anatomi fisiologi sel beserta organelnya. perbedaan sel hewan,tumbuhan,bakteri dan virus.

1. SEL
DNA
PERBEDAAN SEL

2.  Abad 17 Anton Von Leeuwenhoek  hand-
held microscope.
 Th 1665  Robert Hook (Inggris)
 Th 1838-1839  Matthias Schleiden dan
Theodore Schwann  TEORI SEL
a. All living things are made of one or more cells.
b. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in
organisms.
c. Cell come only from the reproduction of
existing cells.

3.  The cell is the basic unit of structure &
function, is the smallest unit that can still
carry on all life processes (Cooper,2000)
 Sel merupakan satuan struktural yang
fundamental dan fungsional bagi
kehidupan (Pelczar,1986).

5.  7,5-10nm
 Seperates the cytoplasm of the cell from its
enviroment
 Protect the cell & control what enters and leaves
 Selective permeable
 Composed of a lipid bilayer made of phospolipid
molecules.

6. Membrane Proteins
 A variety of protein molecules are
embedded in the cell’s lipid bilayer.
 Helps move materials into & out of the
cell.

7.  Composed of organelles & cytosol
 70-90% water and is a colorless material.

8.  Respiration (breaking down glucose to
get energy)
 Energy  ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
 Have their own DNA

9.  Cellular particle made of RNA and
protein that serve as the site for protein
synthesis in the cell.
 May be free in cytoplasm or attached to
the ER

10.  Rough ER has embedded ribosomes on its
surfaces for making proteins
 Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes & helps
break down poisons,
wastes, & other toxic
chemical. And also
helps process
carbohydrates &
lipids.

11.  Main function is to carry out processing of proteins
generated in the endoplasmic reticulum.
 Synthesis of proteoglycans  animal cells
 Vesicels found in the golgi body do the work of
transporting different types of molecules to cell
membranes.
 Diktiosom  plant cells

12.  Lysosome = specialized vesicle
 Hold enzymes that were created by the
cell  hydrolytic enzym.
 digest food or break down cellular waste
products, fats, carbohydrates, proeins
and the cell when it dies into simple
compounds.

14.  Consist of a network of long protein
tubes & strands in the cyptoplasm to
give cells shape and helps move
organelles.
Cytoskeleton element General function
Microtubules Move materials within the
cell
Move the cilia and
flagella
Actin filaments Move the cell
Intermediate filaments Provides mechanical

15.  Cilia  short. Line
respiratory tract to
remove dust & move
paramecia.
 Flagella  long whip
like tails (1-3
number).

16.  In the middle of the cell
contains DNA & acts as
the control center.
 Coordinates the cell’s
activities.
 Chromatin is the long
strand of DNA, wich coils
during cell division to
make chromosomes.

17.  Protective layers around the cell
membrane in plants, bacteria, & fungi.
 Fungal  chitin.
 Plant  cellulose.

18.  Serves as a storage area for protein, ions,
wastes, and cell products such as
glucose.
 May contain poisons to keep animal
from eating them.

19.  DNA is a long, double-straned, linear
molecule composed of multiple
nucleotide sequences. It acts as a
template for the synthesis of RNA.
 Nucleotides are composed of a base
(purine & pyrimidine), a deoxyribose
sugar, and phospate grup.

20.  The Purines  adenine (A) & guanine (G)
 The pyrimidines  cytosine (C) & thymine (T)

21.  The DNA double
helix consist of two
complementary
DNA strands held
together by
hydrogen bonds
between the base
pairs A-T and G-C.

22.  Informasi herediter
Persiapan pembelahan sel
Merancang sintesis protein
Membentuk RNA
Mengontrol aktivitas hidup

23. Suatu proses membelahnya sel induk
menjadi dua atau lebih sel anak.
1. Amitosis
2. Mitosis
3. Miosis

24.  Pembelahan sel secara langsung / biner.
 Tidak melibatkan kromosom.
 Pada sel prokariotik  bakteri.
 Membentuk keturunan baru

25.  Pembelahan
pada sel somatik
yang
menghasilkan 2
sel anakan yang
sama dengan sel
induk.

27.  Pembelahan reduksi yang memisahkan
kromosom-kromosom yang homolog.
Terjadi pada proses gametogenesis.

30. Organon = alat
 kumpulan molekul yang saling
mempengaruhi sehingga berfungsi
secara stabil dan memiliki sifat hidup
(Makhluk hidup)
 Manusia, tumbuhan, hewan serta
mikroorganisme.

