1. Ders: Uluslararası İktisat ve Dış Ticaret Politikası Sunumlarda Paul R. Krugman ve Maurice Obstfeld tarafından yazılmış “ International Economics: Theory and Policy ” ve Halil Seyidoğlu tarafından yazılmış “ Uluslararası İktisat: Teori, Politika ve Uygulama ” isimli ders kitabları temel alınmıştır. VIII. BÖLÜM DERS NOTLARI: DÜNYA TİCARETİNİN SERBESTLEŞTİRİLMESİ VE KÜRESEL TİCARET Öğr. Gör. Elşen BAĞIRZADE Azerbaycan Devlet İktisat Üniversitesi Türk Dünyası İşletme Fakültesi Bakü - 2009
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13. DTÖ İkametgah : Cenevre , İsviçre Kuruluş : 1 Yanvar 1995 Oluşmuştur : Ur ugvay raundu görüşmeleri (1986-94) Üyelik : 150 ülke B ütçe : 175m İsviçre frankı , 2006 Sekreterlik : ~630 Genel Direktör : Pas k al Lam i F onksyonları : • DTÖ ticaret anlaşmalarını yönetmek • Ticaret müzakereleri üzre forum • Ticaret müzakerelerini yönetmek • Ulusal ticaret politikalarını gözden geçirmek • Teknik destek ve GOÜ ’ ler için eğitim • Diğer uluslararası örgütlerle işbirliği
14. 500 sayfalık kurallar / 23,000 sayfalık yorumlar DT Ö: karar süreci Uluslararası ticaret kuralları üyeler tarafından müzakere yoluyla anlaşmaya bağlanır.
17. GATT ( WTO) olmadığında dünya ticareti 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 $3.0 mlrd $0.9 mlrd Dünya ticaretine korumacılığın etkisi, 1929– 19 33 Ticaret göstergeleri : her ay Ocak Şubat Mar t Nisan M ayıs Haziran Temmuz A ğustos Eylül Ekim kasım Aralık
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35. DTÖ( WTO ) ile dünya ticareti Dünya ticaret hacmi 1948–2003 ABŞ $ tr l n, c ari fiyatlarla 1997 DAHA fazla ticaret ? Tabi ki , ancak … … İSTİKRARA DİKKAT > Eğer % 67 silinmiştirsə 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1948 1957 1966 1975 1984 1993 2002 GATT ’48 DTÖ ’95
36. İlk adım görüşmedir . Nerelerdese görüşmeler yapılır ve sonuçlar elde edilir. Öyle bir yerdir ki, hükümetler kendi ticaret sorunlarını görüşmek için müracat etmektedirler. DTÖ yalnız ticareti liberalleştirmemektedir. Bazen kuralar ticari baryerleri desteklemektedir– Örneğin. Tüketicileri himaye etme veya hastalığa önleme. DTÖ Skip >>>
37. DTÖ ( The World Trade Organization ) The World Trade Organization Centre William Rappard rue de Lausanne 154 CH–1211 Geneva 21 Switzerland Tel: +41 (0)22 739 51 11 Fax: +41 (0)22 739 54 58 email: [email_address] website: www.wto.org
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Editor's Notes
The WTO is a trading system based on rules The results of the Uruguay Round consist of: 500 pages of agreements (the “rules”) 23,000 pages of commitments i.e. specific commitments that over 120 individual member countries have made on import duties on thousands of products, agricultural subsidies, market access for foreign services, etc.
Without the WTO The effect of protectionism on world trade, 1929–33 This is what happened in an earlier era, when there was no multilateral trading system and countries did not have faith in each other. They did not believe that other countries would play by the rules (and they could not resist narrow protectionist interests within their domestic systems). The chart follows the monthly changes in the value of world trade over a period of four years and three months, during the Great Depression. We start in January 1929, when world trade stood at about $3bn. This is what happened next … … By March 1933, two-thirds of world trade had been wiped out. The value was less than one billion dollars per month. The cause was competition among major trading countries to raise barriers against each other. The financial crisis had led to devaluations that threatened importing countries with surges in cheaper imports. The protectionist lobbying prevailed and the trade barriers went up everywhere. Source : Charles P Kindleberger, The World in Depression 1929–1939 , Allen Lane/Penguin, page 172, citing League of Nations Monthly Bulletin of Statistics , February 1934, page 51. (Total imports of 75 countries, monthly values in terms of old US gold dollars.)
With the WTO (and GATT) The experience was not repeated The multilateral trading system came into being with the birth of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1948. For almost 50 years, GATT was both a treaty and an international organization. The treaty still exists as the main multilateral agreement on trade in goods. But in 1995 GATT, the institution, was replaced by the WTO. During that period trade rose rapidly and for a lot of the time exponentially, with only a few dips for oil crises and the like. So yes the graph most visibly shows the growth in trade. Approaching $80 trillion per year by the early 2000s. But that’s not my reason for showing the graph. In 1997 there was another financial crises. Currencies in east and southeast Asia were devalued. These lowered the price of those countries’ exports. Fearing a surge in cheap imports, lobbies campaigned to raise trade barriers in the major markets of North America and Europe. But the governments resisted. They were bound by their obligations in the WTO, and because they knew others were similarly bound, they had confidence that the system would remain stable. So it did remain stable, and the effect of the financial crisis was a minor blip in world trade. Trade soon recovered. History did not repeat itself. If anything like two-thirds of world trade had been wiped out, the picture would look very different, and the damaging effect would have been immense. It would probably have been worst on developing countries. The unsung benefit is the stability the GATT and WTO have injected into the trading system. It doesn’t hit headlines, and is rarely mentioned at all. But its benefit is significant. Source : WTO data
A place to negotiate, and to apply the results of negotiations The first step is to talk. Essentially, the WTO is a place where member governments go, to try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations. But the WTO is not just about liberalizing trade, and in some circumstances its rules support maintaining trade barriers — for example to protect consumers or prevent the spread of disease. http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/tif_e.htm
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