1. @)^^
ljkbsf] hf]lvdaf6 ;+s6fled'v /x]sf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft ;d'bfo
jgfpg ;d'bfon]g};+3{if u/L k|fKtu/]sf ;kmntfsf syfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
O{;L,ci6P8, cfg,pKsf, lj u|'k / PgkLsf] nf]uf]

2. k|sfzs M gjk|eft(NP) g]kfn
cfly{s tyf k|ljlws ;xof]u M PSzgP8 g]kfn
;xof]u M pKsf g]kfn, w/fg / jL u|'k g]kfn
klxnf] k6s k|sflzt ;+Vof M !))) k|lt
d'b|0f M

3. gj|eft (NP) g]kfn
lqh'uf gu/kflnsf @ ufO{3f6
kmf]g )#% $@)#@@
O{d]n np.nepal@ntc.net.np
ljifo;"rL
xfd|f] cg'/f]w !
cfgsf] egfO{ @
pKsf #
lj u|'k $
d[To'sf] d'vdf k'u]sL km'nfjtLsf] Hofg jrfpg l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|
;kmnM
/Ltf rf}w/L l/kmn]S6 ;xof]uL sfo{stf{, pKsf g]kfn
klxnf ;d'bfosf dfG5]]x? pKsf g]kfnn] k|To]s 3/nfO{ k};f / rfdn
afF85 eGy] clxn] eGb}gg b]j gf/
fo0f ;df{ pKsf g]kfn
d'l;jt ax; s]Gb|sf] kxndf df6f] s6fg /f]lsof]
ljBfgGb d]xtf l/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{, pKsf g]kfn
;+3if{sf] k|ltkmn
k|ef rf}w/L cleofgstf{ , gjk|eft -PgkL_g]kfn
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljsf;sf] ah]6df xfd|f] clwsf/

4. /fd lgjf; ofbj e6]lxof % -afFs]_la u'|k -afFs]_
g]kfnu~h
nId0f ;bf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L sfo{ u/L hf]lvd af6 d'Qm
pltdrGb rf}w/L cleofgstf{ , gjk|eft -PgkL_g]kfn
l/kMn]S6 s]Gb| kl/jt{gsf] cleofg /f]lsPsf] 5}g.
sdnL rf}w/L l/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{, pKsf g]kfn
;f]gjiff{ ufpFsf] ;kmntf
dsa'n cxdb d's]/L d6]lxof, afFs] la u|'k– afFs]
l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|sf] 5nkmn kl5 OlGb/f clwsf/Ldf cfPsf]
kl/jt{g
s[i0ff /fpt l/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{ gjk|eft g]kfn
k|sf]k ;fdgfsf] nfuL ;fd'bflos kxn
dgdfof lg/f}nf ;d'bfo kl/rfns, pKsf g]kfn
ufpFsf :yflgo hgtfn] ug{ yfn] ah]6sf] vf]hL
;fd'lxs artn] x6fof] ef]s
k|ef rf}w/L cleofgstf{ gjk|eft g]kfn
syfn] agfof] ;+u7g

5. l8Nn' /fd l3ld/],lkmN8 sf]l8{g]6/ la u|'k
b]jL dfofnfO{ l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|n] agfof] ;fd'bflos jgsf] cWoIf
lgd{nf a'9fyf]sL ,l/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{ ,gjk|eft g]kfn
@)^# ;fndf xfd|f] u+ufk'/ / d6]lxof uf=lj=;=df uP/ Ps hgf xlnd vfg
eGg] AolQm
xl;gf afFgf] d's]/L ,u+ufk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^ afFs]
/lx; d's]/L uf=lj=;=;+u k|:tfj /fVg ;Ifd
/fhs'df/L xl/hg ,u+ufk'/ & hd'gL
df6f] s6fg /f]lsof]
dgdfof lg/f}nf,;d'bfo kl/rfns, pKsf g]kfn
l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|n] Gofo lbnfof] zflGt b]jL df}o{
uf=lj=;= u+ufk'/ j8f g+= ( la u'|k– afFs]
d}gjlQ algg d'g'
k|ef rf}w/L,cleofgstf{ ,gjk|eft g]kfn

6. 
pbok'/ lhNnfdf xfn ;Dd nueu ;f9] ^ ;o ;fdflhs ;+3÷;+:yfx?
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no pbok'/df btf{ ePsf] 5 . lj8Djgf ;a} ;+:yfx?
rnfodfg 5}gg . nueu % b]lv & k|ltzt ;+:yfx?n] cfkmgf] /
;xof]uL ;+:yf tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf]
;fe]mbf/Ldf sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
jf:tjdf gfd / sfdn] ;+:yfsf] klxrfg lbg'k5{, ;+:yf lrlgg' k5{ .
h;/L ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] gfd / sfdn] lrlgG5 / ;f]e}m ;d'bfosf dflg;
ToxfF k'U5 .

