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Mindfulness According to Early
Buddhist Sources
The Threefold and Fourfold
Establishments of Mindfulness
Talk at Spirit Rock Meditation Center: http://www.dharmaseed.org/teacher/439/talk/14214/
Paper in Journal of Buddhist Studies: http://www.math.leidenuniv.nl/~gill/MindfulnessEarlyBuddhism.pdf
Bhikkhu Anālayo
Topics
1) Four establishments of mindfulness
2) Mindfulness of breathing
3) Three establishments of mindfulness
Four establishments of mindfulness:
- body
- feelings
- mental states
- dharmas
Discourse versions:
a) Theravāda – Dīgha- and Majjhima-nikāya
b) Sarvāstivāda – Madhyama-āgama
c) uncertain school – Ekottarika-āgama
Body contemplation – common ground:
a) anatomical constitution of the body
b) body made up of elements
c) decay of body after death
contemplation of feeling – common ground:
a) pleasant, unpleasant, neutral
b) worldly and unworldly
contemplation of mental states – common ground:
a) presence or absence of lust, anger, delusion etc.
b) presence or absence of higher states of mind
contemplation of dharmas – common ground:
a) 5 hindrances
b) 7 factors of awakening
5 hindrances:
- sensual desire
- ill will
- sloth-and-torpor
- restlessness-and-worry
- doubt
7 awakening factors:
- mindfulness
- investigation of phenomena
- energy
- joy
- tranquility
- concentration
- equanimity
x
They lead to awakening –
Therefore they are called awakening factors
(SN V 74)
Topics
1) Four establishments of mindfulness
2) Mindfulness of breathing
3) Three establishments of mindfulness
Mindfulness of breathing
1) contemplation of the body:
- long breath,
- short breath,
- experience whole body (or: all bodily activities),
- calm bodily activities.
Mindfulness of breathing
2) contemplation of feelings:
- experience joy,
- experience happiness,
- experience mental activities,
- calm mental activities.
Mindfulness of breathing
3) contemplation of mental states:
- experience the mind,
- gladden the mind,
- concentrate the mind,
- free the mind.
Mindfulness of breathing
4) contemplation of dharmas:
- contemplate impermanence,
- contemplate fading away (or: eradication),
- contemplate cessation (or: dispassion),
- contemplate letting go (or: cessation).
Breathing 4 establishments of mindfulness:
body: long breath, short breath, whole
body, calm bodily activities.
feelings: experience joy, happiness, mental
activities, calm mental activities.
mental states: experience, gladden, concentrate,
free the mind.
dharmas: contemplate impermanence, fading
away, cessation, letting go.
1) body
2) feelings
Object of
Contemplation 3) mental states
4) dharmas
2
Topics
1) Four establishments of mindfulness
2) Mindfulness of breathing
3) Three establishments of mindfulness
Three establishments of mindfulness:
- disciples do not listen
- some do not listen, some listen
- all disciples listen
The Buddha remains equanimous in each case
mindfulness and evaluation:
a) know: body is "not beautiful" / "impure"
b) know: feelings is "worldly" or "unworldly"
c) know: mind is "lustful", "angry", "deluded"
d) know: "sensual desire" or "ill will" is present
common ground of the three and four
establishments of mindfulness:
aware & equanimous
x
After all, it's a matter of balance
Those who always proceed with mindfulness
... proceed evenly among what is uneven (SN I 17)

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Mindfulness according to_early_buddhist_sources_-_bhikkhu_analayo

  • 1. Mindfulness According to Early Buddhist Sources The Threefold and Fourfold Establishments of Mindfulness Talk at Spirit Rock Meditation Center: http://www.dharmaseed.org/teacher/439/talk/14214/ Paper in Journal of Buddhist Studies: http://www.math.leidenuniv.nl/~gill/MindfulnessEarlyBuddhism.pdf Bhikkhu Anālayo
  • 2. Topics 1) Four establishments of mindfulness 2) Mindfulness of breathing 3) Three establishments of mindfulness
  • 3. Four establishments of mindfulness: - body - feelings - mental states - dharmas
  • 4. Discourse versions: a) Theravāda – Dīgha- and Majjhima-nikāya b) Sarvāstivāda – Madhyama-āgama c) uncertain school – Ekottarika-āgama
  • 5. Body contemplation – common ground: a) anatomical constitution of the body b) body made up of elements c) decay of body after death
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. contemplation of feeling – common ground: a) pleasant, unpleasant, neutral b) worldly and unworldly
  • 10.
  • 11. contemplation of mental states – common ground: a) presence or absence of lust, anger, delusion etc. b) presence or absence of higher states of mind
  • 12.
  • 13. contemplation of dharmas – common ground: a) 5 hindrances b) 7 factors of awakening
  • 14. 5 hindrances: - sensual desire - ill will - sloth-and-torpor - restlessness-and-worry - doubt
  • 15.
  • 16. 7 awakening factors: - mindfulness - investigation of phenomena - energy - joy - tranquility - concentration - equanimity
  • 17. x They lead to awakening – Therefore they are called awakening factors (SN V 74)
  • 18. Topics 1) Four establishments of mindfulness 2) Mindfulness of breathing 3) Three establishments of mindfulness
  • 19. Mindfulness of breathing 1) contemplation of the body: - long breath, - short breath, - experience whole body (or: all bodily activities), - calm bodily activities.
  • 20. Mindfulness of breathing 2) contemplation of feelings: - experience joy, - experience happiness, - experience mental activities, - calm mental activities.
  • 21. Mindfulness of breathing 3) contemplation of mental states: - experience the mind, - gladden the mind, - concentrate the mind, - free the mind.
  • 22. Mindfulness of breathing 4) contemplation of dharmas: - contemplate impermanence, - contemplate fading away (or: eradication), - contemplate cessation (or: dispassion), - contemplate letting go (or: cessation).
  • 23. Breathing 4 establishments of mindfulness: body: long breath, short breath, whole body, calm bodily activities. feelings: experience joy, happiness, mental activities, calm mental activities. mental states: experience, gladden, concentrate, free the mind. dharmas: contemplate impermanence, fading away, cessation, letting go.
  • 24. 1) body 2) feelings Object of Contemplation 3) mental states 4) dharmas 2
  • 25. Topics 1) Four establishments of mindfulness 2) Mindfulness of breathing 3) Three establishments of mindfulness
  • 26. Three establishments of mindfulness: - disciples do not listen - some do not listen, some listen - all disciples listen The Buddha remains equanimous in each case
  • 27. mindfulness and evaluation: a) know: body is "not beautiful" / "impure" b) know: feelings is "worldly" or "unworldly" c) know: mind is "lustful", "angry", "deluded" d) know: "sensual desire" or "ill will" is present
  • 28. common ground of the three and four establishments of mindfulness: aware & equanimous
  • 29. x After all, it's a matter of balance
  • 30. Those who always proceed with mindfulness ... proceed evenly among what is uneven (SN I 17)