1. Hegel: Idealist?
i·de·al·ism (-d-lzm) n.
1. The act or practice of envisioning things in an ideal
form.
2. Pursuit of one's ideals.
3. Idealized treatment of a subject in literature or art.
4. Philosophy The theory that the object of external
perception, in itself or as perceived, consists of ideas.

2. Meaning of Idealism
• Idealism is born out of Plato’s “Theory of Ideas”
• As a philosophical doctrine ,idealism recognizes ideas, feelings and
ideals more important than material objects and at the same time
emphasizes that the human development should be according to
moral, ethical and spiritual values so that he acquires the knowledge.
• According to Idealism, the essential nature of man is spiritual which is
reveled in mental, religious and aesthetic areas.
• Idealism emphasizes the study of man more and more because man is
endowed with higher intellectual powers and show greater level of
intelligence and discrimination and by his own moral and spiritual
activities he has created.

3. • Two forms of the real world: Idealist believe that there are
two forms of the world i.e. material & spiritual
world, according to which spiritual world is real and ultimate
.To know the real world is the reality of mind and soul i.e. is
the self realization of the main aim of human life.”Idealism
holds that the order of the world is due to the manifestation
in space& time of an eternal and spiritual reality.”-Horne
• Ideas are more important than the objects: Idealist have
given more importance to idea rather than the
objects.”Ideas are the ultimate cosmic significance. They are
rather the essence or archetypes which form to cosmos.
These ideas are eternal and unchanging”.-Plato.

4. Fundamental Principles Of Idealism
Full support to the
principle of unity in
diversity
Importance of
Two forms of the
Personality
development world
Ideas are more
important than
words
Faith of Spiritual
Powers
Importance of man
over nature

5. • Importance of man over nature: Man(who us a thinker and
can experience about material phenomenon and laws)is
more important then the object (nature).Since man is
intelligent hence he can create his own world of virtues and
his creativity.”The spirit or cultural environment is an
environment of man’s own making, it is a product of man’s
creative activity”-R.R.Rusk
• Faith in Spiritual Values: They believe in three values
truth,beauty,goodness(undying and permanent).When
people are in pursuit of these highest spiritual values they
achieve their highest spiritual values.”Goodness,truth,and
beauty are seen to be absolute each existing in its own right
and entirely desirable in itself.”-J.S.Ross.

6. Contd.
• Importance of Personality Development: Idealist give too
much importance on the SELF of the individual and on the
personality of the individual .
According to them development of personality means
achievement of perfections of an individual which can be
also called as self-realization of self which can be achieved
through the society through love,sympathy,fellow feeling, no
discrimination on the basis of caste,creed,race etc.In short
Idealism believes in the welfare of the whole
community.”Thus, the grandeur and the worth of human life
at its best are emphasized by Idealism. Human personality is
of supreme value and constitutes the noblest work of God.”-
J.S.Ross.

7. Contd.
•Full support to the principle of unity in diversity: They believe
in unity in diversity i.e. the unifying factor is of supreme nature
which can be called as the universal consciousness or divinity.
Idealist call this power as power as God which is
supreme,omnipresent,omnipotent.Realization of this supreme
force is ones self is to attain divinity and the fullest extent of
personality which may be called as spiritual fulfillment.
•‘An Idealistic philosophy of education ,then is an account of
man finding himself as an integral part of universe
mind.”Prof.H.N.Horne.

8. Idealism in Education
• Credit goes to Plato & Frobel.
• According to them,”Ideaism pervades creation and it is an
undying ,unlimited and ultimate force which reigns supreme
over all mind and matter.”
• They all advocate its greatest importance in education and lay
more emphasis on aims and principles of education than on
methods, aids ,devices.

9. Aims of Education
To ensure To cultivate
Self Realization spiritual Truth,Beauty,Go
OR development odness
Exaltation of
Personality
Conservation of Preparation for a
Conservation,Pro inborn nature holy life
motion,and into spiritual
transmission of nature.
cultural heritage
Development of
intelligence and
rationality

10. Aims of Education
• Self Exhaltation:Idealist lay great stress on the exhaltation of
the human personality i.e. is Self Realization which involves
knowledge of the self.Acc. To Ross, "The aim of education
especially associated with idealism is the exhaltation of
personality or self realization, the making actual or real the
highest potentialities of the self.
• To ensure spiritual development: More importance to
spiritual values than material attaintments.Tr should organize
education so as to develop the child spiritually.