7. clxn] lhNnfdf gjk|eft–g]kfn k|sf]kdf sfd ug]{ ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] ?
kdf lrlgg nfu]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k /fxt tyf p4f/ ;ldlt,
pbok'/df ;b:o aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L o; jif{ dfq dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff
(UNDP, UNFPA,UNICEF,WORLD VISION), k|sf]ksf] a]nf lzIff
(UNICEF / k'=If]=lz=lg=, wgs'6f_ h:tf] uxg ljifodf ePsf] If]lqo :t/sf
e]nfdf lhNnfaf6 ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] lx;fan] gjk|eft / g]kfn /]8qm;
dfq ;xefuL x'g kfpFg' k|sf]ksf] If]qdf sfd ug{] ;+:yfx?df gjk|eft
lrlgg' xf] .
To;} u/L lhNnfdf x'g] k|sf]k ;DalGw ljleGg lqmofsnfkdf
rfx] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] xf]; rfx] ;xof]uL lgsfo gjk|eftnfO{ slxn] g5f]8g'
gjk|eft k|sf]ksf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yf xf] eg]/ csf]{ bl; k|df0f ag]sf]
5 . gjk|eft lhNnfdf k|sf]k ;fdgfsf] If]qdf sfd ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
cu'jf ;+:yfsf] ?kdf sfd ;+:yfsf] ?kdf lrlgPsf] 5 . o; sfo{sf yfngL k|
sf]k Aoj:yfkg ;~hfn g]kfnn]] u/fof] eg] Ifdtf clea[l4 u/fpg tyf o;
sfo{nfO{ lj:tf/ tyf k|efjsf/L jgfpg / lg/Gt/tf lbg PSzgP8 g]kfnn] lg/
Gt/ ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . h:sf] kl/0ftL cfh o'/f]lkog sldzgsf]
cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf ljleGg lhNnfdf ;~rflnt ;'/lIft ;d'bfo
kl/of]hgf bf]>f]sf] ;kmn syfsf] ;+ufnf] k|sfzg ug]{ yk lhDd]bf/L
kfPsf] 5 .
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8. ==============================================
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b'uf{ gGb rf}w/L
cWoIf
gjk|eft (NP) g]kfn , pbok'/

9. d[To'sf] d'vdf k'u]sL km'nfjtLsf] Hofg jrfpg l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|
;kmn
;'g;/L Og?jf # ls km'nfjtL ;bf ;'/lIft ;d'bfo kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ;Grfng
x'g] lgoldt l/kmn]S6 ;xefuL x'g . ldlt @)^^ ;fn sftL{s dlxgfdf kf7]3/sf] lj/
fdLsf] sf/0f d[To'sf] d'vdf k'u]sL ;bfsf] lhjg jrfpgsf] nflu ;d'bfodf ;GrfnLt
l/km]S6 s]Gb| ;kmn jGof] . d[[To'sf] d'vdf k'u]sL ;bf xfn ;fdfGo lhjg
hLpg ;kmn ePsL l5g . km'nfjtL ;bf h:t} ;d'bfodf cGo w]/} ljklQm ;fdgfsf]
sfddf l/kmn]S6 s]Gb| ;kmn jg]sf] 5 . l/kmn]S6df ;d'bfosf] k|fs[tLs k|
sf]k dfq xf]Og dlxnfx?sf] :jf:y ;d:of, lx+;f b'Ao{jxf/sf] ljifox?df ;fdgf s;/L
ug]{ eGg] af/]df s]Gb|df 5nkmn x'g] ub{5 .
kf7]3/sf] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f @)^^ ;fn sftL{s dlxgfdf km'nfjtL ;bfsf] cj:yf
gfh's ePsf] s'/f l/kmn]S6df 5nkmndf cfof] . cfly{s sf/0f cfkmgf] pkrf/
ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sL km'nfjtL ;bfsf] ljkQmLdf ;xof]uL jGg' k5{ eGg]
lg0f{osf ;fy ;j} ;xeflux? j:tLdf rGbf ;xof]usf] nflu h'6] . l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|sf]
dfBdaf6 g} v8f ePsf] ljkQL ;fdgfsf] nflu ;fd'bfoLs sf]ifaf6 ? !))) b]vfP/
;d'bfodf rGbf ;+sng, ;xof]uL lgsfox?af6 $))), tyf :yfgLo dlxnf jrtaf6 %)))
lgz'Ns ;fk6L /sdaf6 ;bfsf] pkrf/ ;kmn ePsf] xf] .
x'g t o:tf] sfd l/kmn]S6 grn]sf] cj:yfdf klg ufpF3/df ;Grfng x'g] u/]sf]
5 t/ l/kmn]S6sf] sf/0f cem dhj't jg]sf] 5 . klxnf @, $ hgf ;xof]udf h'6by]
AolQmut ?kdf t/ clxn] ;fd'lxs ?kdf / ;+:yfut ?kdf ;xof]udf h'6b5g . klxnf

