The document summarizes the history and development of the English language from its origins to modern times. It describes how English evolved from Old English spoken by Germanic tribes who invaded Britain in the 5th century AD, to Middle English after the Norman conquest in 1066 introduced French influences, to Early Modern English with the Great Vowel Shift and globalization through the British Empire, and finally to modern English with influences from around the world and its emergence as a global language. The key influences that shaped English over time included invasions and settlements by Germanic tribes and Vikings, the Norman conquest, pronunciation changes, and the spread of English through imperialism and globalization.

1. HISTORY OF ENGLISH
CARPIO, Lizette
VICENTE, Gillian

2. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
 Arrival of three Germanic
tribes who invaded Britain
during the 5th century AD.
Angles
Saxons
Jutes
 Formed Anglo- Saxon
England

3.  At that time the
inhabitants of Britain
spoke a Celtic language.
But most of the Celtic
speakers were pushed
west and north by the
invaders - mainly into
what is now Wales,
Scotland and Ireland.

4. OLD ENGLISH (450-1100 AD)
 Saxons, Angles and
Jutes mixed their
different Germanic
dialects. This group of
dialects forms what
linguists refer to as Old
English or Anglo-Saxon.
The word "English" was
in Old English Englisc,
and that comes from the
name of the Angles. The
Angles were named from
Engle, their land of
origin.
Part of the oldest English
poem, Beowulf, a poem written
in Old English

5. Latin
 win (wine)
 candel (candle)
 belt (belt)
 weall (wall)
 ecclesia (church)
 epicopus (bishop)
 baptismus (baptism)
 monachus (monk)
 eucharistia (eucharist)
 presbyter (presbyter)
("Language Timeline", The British
Library Board)
Old Norse
 eyra (ear)
 ǫrr (liberal)
 illiligr/ illr/ ljótr (ugly)
(See full list:
<http://www.vikingsofbjornstad.com/Old
_Norse_Dictionary_E2N.shtm#l>)

6. MIDDLE ENGLISH (1100-CIRCA 1500 AD)
 After William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and
conquered England in 1066 AD with his armies and became king,
he brought his nobles, who spoke French, to be the new
government. The Old French (Normans) took over as the
language of the court, business, administration, and culture. Latin
was mostly used for written language, especially that of the
Church. Meanwhile, The English language, as the language of
the now lower class, was considered a vulgar tongue.
An example of Middle English
poem by Chaucer,
“Canterburry Tales”

7. Old French Lower- class English
 crown
 castle
 court
 parliament
 army
 mansion
 beauty
 romance
 servant
 peasant
 traitor
("Language Timeline", The
British Library Board)
 ox
 cow
 calf
 sheep
 swine
 deer
Upper- class French
 beef
 lamb
 mutton
 pork
 bacon
 venison

8. EARLY MODERN ENGLISH (1500-1800)
 Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and
distinct change in pronunciation—the Great Vowel
Shift (GVS) started, with vowels being pronounced
shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the
British had contact with many people from around
the world.
 Great Vowel Shift is a massive sound change affecting
the long vowels of English during the fifteenth to eighteenth
centuries. Basically, the long vowels shifted upwards; that is, a vowel
that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be
pronounced in a different place, higher up in the mouth.

9.  This period in English cultural
history (early 16th century to
the early 17th century) is
sometimes referred to as "the
age of Shakespeare" or the
Elizabethan era, taking the
name of the English
Renaissance's most famous
author and most important
monarch, respectively. During
the reign of Queen Elizabeth I
there was an explosion of
culture in the form of support
of the arts, popularization of
the printing press, and
massive amounts of sea
travel.
Hamlet's famous "To be, or not
to be" lines, written in Early
Modern English by
Shakespeare

10. LATE MODERN ENGLISH (1800-PRESENT)
 The main difference between Early Modern English and Late
Modern English is vocabulary.
 2 Factors:
Industrial Revolution and technology; and
the British Empire at its height covered one
quarter of the earth's surface, and the
English language adopted foreign words
from many countries.
 Britain was an Empire for 200 years between the 18th and
20th centuries and English language continued to change as
the British Empire moved across the world - to the USA,
Australia, New Zealand, India, Asia and Africa. They sent
people to settle and live in their conquered places and as
settlers interacted with natives, new words were added to the
English vocabulary.