12. Contd.
• To cultivate Truth,Beauty,Goodness: Individual should be in
pursuit of high ideals thus he(child) will become more
spiritually developed. Edn should strive to develop the child
morally& spiritually so that he achieves self realization.
• Preparation of holy life: An environment should be provided
which is conducive for the development of spiritual values in a
child. A holy life will naturally lead the child to spiritual
development and self realization.
According to Frobel, "The object of education is the realization of
a faithful,pure,invoilable and hence holy life.”

13. Contd.
• Conservation, promotion and transmission of cultural
heritage:
• Man has an capacity of assimilating knowledge of the world.
Hence his mental, intellectual capacities develop
cultural, social & artistic values in human life.
• Man’s achievement in different fields like art and culture are
of great significance.
• The cultural treasure belongs to the whole humanity and its
purpose is to preserve,debelop,and transmit it in all corner of
the world.
• According to idealist the child should get acquainted with the
cultural heritage so that he conserves,promotes,and transmits
it to the future generation.

14. Contd.
• Conservation of inborn nature into spiritual nature:
• According to Idealist, the inborn instincts and inherent
tendencies of a child should be sublimated into spiritual qualities
and values.
• As a result the child will be developed.
• Hence the child will attain the fullest development of his
personality.
• Hence it is necessary to sublimate the inborn raw tendencies
of the child to spiritual qualities.

15. Contd.
• Development of intelligence and rationality:
• According to Adam man can understand the purpose as well
as the plan and organization since he understands the
purpose of all objects and natural phenomenon.
• Since there are set principles working in this creation, man
tries to discover and understand these principles so that on
the basis of moral elements the world remains organized.
• Out of these principles the idealist give more importance to
the principle of unity in diversity which underlines the
creation of an implicit force in the whole universe. A highly
developed (intelligence)mind can perceive and the all
prevailing force called as GOD.

16. According to Ross

17. Idealism and Discipline
• Idealist believe that there is no discipline without spiritual
development. They believe that impressionistic discipline is
the best type of discipline.
• The teacher is to gain respect, be affectionate & sympathetic,
motivate, sublimate instincts will lead the child to self
discipline for development.
• On one hand idealist emphasize on sympathetic control on
undesirable activities but on the other hand it grants
regulated liberty for spiritual development.

18. Merits of Idealism
• Made significant contribution in the field of education i.e.
aims of education.
• Emphasized on high values satyam,shivam,sudaram which
lead to high moral character of the child.
• Aims at self realization of individuals by their own efforts.
Hence promotes universal education.
• The teacher is assigned an important role of developing the
child’s personality to the fullest.
• It respects individuality of the child & stimulates his creative
energies. Thus it has influenced other philosophies.
• Emphasizes on the principle of self discipline which leads to
the fullest development (self) of the individual.
• School became an important social organization due to the
idealist philosophy.

19. Demerits of Idealism
• Is an abstract philosophy& prepares the child for the next
world.
• Concerned with ultimate end of life& avoids real problems of
day to day life.
• It lays more importance on thinking & mental activities which
increases the importance of intellectualism unnecessarily.
• They emphasize on the achievement of immortal high
ideals(Truth,Beauty,Goodness)which are not immortal and
conditioned by the condition of the society & needs of the
individual.
• Idealistic philosophy gives more importance to the teacher
rather than the child.
• Idealistic methods of teaching give more importance to
cramming.
• Idealistic philosophy give more importance to humanities for
spiritual development rather than scientific subjects.

20. Create a town plan for a community of
idealists.
Your town should include:
1. A list or laws / rules
2. Entertainment facilities
3. Housing
4. Shops
EXT: You might want to think about how
education would be taught in your town.

21. Market Liberalism
Most of the theoretical approaches you will find
listed in the specification are broadly critical
perspectives. But what are they critical of? For the
most part, they are theories that find fault in the
way things are, the status quo; they see problems
and inequalities in the dominant structures of
power. Market Liberalism, however, is broadly
supportive of ‘the way things are’ and tends to
assert not only the economic benefits of capitalism
but also its social, cultural and political benefits.