10. j:tLdf p7]sf] ;xof]udf dfq lge{/ x'g] u/]sf lyP eg] clxn] j:tLdf p7]sf] /sd
dfq xf]Og ;xof]uL lgsfox?sf] vf]hL ug]{ sfd klg ;+:yfut ?kdf ug]{ u/]sf
5g . :jf:Yo lgsfodf s] s'g k|sf/sf] cf};lwx? lgz'Ns kfOG5, s:tf] ju{sf]
;d'bfosf] nflu ;/sf/L ;xof]u s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] af/]df ;r]t 5g dlxnfx? .
To;}n] /sd h'6fpg] dfq xf]Og l;dfGts[t ;d'bfosf lgz'Ns pkrf/ x'g' k5{ eGg]
s'/fdf ;d]t jsfnt ub{5g . TotL dfq xf]Og cfkt ljkbdf ;xof]u ug{s]f nflu
;d'bfodf ljklQm ;fdgfsf] nflu ;fd'bflos sf]if klg v8f ePsf] 5 . ;f] sf]ifaf6
;xof]u k'¥ofpg yfn]sf 5g .
æPs dlxnfsf] lk8f ;a} dlxnfn] dxz'z ug'{k5{Æ eGg] egfO{ ;a} ufpFn]
dlxnfx?sf] /x]sf] 5 . kf7]3/sf] ;d:of km'nfjtL ;bfsf] dfq xf]Og ufpdf o:tf
;d:of ePsf dlxnfx? w]/} 5g . of] :jf:Yo ;d:ofn] s'g} lbg k|sf]ksf] ?k lnb}g
eGg ;lsb}g . To;}n] o;sf] l;sf] ub}{ gof gof 9+uaf6, ufpFufpFaf6 j:tL
j:tLaf6 o:tf ljklQ ;fdgfsf] nflu h'6g' cfjZos 5 .
/Ltf rf}w/L
l/kmn]S6 ;xof]uL sfo{stf{, pKsf g]kfn
klxnf ;d'bfosf dfG5]x?
ć pKsf g]kfnn] k|To]s 3/nfO{ %) xhf/ k};f / rfdn
afF95 . Ć
eGy], clxn] eGb}gg .

11. ;'g;/Ldf ;+rflnt ;'/lIft ;d'bfo bf]>f] kl/of]hgf If]qdB] jljof uflj;sf] j8f g+ ^ klg
Ps xf] . sfo{qmdsf] ;'?jft cyf{t h'nfO{ @))( df pKsf g]kfnn] sfo{qmd
;Grfngsf] nflu uflj;sf] dfBdaf6
6f]ne]nfx? ;'?jft u¥of] . aif{} lrR5] ;'g;/L
vf]nfaf6 x'g] 8'jfg / @ aif{ cufl8 dfq
sf]zLdf afF9L uPsf] cg'ej ;d'bfon] /fd|
f] ;+u cg'ej ;d]6]sf lyP . To;}n] xf]nf k|
sf]kdf sfd ug]{ ljlQms} /fxt ljt/0f ljt/0f
x'G5 eGg] dfgl;stf ufpdf ;g;gL
km}lnof] . x/]ssf] d'vaf6 pKsf g]kfnn] %) xhf/ k};f / ! jf]/f rfdn afF9g
cfpFb}5 eg]/ slxn] jhf/df hDdf x'g] t slxn] ufpdf e]nf x'g] h:tf ultlalwx? eO/
xGy] . ;d'bfonfO{ sfo{stff{x? hjfkm lbbf lbbf x}/fg x'g] u/]sf lyP . t/ clxn]
pKsf g]kfn k};f afF9g cfPsf] x}g 1fg afF9g cfPsf] xf] o;n] k};f lbg] sfd ub}
{g eg]/ cfkm} eG5g .
slxn] / sxfF /fxt afF9g] sfd x'b}5 < eg]/ sfo{stf{x?nfO{ kmf]g cfpg yfn]
kl5 ;+:yfs} tkm{af6 uflj;sf] pkl:yltdf 6f]ne]nfx? ul/of] . pKsf g]kfnsf] lrgf/L,
kl/of]hgfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpb} s] u5{ s] ub}{g eGg] laifodf ;j} s'/fx?
6f]ndf k6sk6s ul/of] . kl5 PS;g P8 / pKsf g]kfn jLr kl/of]hgf ;Demf}tf
e};s] kl5 sfo{stf{x? 5gf}6 ul/of] 6f]ndf cflwsf/Ls jh]6 s[ofsnfkx?sf] af/]df
5nkmn ul/of] . ;d'bfodf l/kmn]S6 ;'?jft eO;s] l/kmn]S6 dfkm{t ;d'bfodf k/
fdif{ nluof] . cGtt M sfo{qmd ;Grfngdf cfPsf] xNn}xNnfsf] r'gf}tL ;dfKt

