vessel Archive, a recombinant idea, drawing many efforts into one. &#x2026; )\n
Here I propose the Vessel Archive, a recombinant idea, drawing many efforts into one.\n\nIn illustrating the Vessel Archive proposal, I am especially thankful to Philippe Steels, who granted permission to use his design visualizations for Lilypad, an oceanfaring hyperstructure by architect Vincent Callebaut. \n\n( &#x2026; These structures also share much in common with the original Arcology concepts of Paolo Soleri. &#x2026; )\n\n\n\n
These structures also share much in common with the original Arcology concepts of Paolo Soleri.\n\nMost hyperstructure projects, including Paolo Soleri&#x2019;s Arcology proposals, are designed for large numbers of inhabitants (from 10,000 to millions). I propose applying these strategies on a more practical scale, in a limited-scope project.\n\nSo what is a Vessel Archive?\n\n( &#x2026; A Vessel Archive is a self-contained, sustainable habitat which fosters the traces of Earth's cultures and biomes. &#x2026; )\n\n
A Vessel Archive is a self-contained, sustainable habitat which harbors the traces of Earth's cultures and biomes.\n\nThese installations would serve in the near-term as examples of sustainability and as ambassadors for society's understanding of the 100 Year Starship Mission, and would serve in the long-term as protective vessels for humanity's aspirations, knowledge, and the traces of life itself.\n\n( &#x2026; Vessel Archives would be dedicated to their twin goals of education, and preservation. &#x2026; )\n\n\n
Vessel Archives would be dedicated to their twin goals of education, and preservation. \n\n( &#x2026; The term "vessel" describes our focused-purpose habitat in part through its several meanings. &#x2026; )\n
The term "vessel" describes our focused-purpose habitat in part through its several meanings. A vessel is a ship; a vehicle meant to ply the waters (on Earth), or the space between the stars. ( &#x2026; A vessel is a container into which is poured something meant to be stored or carried. &#x2026; )\n\n\n\n
A vessel is a container into which is poured something meant to be stored or carried. \n\nA vessel is a conduit or a medium for transmission.\n\n( &#x2026; The installation as a whole should be designed as self-sufficient, sustainable, and resilient in case of existential catastrophe. &#x2026; )\n\n
The installation as a whole should be designed as self-sufficient, sustainable, and resilient in case of existential catastrophe.\n\nEach Vessel Archive should be designed to harbor a diverse and interdisciplinary crew and staff of just a few thousand, per archive.\n\n( &#x2026; They would be colonies on Earth, dedicated to the legacy of life. &#x2026; )\n\n\n
They would be colonies on Earth, dedicated to the legacy of life.\n\n( &#x2026; One habitat for a few thousand will not solve our societal challenges or safeguard life on Earth. &#x2026; )\n
One habitat for a few thousand will not solve our societal challenges or safeguard life on Earth. \n\n( &#x2026; But connected communities of many Vessel Archives around the world, each sharing concrete methods for sustainable design with society at large, may do better... ... )\n\n
But connected communities of many Vessel Archives around the world, each sharing concrete methods for sustainable design with society at large, may do better...\n\n( &#x2026; A Vessel Archive&#x2019;s outer exhibits, clearly visible to a curious public, would house resources and environments introducing the 100 Year Starship Mission. &#x2026; )\n\n
A Vessel Archive&#x2019;s outer exhibits, clearly visible to a curious public, would house resources and environments introducing the 100 Year Starship Mission.\n\nAt the heart of a Vessel Archive would be labs for research and development, core collections, and our sample banks of cultural and biological records.\n\n( &#x2026; This core archive (like a Library of Life) could be split or sampled, and transferred in whole or in part to a 100 Year Starship, to serve as its memory of Earth. &#x2026; )\n\n\n
This core archive (like a Library of Life) could be split or sampled, and transferred in whole or in part to a 100 Year Starship, to serve as its memory of Earth.\n\nBut Vessel Archives themselves would remain after all other ships had launched, to ensure that humanity&#x2019;s essence endured.\n\n( &#x2026; The Vessel Archive, carried out in many forms, would address the debilitating outcomes of existential risk: &#x2026; )\n\n\n
The Vessel Archive, carried out in many forms, would address the Dystopian Outcomes of existential risk:\n\nPermanent Stagnation and Flawed Realization.\n\nVessel Archives would also address the other two outcome classes, through Bruce Sterling&#x2019;s concept of Deep Archival. This is detailed in the paper.\n\n( &#x2026; While the Lilypad habitat is an oceanfaring vessel, the example is for illustration only: A Vessel Archive does not need to be floating, or have any other single form. &#x2026; )\n\n\n
While the Lilypad habitat is an oceanfaring vessel, the example is for illustration only: A Vessel Archive does not need to be floating, or have any other single form.\n\n( &#x2026; Many other approaches inform the Vessel Archive proposal, starting with the need to encourage hybrid vigor through an open specification &#x2026; )\n\n\n
