Scientific impact of Italy, as measured by citations of scientific papers, is compared to R&D expenditure.

1. The Scientific Impact of Italy Giuseppe De Nicolao – Università di Pavia I Centri ministeriali di Eccellenza istituiti presso le Università tra il 2001 e il 2003 Roma - Accademia dei Lincei 28 Settembre 2010

5. What is the scientific impact of countries?

7. Italy’s Citation Rankings ‘08 (SCImago/SCOPUS) Subject Area Rank All 8 Medicine 5 Pharmacol., Toxicol. & Pharmaceutics 5 Earth and Planetary Sc. 6 Mathematics 6 Neuroscience 6 Biochem., Genetics & Molec. Biol. 7 Dentistry 7 Health Professions 7 Immunology and Microbiology 7 Nursing 7 Physics and Astronomy 7 Veterinary 7 Chemistry 8 Subject Area Rank Computer Science 8 Economics, Econometrics and Finance 8 Engineering 8 Arts and Humanities 9 Energy 9 Multidisciplinary 9 Psychology 9 Agriculture and Biol. Sc. 10 Decision Sciences 10 Environmental Science 10 Social Sciences 10 Chemical Engineering 11 Materials Science 11 Business, Manag. & Accounting 13

8. Italy’s Relative Production of Documents

10. What is the wealth of countries?

12. How much do countries spend in R&D?

14. How much do countries spend relative to their GDP? R&D intensity = R&D/GDP

18. How much do countries spend in academic R&D?

20. How much do countries spend in HERD relative to their GDP? HERD intensity = HERD/GDP

22. What do countries get for their academic research spending ? Academic research efficiency = cites/HERD

27. How much do countries spend in university education per student?

28. Average expenditure per student throughout the course of university studies

30. How much do countries spend in university education relative to their wealth?

31. Expenditure for university education as %GDP’07

33. “ che nell’università ci siano troppi professori è un fatto” F. Giavazzi, Corriere della Sera 24-10-10

34. Ratio of students to teaching staff (calculations based on full time equivalents)

35. che nell’università ci siano troppi professori è un fatto ... falso Among 29 considered countries, only Chile, Turkey, and Slovenia and have a greater ratio of students to teaching staff (Table D2.2, p. 387)