12. eof] . clxn] o; lsl;dsf] r'gf}tLx? z'qmxf6 k|sf]k Aoj:yfkg ;ldlt cfkm}n] k/fdif{
ub{5 .
r'gf}tLnfO{ cjz/df jbNg' kb{5 cyf{t Tof] xNn}xNnfsf] r'gf}tLdf cftLPsf]
eP / c?sf] ;xf/f vf]Hg yfn]sf] eP ;d:of ;dfwfg xf]Og km}lnP/ hfg] lyof] .
xNn}xNnf jLrdf cfkmgf] s'/f cfkm} gnu]/ ;xlhs/0fsf] dfBd vf]Hg yfn]sf] eP
cfkmgf] :ki6 s'/f hfb}g lyof] . xNnf ePsf] j]nfdf lhNnf :tl/o kl/of]hgfsf]
kl/rofTds sfo{qmd g/fv]sf] eP lhNnf :tl/o lgsfo, /fhg}lts bn cGo ;+:yfxdf
klg cgfjZos e|d hfg]lyof] . xNnfnfO kl/ofhgfsf] kl/rofTds cleofgsf]
cjz/sf] ?kdf pkof]u u/]/ k"j{tof/L / k|sf]k lj?4sf] ;+u7fgLs cleofgsf] ;'qkft
ug{ ;kmn ePsf]] 5 .
b]j gf/fo0f ;df{
;d'bfo kl/rfns, pKsf g]kfn
d'l;at ax; s]Gb|sf] kxndf df6f] s6fg /f]lsof]
jljof * s]f jx/bf/ 6f]n ;'g;/L vf]nfsf] lsgf/df /x]sf] 5 . sdhf]8 df6f]sf] ;+/rgfsf]
sf/0f ;'g;/L vf]nf jif]{gL bfofafof ;g]{ ub{5 / j:tL 9'jfg
x'g] / lj:yfkLt u/fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . xfn j:tLdf ;'/lIft
;d'bfo kl/of]hgf bf]>f]af6 d'l;jt jx; s]Gb| ;Grfng ePsf]
5 . jx; s]Gb|sf] 5nkmnn] vf]nfdf jif]{gL s6fg x'gsf]
d'n sf/0f vf]nfsf] lsgf/df kx'Frjfnfn] df6f] sf6]/ j]Rg'

13. xf] eGg] 7x/ u¥of] . k6s k6ssf] ;fd'lx k|of;af6 vf]nfsf] lsgf/df df6f] sf6g] k|s[of xfn /
f]lsPsf] 5 .
j:tL vf]nfsf] lsgf/df j;]sf] 5 . vf]nfsf] af9Laf6 hf]lvddf @) 3/ /x]sf] 5 . ;j} l;dfGts[t
hghftLx? x'g . t/ vf]nfsf] lsgf/df df6f] sf6]/ j]Rg] j:tL aflx/af6 cfpF5g / df6f] ufl8df
xfn]/ nlu j]Rg] rng 5 . ufpsf] dfgL;x? tdf;] eP/ x]g]{ sfd dfq cfh ;Dd ePsf] lyof] .
t/ ;d'bfodf ;+sled'vtfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddf vf]nf s6fg / 8'jfgsf] sf/0f vf]nfsf] lsgf/df
df6f] sf6L ljlqm ug'{ eGg] ;jfn cfP kl5 ;d'bfodf ;GrfnLt d'l;jt jx; s]Gb|df vf]nfdf df6f]
s6L j]Rg] k|sofnfO{ /f]Sg] eGg] lg0f{o eof] .
d'l;jt jx; s]Gb|sf] lg0f{onfO{ d'l;jt Aoj:yfkg ;ldltdf k'g M 5nkmn u/fO{ d'l;jt
Aoj:yfkg ;ldltn] klg o; sfdnfO{ tTsfn /f]Sg]
ldlt @))( cS6f]j % df lg0f{o u¥of] . lg0f{o
kl5 lgoldt ?kdf ufl8 lnP/ df6f] sf6g cfpg]x?
nfO{ /f]Sg] sfd ;'? eof] . ufl8 lnP/ cfpg]x?
nfO{ ;fd'lxs ?kdf ;DemfpFb} kmsf{pg] sfd
ug{ yfn] kl5 xfn df6f] sf6g] sfd jGb ePsf]
5.
j:tLsf] jLrdf vfnL hldgx? 5g . ;f] hldgdf cltqmd0f ug{sf] nflu vf; u/L g/l;+x
uflj;sf] dfgL;x? cfP/ ug{ yfn] kl5 ;f] cltqmd0fnfO{ /f]Sg' kb{5 eg]// d'l;jt jx; s]Gb|df
ldlt @)^^ d+l;/ ! ut] lg0f{o eof] . vfnL hldg cltqmd0f ug{ dfgL;x?nfO{ klg /f]Sg] sfd
;fd'lxs ?kdf u/] kl5 hf]t]sf] hldg klg xfn d'l;jt jx; s]Gb|n] ;+/If0f u/]sf] 5 . hxfF j:tLdf
af9Lsf] k|sf]k Go'lgs/0fsf] nflu h}ljs t6jGwgsf] tof/L ePsf] 5 . j:tL leqsf]
hUufnfO{ cltqmd0f ul/ 6]«S6/ nufP/ hf]Tg yfn] kl5 tTsfn d'l;jt jx; s]Gb|sf] kxndf @
j6f ;xdltsf ;fy lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] .

