This document discusses relative clauses in English grammar. It defines relative pronouns like who, which, that, when, whose, and where. It explains how these pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses and replace nouns. It also discusses cases when relative pronouns can be omitted from sentences and the different roles they play in restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses.

1. Unit 13
grammar
MR GAMIL KASSEM MAHMOUD

2. RELATIVE CLAUSES عبارات
الوصل
▪ What
▪ Where
▪when
▪ Which
▪ Whose
▪ That

3. Who
- ضمير وصل بمعنى الذي / التي/ الذين / اللائي
و تحل محل الفاعل العاقل ) أي يأتي بعدها فعل(:
- -The The man man who has you been saw working in the party all day with looks me very is my tired.
uncle.
= - - I The met man the man you who saw bought in the your party old with car.
me is my uncle.
و تحل محل المفعول العاقل ) أي يأتي بعدها فاعل و يمكن
حذفها(:

4. تحل محل الفاعل او المفعول في الجمل الاعتراضيه بعد (, )
-Messi, that is a famous footballer, plays for Barcelona. (X)
- Messi, who is a famous footballer, plays for Barcelona. (√)
يل تأتي في المكان المناسب في الجملة: (who) - لا تستخدم حروف الجر قبل
-The man for who you work is very kind. (X)
-- The man who you work for is very kind. (√)

5. Which
- ضمير وصل بمعنى الذي / التي/ الذين
تحل محل فاعل غيرعاقل ) أي يأتي بعدها فعل(:
- Reham bought a mobile which was expensive.
و تحل محل مفعول غيرعاقل ) أي يأتي بعدها فاعل و يمكن حذفها(:
-The food which you cook tastes delicious.

6. Which
تاتي في الجمل الاعتراضيه ),( محل الفاعل او المفعول غير العاقل
- The cheetah, which belongs to the cat family, is very fast. (√)
- The cheetah, that belongs to the cat family, is very fast. (X)
- He came first, which made his parents very happy. (√)
أو تأتي في أي مكان المناسب (which) أن تستخدم حروف الجر قبل
- The bus by which we go to school is very old. (√)
- The bus which we go to school by is very old. (√)

7. That
:(who/ which / whom ( بدلا من (that ) - يمكن استخدام
-The man that has been working all day looks tired.
- Omer that you met yesterday is my brother.
-The food that you make tastes delicious.
- Reham bought a mobile that was expensive.

8. يل تأتي في المكان المناسب في الجمل (that) لا تستخدم حروف الجر قبل
- The man for that you work is very kind. (X)
- The man that you work for is very kind. (√)

9. : (that) - هناك حالات لابد ان نستخدم فيها
أ. اذا جاء في الجمله اي من ..
All – any - one – some – every – only – many – much – few - no
-I lent her all the money that she needed.
- -Waheed was the only friend that helped me.
(which) ب. مع صف ات التفضيل بدلا من
- The fox is the cleverest animal that I have ever seen.
ج. اذا كانت تعود علي عاق ل وغير عاق ل في نفس الوقت. .
- I told my classmates about the leaders and the places that I admired.

10. Where
- و تستخدم بمعني " حيث" و تعود علي المكان و لابد أن يأتي بعدها ف اعل أو مفعول:
This is the room where I sleep.
-A school is the place where we learn.
where = in which / at which / to which /
from which / about which…….
-This is the room in which I sleep.
- -A school is a place at which we learn.

11. مع المكان في حالات معينة: (which) - يمكن أن تستخدم
- This is the house where we built. (X)
- This is the house which we built. (√)
:(where) - لا تستخدم حروف جر تعود علي المكان قبل أو بعد
- I went to the room in where I sleep. (X)
- I went to the room where I sleep in. (X)
- I went to the room in which I sleep. (√)
- I went to the room which I sleep in. (√)

12. 6 –When
- تحل محل الوقت أو الزمن بمعني " الوقت الذي / حينما “ و لابد أن يأتي بعدها ف اعل أو مفعول:
-1980 is the year when I was born.
- Friday is the day when we get up late.
- Six o'clock is the time when I get up.
when = in / on / at / from …….. which

13. مع التعبيرات الزمنية في حالات معينة: (which) - يمكن أن تستخدم
- I don’t like August when is very hot. (X)
- I don’t like August which is very hot. (√)
:(when) - لا تستخدم حروف جر تعود علي التعبير الزمني قبل أو بعد
- Friday is the day on when my son was born. (X)
- Friday is the day when my son was born on. (X)
- Friday is the day on which my son was born. (√)
- Friday is the day which my son was born on. (√)

14. Whose
- تحل محل الملكية للعاق ل وغير العاق ل ويتبعها اسم و تحل محل :
(Noun +'s / my – his – her – its – our – your – their… )
-I saw the man whose son was kidnapped.
- He refused to marry a girl whose nose was big.

15. Omission of relative
pronouns حذف ضمائر الوصل
عندما يحلوا محل مفعول)اي اذا جاء بعدهم ف اعل(: (who – which – whom) يتم حذف كل من
This is the woman who I helped.
= This is the woman I helped.
– يمكن حذف ضمير الوصل اذا كان بعده جار و مجرور )حرف جر واسم(:
- The girl who is at the supermarket wants to buy some sweets.
- The girl at the supermarket wants to buy some sweets.

16. في الحالات التالية: )who - which) 2 – يمكن حذف كل من
:(v.ing ) ويتبقي (be) أ. اذا جاء بعدهم زمن مستمر و في هذه الحالة يتم حذف الضمير و
-The boy who is wearing a red shirt is my son.
- = The boy wearing a red shirt is my son.
ب. اذا جاء بعدهم صيغة مبنى للمجهول
ويبقي التصريف الثالث للفعل . ( verb to be ) وهنا نحذف أيضا الضمير و
-The girl who was arrested yesterday stole clothes from shops.
-The girl arrested yesterday stole clothes from shops.
كفعل أساسي ( verb to be ) ج. اذا جاء بعدهم
( verb to be ) وهنا يتم حذف الضمير و
-The woman who is in this shop, lent me this pen.
-The woman in this shop lent me this pen.