31.  Bernafas
 Bergerak
 Tumbuh
 Berkembang biak
 Memerlukan nutrisi
 Peka terhadap rangsang
 Beradaptasi
 Mengeluarkan zat sisa.

32. Berdasarkan keadaan inti  ada tidaknya
endomembran
a. Sel Prokariotik : bakteri & alga biru
b. Sel Eukariotik

33. PROKARIOTIK EUKARIOTIK
Inti tidak memiliki membran Inti memiliki membran
Organel tidak dibatasi
membran
(tdk punya)
Organel dibatai membran
Membran tersusun atas
peptidoglikan
Fosfolipid
Diameter 1-10 nm 10-100nm
Mengandung 4 subunit RNA
polymerase
banyak
Susunan kromoson (genom)
sirkuler
Linier
DNA di Nukleus DNA di Nukleous

34. ORGANEL PROKARIOTI
K
EUKARIOTIK
Membran Plasma v v
Sitoplasma v v
Ribosom v v
Dinding sel v v
Mesosom v -
Nukleus v v
RE - v
Lisosom - v
Kompleks golgi - v
Mitokondria - v
Badan mikro - v

35.  Sel Prokariotik  bakteri
 Kosmopolitan  hampir di semua
tempat
 Ciri:
 Uniselluler
 Prokariot
 Tdk berklorofil
 1-5 mikron
 Bebas / parasit.

36.  Struktur Dasar:
 Dinding Sel
 Membran Plasma
 Sitoplasma
 Ribosom
 DNA
 Sturktur Tambahan
 Kapsul
 Flagelum
 Pilus
 Fimbria
 Klorosom

37.  Lapisan diluar dinding sel pada jenis bakteri
tertentu, bila lapisan tebal disebut kapsul bila
tipis disebut lendir.
 Tersusun atas polisakarida dan air

38.  Rambut menonjol di
dinding sel
 Seperti flagelum
namun lebih pendek
 Penghubung saat
bakteri melakukan
konjugasi
 Perlekatan
 Terdapat pada
bakteri gram negatif
: Escherchia coli

39.  Mengandung pigmen klorofil untuk fotosintesis.

40.  Bulat (kokus)
 Batang (basil)
 Spiral (spirilia)
 kokobasil

41. Organel Sel Hewan Sel Tumbuhan
Dinding sel Jika ada,bukan
selulosa.
Ada, mengandung
selulosa
Kloroplas - Pada sel yang
mengadakan fotosintesis
Sentrosom 
Sentriol
Ada -
vakuola Jika ada ukurannya
kecil
Pada sel yang tua, besar
dan jelas
Lisosom Ada Diduga ada karena
memiliki enzym hidrolitik
Kompleks Golgi Ada Namanya Diktiosom
Plastida - Leukoplast  berbentuk
amilum
Kloroplast  hijau
Kromoplast  karoten

43.  Parasit berukuran mikroskopik yang
menginfeksi sel organisme biologis.
 Lbh kecil dari sel  0,2 mikron.
 Virus Menginfeksi sel eukariota
 Fage  sel prokariota
 Terdiri dari satu jenis protein dan asam
inti  DNA atau RNA

44.  Memiliki inti asam nukleat yang ditutupi oleh
selubung protein  kapsid
 Kapsid terdiri dari sejumlah subunit protein 
protomer

45.  Dikelompokan dalam 6 tipe
Kompone
n
A B C D E F
Kepala
heksagon
al
v v v Tersusun
oleh
kapsome
r besar
Kapsom
er kecil
Filame
n
Ekor kaku v v Lbh
pendek
dari
kepala
- -
Seludang
kontraktil
v - - - -
Serabut
ekor
v v/- v/- -

46. Cooper, Giaroffrey M. 2000. The Cell 2nd edition
A Molecular Approach. Boston University
Gartner,Leslie P., James L. Hiatt, & Judy M. Strum.
2003. Board Review Series Cell Biology and
Histology 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams % Wilkins.
Junqueira,L.Carlos. Carneiro, Jose. and Kelley, O.
Robert. Histology Dasar edisi 8. Jakarta: EGC.
Pelczar, Michael J,Jr. and E.C.S Chan. 1986
Dasar-Dasar Biologi. Jakarta: UI-Press.