14. != of] hldg cltqmd0f ul/ h:fn] hf]Tb}5 o;nfO{ 6f]nsf] ;j}n] ;fd'lxs ?kdf
jf]nfP/ ;Demfpg] . hldg cltqmd0f gug{ eg]/ ;Demfpg] .
@= olb gdfg]sf] v08df k|x/Ldf ph'/L lbg] / of] cltqmd0f /f]Sg kxn ug]{ .
t/ klxnf] kxndf g} cltqmd0f /f]Sg ;kmn eof] . clxn] df6f] sf6g] / hldg cltqmd0f
ug]{ sfd /f]lsPsf] 5 . d'l;jt jx; s]Gb|n] ;d'bfonfO{ ;+ul7t ug]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . {
ljBfgGb d]xtf l/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{, pKsf g]kfn
;3if{sf] k|ltkmn
;'Gb/k'/ uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= $ aif]{gL af9Lsf] k|sf]kaf6 u|l;t x'Fb}
cfPsf] 5 . j8f g++ $ v]/f6f]n lqo'uf kf/L k¥Yof] / @)$) ;fndf lqo'ufdf cfPsf]
7"nf] af9Lsf] sf/0f $) 3/w'/L k"0f{?kn] lj:yflkt eof] . j:tL lj:yflkt ePkl5
h+un 5]psf] vfnL rp/df 5fk|f] xfn]/ a;f]af; ug{ yfn] ToxfF klg lhNnf jg
sfof{non] ;a} 5fk|f]df cfuf] nufO{ lbof] . t/ tL afl;Gbfx/ hfg] 7fpF sxL
gePkl5 k]m/L 5fk|f] xfn]/ a:g yfn] / s]lx lbgdf k]m/L ;a} 5fk|f] cfuhgL ul/
lbof] . To;kl5 ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx?nfO{ a;f]af; ;+/If0f gfds ;+:yfn] cfTdan
a9fO{ ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbP/ uof] . / k]m/L jg sfof{noaf6 cfunfuL u/fpg cfpFbf
Toxfsf ;d'bfo 3/leq a;L /x] / 3/ g5f8] kl5 cfunfuL u/fpg kfPg . To;kl5
ToxL a;f]af; ug{ yfn] . ToxfF a;f]af; u/] klg af9Ln] slxNo} ;tfpg 5f8]g . 3]/
vf]nf, bf}ntf vf]nf / kmg}t'jf vf]nfsf] ljrdf /x]sf] pQm 6f]n af9Lsf] k|sf]kaf6
Hofb} glhs 5g . 3]/ vf]nfsf] af9Ln] @)^$ ;fn ;fpgdf ;of} lj3f v]ltof]Uo
hldg s6fg, k'/fg u¥of] . wfgafnLx? gi6 ePsf] lyof] . t/ :yflgo lgsfo /

