The document discusses testing and assessment in language learning. It covers: 1) The purposes of formative testing which provides feedback and diagnosis, and summative testing which provides scores, grades, and measures progress. 2) Characteristics of a good test, including validity, reliability, and backwash effect. 3) Areas that can be tested such as language components and language use. 4) Guidelines for writing tests, such as clarifying the purpose, ensuring the test measures the intended skills, avoiding bias, and encouraging interactive language use.

12. TESTING thank you