11. Industrial Revolution
 trains
 engine
 pulleys
 combustion
 electricity
 telephone
 telegraph
 camera
Native Australian
 Kangaroo
 boomerang
India (Pubjabi)
 turban
 curry
Malayo- Polynesian
(Tagalog)
 Yo- yo
 boondocks
Tamil
 mango
 curry
 anaconda

12. Brief chronology of English
55 BC Roman invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar
Local
inhabitants
speak
Celt
43 AD Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of
Roman rule of Britain
436 Complete withdrawal of the Romans from Britain
499 Settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders begins
450-480 Earliest known Old English inscriptions
1066 William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, Old English
invades and conquers England
c. 1150 Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle English
Middle
English
1348 English replaces Latin as the language of
instruction in most schools
1362 English replaces French as the language of law.
English is used in Parliament for the first time
c. 1388 Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales
c. 1400 The Great Vowel Shift campaign

13. Brief chronology of English
1476 William Caxton establishes the first English
printing press
Early Modern
English-
Contemporary
Age
1604 Table Alphabeticall, the first English dictionary, is
published
1607 The first permanent English settlement in the New
World (Jamestown) is established
1702 The first daily English-language newspaper, The
Daily Courant, is published in London
1755 Samuel Johnson publishes his English dictionary
1782 Britain abandons its colonies in what is later to
become the USA
1828 Webster publishes his American English dictionary
Modern
English
1922 The British Broadcasting Corporation is founded
1928 The Oxford English Dictionary is published

14. WHAT SHAPED THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE?

15. ANGLO- SAXON SETTLEMENT
 The invaders all spoke a language that was Germanic (related to
what emerged as Dutch, Frisian, German and the Scandinavian
languages, and to Gothic), but we'll probably never know how
different their speech was from that of their continental neighbors. It
is fairly certain that many of the settlers would have spoken in exactly
the same way as some of their north European neighbors, and that
not all of the settlers would have spoken in the same way.
 This was the language that Alfred the Great referred to as ‘English’ in
the ninth century.
 The Celts were already resident in Britain when the Anglo-Saxons
arrived, but there are few obvious traces of their language in English
today. Some scholars have suggested that the Celtic tongue might
have had an underlying influence on the grammatical development of
English, particularly in some parts of the country, but this is highly
speculative.

16. SCANDINAVIAN SETTLEMENT
 From the middle of the ninth century large numbers of Norse
invaders settled in Britain, particularly in northern and eastern areas,
and in the eleventh century the whole of England had a Danish king,
Canute.
 The distinct North Germanic speech of the Norsemen had great
influence on English, most obviously seen in the words that English
has borrowed from this source.
 Hybridization- some spellings going back to Old English and others
being Norse in origin. The resemblances between the two languages
are so great that in many cases it is impossible to be sure of the
exact ancestry of a particular word or spelling.

17. 1066 AND AFTER
 The vocabulary of English also changed enormously, with
tremendous numbers of borrowings from French and Latin,
in addition to the Scandinavian loanwords already
mentioned, which were slowly starting to appear in the
written language.
 Trilingualism in English, French, and Latin was common in
the worlds of nobility, business and the professions, with
words crossing over from one language to another with
ease.

18. STANDARDIZATION
 English pronunciation (though not uniformly in all dialects),
which go under the collective name of the Great Vowel Shift.
These were purely linguistic ‘sound changes’ which occur in
every language in every period of history. The changes in
pronunciation weren’t the result of specific social or
historical factors, but social and historical factors would
have helped to spread the results of the changes.
 The phonetic pairings of most long and short vowel sounds
were also lost, which gave rise to many of the oddities of
English pronunciation, and which now obscure the
relationships between many English words and their foreign
counterparts..

19. GLOBALIZATION
 English has become a lingua franca, a global language, regularly used
and understood by many nations for whom English is not their first
language
 Some of the countries in which English has an official status:
A. Exclusive ---> Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize,
Botswana, Brunei, Dominica, Gambia, Grenada, Guyana,
Jamaica, Liberia, The Bahamas, United Kingdom (de facto),
Australia (de facto), USA (de facto; 27 of 50 state, by law,
practices exclusive status)
B. Non-exclusive ---> Cameroon, Canada, Hong Kong, India,
Ireland, Kenya, Kiribati, Kosovo, Lesotho, Malta, New
Zealand (de facto), Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South
Africa, Zimbabwe

20. FACTORS THAT TRIGGERED GLOBALIZATION:
 Ethnoscope
 Technoscope
 Ideoscope
 Mediascope
 Financescope

21. Simplified timeline of developments in
the English language
(from Dan Short's History of the English
Language)

22. The main influences on
the development of the
English language.

23. References
<://www.englishclub.com/english-language-history.htm>
<http://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/>
<http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/the-history-of-english>
<http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/history/index.html>