15. lhNnfsf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] Wofg pQm If]qdf k'u]g . / vf]nf lgoGq0fsf]
sfo{ ePg .
;'Gbk'/ uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+=$ v]/f6f]n
lqo'uf vf]nf kf/L k¥Yof] . ToxfF
hDdf $) 3/w'/L yf? hfltsf] a;f]af;
/x]sf] lyof] . ToxfF k|z:t pAhgL x'g]
v]tL ePsf]n] nueu ;a} 3/w'/L dWod
juL{o kl/jf/df ulgGYof] . @)$) ;fndf
lqo'ufdf cfPsf] 7"nf] af9Ln] $) 3/w'/
L k"0f{?kn] lj:yflkt eof] . Toltv]/
ef]u]sf] lk8f ;'gfpg'x'G5 bz/y
rf}w/L .
æaf9L cfpg] nIf0f b]vf k/]kl5 xfdL ;a} lbp;} To;6f]nnfO{ 5f]8]/ cGoq uof}
/ sf]xL–sf]xL 3/ ?Ëg eg]/ a:of} Tolt v]/ c6]/L u/]sf] eP xfdL w]/} d¥Yof}
+ . /ftL ;'t]sf] a]nf PSsf;L af9L cfof] / Ps hgf j[4 / Ps hgf afns aufP/
nUof] ;fy} 3/df ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ cGgjfnL ;fdfg, sfuhft, sf7kft / ufO{j:t' cflb
aufof] . ufO{uf]?df Pp6f af5f / Pp6f /fFuf aufof] c? ;a} ufO{uf]? t}l/g
;kmn eof] . TotL v]/ slt lbg t ef]s} a:g' k¥of] . /]8qm;n] cln–cln efF8fs'8f
lqkfn / sk8f lbof] . lhNnf k|zf;gaf6 s]xL vfg] s'/f lbof] t/ kmf]6f]x? eg]
ljleGg lgsfon] lvr]/ nu]klg ;xof]u eg] st}af6 klg kfPgf} .
To;kl5 h+unsf] 5]pdf wfdL rfFk eGg] rp/df xfdL ;a} 5fk|f] xfn]/
a;f]af; ug{ yfNof}+ . ToxfF klg lhNnf jg sfof{non] ;a} 5fk|f]df cfuf]
nufO{ lbof] . t/ xfdL hfg] 7fpF st} gePsf]n] k]m/L 5fk|f] xfn]/ a:g yfNof}
+ . t/ s]lx lbgdf k]m/L klg cfuhgL eof] . To;kl5 a;f]af; ;+/If0f gfds ;

16. +:yfn] ;Nnfx ;'emfj / cfTdan a9fO{ lbPkl5 xfdL k]m/L 5fk|f] xfln a:of} /
cfuhgL ug{ cfpFbf 3/leq ;a} al;/xof}+ . clg xf/ vfP/ tL kfkLx? kms]{/ uof]
. To;kl5 a]nf a]nfdf 8/ wDsL b]vfP klg xfdL Psh'6 eO{ al;/xof}+ .
clxn] ;Dd klg al;/x]sf 5f}+ . Tof] lk8faf6 d'Qm eof} t/ k]m/L csf]{ lk8f
ylkof] . o; 6f]nsf] rf/}tk{m vf]nf /x]sf] 5 . 3]/vf]nf, kmg]t'jf vf]nf / bf}ntf
vf]nf lo vf]nfx?n] aif]{gL v]t k'g]{ / s6fg ul//x]sf] 5 . lo vf]nf gfnfn] wfdL
rfFknfO{ dfq x}g j8f g+= $ s} lzj rf}s 6f]nnfO{ ;d]t k|efljt t'NofPsf] 5 .
@)^$ ;fn ;fpgdf afFw k'm6]/ ;of}+ ljuf v]ltof]Uo hldg, nufPsf] afln s6fg,
k'/fg eof] . t/ :yflgo lgsfo / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf 8]lns]zg uof}+ t/ xfd|f]
s'/f ;'g'jfO{ ePg .
xfdL lkl8fdf lyof}+ Toltv]/ @)^$÷)$÷!( ut] gjk|eftn] a}7s
af]nfO{ vf]nf lgoGq0f pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g ul/of] . / ;Nnfx tyf ;dGjon]
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf vfnL af]/f tyf tf/ hfnL dfu ul/of] . vfnL af]/f $)) yfg
pknAw ePkl5 xfdL ;a} ldln !%) ld= afFw afFwL af]/fsf] :k/ nufof}+ . k]m/
L gjk|eftn] @)^$ sflt{s @* ut] uf=lj=;= :t/Lo k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g
ul/lbof] . To;/L g} clxn] xfdL ;a} ;+ul7t ePsf 5f}+ . k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
u7g eof] .
ToxfFsf ;d'bfox? ;ldltdf Psh'6 eP/ ;+ul7t ePkl5 gjk|eftsf] ;dGjodf lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 vfnL af]/f NofO{ kmg]t'jf vf]nf lgoGq0f ug{ !%) ld=sf]
afFw afFwL vfnL af]/fsf] :k/ nfPsf lyP . k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cu'jfO{df
ufpF kl/ifbaf6 ?= #),))).–, hnpTkGg glb lgoGq0f ;a l8lehg hgsk'/af6
&),))).– / 3]/ vf]nfsf] afn'uf lu§L 9'Ëf lgsfn] jfkt p7]sf] s/ %),))) xhf/af6 3]/
vf]nf lgoGq0fsf] nfuL afFw afFw]sf] bf}ntf vf]nfdf 7Ss/ nufof}+ .
ToxfFsf ;d'bfo / k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;lrj uf]kfn ;'j]bL eGg' x'G5 . olt