Many other approaches inform the Vessel Archive proposal, starting with the need to encourage hybrid vigor through an open specification...\n\n( &#x2026; I propose the use of Creative Commons to seed an open specification on Vessel Archive designs. &#x2026; )\n\n\n\n
I propose the use of Creative Commons to seed an open specification on Vessel Archive designs. A separate, licensed branch could allow for proprietary developments in parallel to public efforts. If you&#x2019;re interested in helping either effort, or hosting such a site at your organization, please make contact.\n\n( &#x2026; Given the time, I&#x2019;d explore how we could inspire the public with the 100 Year Starship Mission, through interactive exhibits at existing, familiar institutions: Museums, Planetariums, Arboretums, Observatories, Universities, Libraries... &#x2026; )\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
And introduce solutions preserved in vernacular architecture, as a form of embedded cultural archival.\n\n( &#x2026; I&#x2019;d look at precursors to very-long-term thinking, such as the 10,000 Year Clock of the Long Now Foundation, or Bruce Sterling&#x2019;s entreaty towards Deep Archival. &#x2026; )\n\n
But none of these things matter, in the absence of a 100 year answer -- to this:\n
We recognize this as the Pale Blue Dot -- our fragile self-portrait, Earth as captured by Voyager I, looking back towards home, in 1990.\n\n( &#x2026; After 20 years of searching and synthesis, the Vessel Archive proposal, is the very best I have to give, in answer. But I hope that, together, we can do still better, because the Great Silence awaits our response. &#x2026; )\n
After 20 years of searching and synthesis, the Vessel Archive proposal, is the very best I have to give, in answer. But I hope that, together, we can do still better, because the Great Silence awaits our response.\n\n( &#x2026; )\n\n
The stakes are high, but the possible future benefits of our work are also vast, when considering the long-term potential of our interstellar civilization.\n\n( &#x2026; Nick Bostrom explains that, in order to understand the loss of an existential catastrophe, we&#x2019;d have to understand the value of its absence. &#x2026; )\n\n\n
Nick Bostrom explains that, in order to understand the loss of an existential catastrophe, we&#x2019;d have to understand the value of its absence. He calculates the number of descendants the human race could have. Even the most conservative estimates show the value as greater than 10^18 human lives. He concludes &#x201C;...that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point...&#x201D; is at least ten billion human lives.&#x201D;\n\n( &#x2026; And just thinking of these things, as we are here today, must surely count for something. &#x2026; )\n
Nick Bostrom explains that, in order to understand the loss of an existential catastrophe, we&#x2019;d have to understand the value of its absence. He calculates the number of descendants the human race could have. Even the most conservative estimates show the value as greater than 10^18 human lives. He concludes &#x201C;...that the expected value of reducing existential risk by a mere one millionth of one percentage point...&#x201D; is at least ten billion human lives.&#x201D;\n\n( &#x2026; And just thinking of these things, as we are here today, must surely count for something. &#x2026; )\n
And just thinking of these things, as we are here today, must surely count for something.\n\nMy hope is that we will have reduced the chances of existential catastrophe&#x2014;and increased the chances of humanity fulfilling its potential&#x2014;by at least one millionth of one percent.\n\nI have detailed one model&#x2014;the Vessel Archive&#x2014;among, perhaps, many. \n( &#x2026; I hope that this work, and others like it, unleash a flood of collaborative efforts to piece together as many paths to interstellar civilization as we can imagine. &#x2026; )\n\n
&#x201C;The most astounding fact ... is the knowledge that the atoms that comprise life on Earth, the atoms that make up the human body, are traceable to the crucibles that cooked light elements into heavy elements in their core ... under extreme temperatures and pressures. These stars ... went unstable in their later years. They collapsed and then exploded, scattering their enriched guts across the galaxy. Guts made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and all the fundamental ingredients of life itself. These ingredients become part of gas clouds that condense, collapse, form the next generation of solar systems&#x2014;stars with orbiting planets&#x2014;and those planets now have the ingredients for life itself. So that when I look up at the night sky, and I know that&#x2014;yes&#x2014;we are part of this universe, we are in this universe... But perhaps more important than both of those facts, is that the universe is in us. When I reflect on that fact, I look up&#x2014;many people feel small, because they're small and the universe is big; but I feel big. Because my atoms came from those stars.&#x201D;\n\n- Neil deGrasse TysonTIME: 10 Questions for Neil deGrasse Tyson.\n