22. What is Capitalism?
Capitalism is certainly a subject that inspires strong opinions and
emotions, as witnessed at the frequent anti-capitalist
demonstrations held at locations around the world.
Lisbon, May 2009

23. Pro-capitalist demonstrations, such as the one conducted by a
few Young Conservatives in this image may be less common and
less well attended, but this should not disguise the fact that most
institutions (for example political parties, corporations and
newspapers) are broadly in favour of capitalism.

24. What is Capitalism?
Capitalism is an economic system that emerged in
18th century Europe to become, by the early 21st
century, the world’s dominant form of economic
organisation. It is a system in which people are
driven to produce goods and services for a profit.
The three pre-requisites for production are:
• land
• capital (money)
• labour

25. What is Capitalism?
Within a capitalist system, the first two of these, land and
capital, are concentrated in the hands of a minority who
are able to make profits by purchasing the third factor of
production: labour. Land and labour are privately owned
by individuals or companies but labour is owned by all of
us: everyone has the capacity to sell their own labour.
Labour power (which can be either physical or mental) is
exchanged for payment (wages). The goods or services
that are produced in this way are then sold on the open
market; a market in which the majority of buyers
(consumers) are those same workers who sell their labour
to the owners of capital – the capitalists.

27. • The market is regulated by the laws of supply and
demand whilst competition between providers
ensures that price and quality are controlled. This
idea of a ‘free market’ is right at the heart of
capitalism.
• So far, we have developed only a simple model of
the basics of capitalism, but these basics really
are essential if you are to understand the
implications that capitalism has for
communication and culture and the critical
perspectives we shall be discussing later in the
chapter. Just to make sure that you have fully
grasped these principles, let’s try a made up
example of how capitalism works.

28. Flimflam Jam
When Flimflam are ready to set a price for their jam, they have to take various
factors into consideration, most importantly:
• The cost of production and labour. In order to make a profit, the income from
sales must exceed these costs
• The price and availability of other jams in the marketplace. If there is a
shortage of jam, prices will be higher but if the market is flooded, prices will go
down. These forces are the so-called laws of supply and demand.

29. Sometimes, national governments restrict the freedom of trade by
passing laws to protect their domestic industries. This would mean, for
example, stopping imports from coming in to a country so that home-
based industries would not have to face competition from foreign
competitors who may be able to produce goods that are cheaper or
better quality.
Another way in which the state can intervene is to remove whole
sectors of the economy from the market in order to create a ‘public
sector’ alongside the privately owned parts of industry. In the UK, the
following institutions are located wholly or partly in the public sector:
• The NHS
• Armed Services
• Education
• The police
• Civil service
• Local Government
• The Roads
• The BBC
• Prisons

30. Mixed Economy
Britain, then, is a country that has both public and private
industries, other wise known as a mixed economy. The
political approach that favours a mixture of public and
private enterprise is called the social market position.
There have been fierce debates for many years about this
balance, with the Conservative Party generally favouring
more emphasis on private enterprise and the Labour
Party generally more supportive of the public sector.
When the Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher won
power in 1979 they set about transforming the
public/private balance by initiating a programme of
privatization.

31. Many companies and economic sectors were shifted
into the private sector in a process that critics called a
‘sell-off’ of the nation’s assets. The coal industry, the
steel industry, BT, the utilities (gas, water and
electricity), British Airways and the railways all found
themselves in private hands over the course of the
next decade. Most interestingly, from our point of
view, the arguments put forward in favour of
privatization were not just economic but also cultural.
The culture associated with the public sector was
condemned as being lazy, self-
serving, bureaucratic, backward-looking and
inefficient. In contrast, private enterprise was
systematically associated with virtues such as
dynamism, efficiency, risk-taking and cutting edge
modernity. In this way, Thatcher’s privatizations were
an economic, political and cultural project.
Politics, like advertising, often deals in the assignment

32. Market Liberalism
Market Liberalism is by no means confined to the
economic sphere. For its advocates, the free market
is at the centre of an interlocked set of political
values: individual liberty, property rights, freedom
of choice and expression. Market Liberals also
share the conviction that capitalism is best served
by democratic and pluralist political systems, i.e.
those in which everyone is entitled to vote and
there is a genuine choice between diverse parties
all competing for power.