17. b'Mv ul/ afFw nufPsf 5f}+ gd"gf ;d"x P / laaf6 k|ltlgwL 5gf}6 u/L
@)^^÷)&÷)% ut] vx/] vf]nf lgoGq0f ;ldlt, wfFdL rfFk u7g ul/ lg/Gt/
;dGjo÷;Dks{n] c? dd{t ;Def/sf] nfuL lh=e"–;+/If0f sfof{noaf6 *) yfg
tf/hfnL / ! nfvsf] afFwsf] sfd ug]{ ePsf] 5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf cWoIf gfuLg
rf}w/L eGg' x'G5 . ;d'bfo Psh'6 geO{ s'g} ljsf;sf sfo{ ug{ ;lsb}g .
To;}n] ;d'bfo ;+ul7t ePkl5 lo sfo{x? ;kmn ePsf] xf] .
af9Lsf] k|sf]kaf6 ul/a ePsf
wfdL rfFksf ;d'bfonfO{ ljxfg /
a]n'sf 5fs 6fg{ wf}–wf} kl//x]sf]
5 . h+unaf6 ef]nf{sf] kft l6k]/
NofO{ 6k/L 6fF;L a]Rg] b}lgs
lbgrof{ /x]sf] 5 . ;d'bfodf
lhljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]
pb]Zon] gjk|eftn] #!
3/w'/LnfO{ b'O{ ;d'xdf ljefhg
u/L ;d"x u7g u/]sf] 5 . ToxfFsf
;d'bfon] clnx] dlxgfdf b'O{ k6s
a}7s a;L ?= !), !) sf b/n] gub art /
d'l¶ art ug{ yfn]sf 5g . ;d'xsf
cWoIf /fdjlQ rf]w/Lsf] cg';f/ xfdL
o;/L cfktsflng d'l¶ art / gub art
ubf{ k|sf]ksf] a]nf xfd|f afn aRrf
ef]s} a:g' kg]{ cj:yf cfpb}g .

18. To;}n] xfdL h;/L klg d'l¶art u5f}{ . / art
u/L lhljsf]kfh{g ;'wf5f}{ .
k|ef rf}w/L
cleofgstf{
gjk|eft g]kfn
ljkb ;fdfgfsf nflu ;fd'bflos kxn
x/]s jif{ af9L, xfjfx'/L , lztnx/ , cfunfuL h:tf k|sf]ksf] lk8f ;xb} cfPsf] Og?jf
j8f+= % d';x/ j:tL / Og?jf ^ lvlqmkl§sf afl;Gbf x'g .^& 3/kl/jf/ /x]sf] d';x/L eg]/
lrlgg] o; a:tLdf blntx?sf] dfq a;f]af;
/x]sf] 5 .t/ lvlqmkl§df eg]
p/fjF,d';ndfg,d08nx?sf] ldl>t a;f]af;
/x]sf] kfOG5 .o; a:tLdf eg] lvlqmkl§
,O:nfdk'/ / av]{8f8fF u/L $% 3/kl/jf/sf]
a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 .oL a:tLx?df cfly{s
,/fhg}lts tyf >f]tdf sd dfqfdf kx'rF /x]sf]
5 .ljz]if % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf ,dlxnf ,ckfËtf ePsfx? a9L k|efljt ePsf 5g .
;d'bfodf x'g] u/]sf k|sf]k ;fdgfsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] Ifdtf lasf;sf nfuL oL
b'O{ a:tLdf b}lgs ! d'¶L rfdn jrt / ;fd'lxs ?kdf / cGo a:tLx?df rfdn ,k};f ;+sng

19. ug{ z'?jft u/]sf 5g .Og?jf % d'l;at ax; s]Gb|sL cWoIf af}lsof ;bfsf cg';f/ ax;
s]Gb|df $,% k6s 5nkmn ul/of] ,ax; eof] ,lg0f{o ul/of] / xfdL ;a}n] dxz'z u/L
sf]if :yfkgf ug{ yfn]sf xf} elG5g .pgL cuf8L ylK5g Knfli6ssf] emf]nfdf b}lgs
Ps d'¶L hDdf u/L x/]s dlxgfsf] #) ut] Ps 7fpFdf hDdf ug]{ / rfdn a]r]sf] k};f
a}sFdf hDdf u5f}F .clxn] ;fd'lxs / ! dlxgfsf] d'¶L jrtaf6 ;s+lnt rfdn %! s]=hL /
/sd ? &)) u/L ,rfdn a]rL ? @#)) hDdf u/]sf 5f} .@)^$ ;fndf cfPsf] af9Lsf sf/0f
a:tL 8'afgdf k/L ;/sf/L sfo{nodf /fxt dfUg hfbf o;} a:tLsf] s':dL b]jL ;bfn] Hofg
u'dfpg' k/]sf] 36gfn] cfh klg 8/ nfU5 . g /fxt eg] hlt kfOof] g ;fy g} To;}n]
xfdLn] sf]if k"j{tof/Ldf nfu]sf 5f} To; a:tLsf dflg;x?sf] egfO 5 .
To;} u/L lvlqmkl§df klg b}lgs Ps d'¶L rfdn jrt cleofg / kmofS6«Lx?df
;xof]usf nfuL kxn e}/x]sf] 5 eg] cflxn] ;Dd ;+slnt sf]ifdf !^ s]=hL rfdn / ? &))
/sd hDdf u/]sf] 5g . d'l;at Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] gfddf /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+sdf vftf
vf]n]sf 5g .;'g;/L vf]nfsf] 5]pdf /x]sf] a:tL x/]s jif{ af9Lsf sf/0f $,% lbg 3/ 5f]8L
ljwfnodf a:g] u/]sf 5f} .;/sf/L /fxtaf6 kfpgaf6 jlGrt x'b} cfPsf 5f} a? s+zd8fg k|
sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] @)^% ;fnsf] af9Ldf lrp/f ,e'hf /fxt lbPsf] lyof] eG5g vlnn
dG;'/L .pgL cuf8L yK5g ;/sf/L /fxt kfP klg eg] hlt kfOb}g .af9L ;'sL;S5 ef]s}
a:bf gkfP kl5 t xfdL cfkm}n] sdfP/ vfOxfN5f} lg t/ cfktdf kfpg' kf] /fxt xf]
.To;}n] ;/sf/ cfpg' eGbf klxn] ;d:of ;dfwfg ;d'bfodf ug{ ;Sg] x'gnfO{ a}7s
5nkmn klg sf]ifdf Ps d'¶L rfdn jrt ug]{ yfn]sf 5f} .
oL b'j} a:tLdf x'g] jrt pgLx?sf] p2]Zo Pp6} /x]sf] 5 .a:tLdf ljkb
kbf{ tTsflng /fxt afnaflnsf ,ue{jtL ,;'Ts]/L ,ckfËtfx?nfO{ ljz]if k|bfg lbP/
;xof]u k'/ofpg' xf] .;/sf/L lglt g} /fxtd'vL ePsf]n] k"j{tof/Lsf sfdnfO{ cuf8L
ga9fPsf] kfOG5 .;d'bfo:t/df klg r]tgf:t/ w]/}{ sd /x]sf] kfOG5 .;/sf/L lglt kl/jt{g

20. u/L ;d'bfosf] ;xefuLtfdf ;r]tgfsf] lqmofsnfkaf6 lasf;sf nufgL ug{ ;s] k|sf]k
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 t/ hgtfsf] cfvfFdf 5f/f] xfNg] sfdaf6 cem ljgfz
lgDtfp5 xf]Og / <x/]s s'gf sGb/fdf a;]sf ;d'bfosf r]tgfsf lju'n km'Sg] / Ifdtf
lasf; u/fpg] ;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf]Og / <;fgf ;fgf ufpF j:tLdf ljkb ;fdgf ug{ ;s] Ifdtf
lasf; ug{ ;s] cfhsf] h:tf] ljkbaf6 lj:yflkt x'g'kb}{g lyof] .lgdf{0f ePsf
7fpFdf /]vb]v d'NofËg,dd{t ug{ hgtfsf] dxz'zLs/0f u/fpb} cfkm} ;+j]bgzLn x'g
;s] cfhsf] h:tf] lk8f ef]lnsf lbgdf ef]Ug' gknf{ / <
dgdfof lg/f}nf
;d'bfo kl/rfns,
pKsf g]kfn
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljsf;sf] ah]6df xfd|f] clwsf/
;/sf/L ;:yfx?df cfpg] k};f xfd|} xf] xfdLn] g} ljleGg
dfWodaf6 ;/sf/nfO{ s/ :j?k lt/]sf] k};f xf] . To;sf] kx/]bf/L ug'{ xfd|
f] sfd xf] eg]/ hfgsf/L lbFbf Tolx l/kmn]S6 ;d"xsf ch'{g / ;+lutf

21. b]jL t]nLsf] cu'jfO{df !% hgfsf] Pp6f 6f]ln u7g eof] . of] u7g
ePsf] 6f]lnn] uf=lj=;=, :jf:Yo rf}sL, :s'naf6 :yflgo hgtfx?nfO{ s] s]
;]jf pknAw x'G5 . / Tof] ;]jf lngsf] nflu s'g s'g k|lqmofx? cjnDjg
ug'{ kb{5 eGg] sfof{nodf uP/ a'e]m/ cfkmgf] sf]7fdf 5nkmn u/]/
kl5 ca x'g] ufpF kl/ifbdf uf=lj=;=n] s]Gb|af6 of]hgf agfP/
Nofpg'; xfdL cfkmgf] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ub{5f}+ eGg] k|ltj4tf
u/]sf] 5 .
/fd lgjf; ofbj
e6]lxof % -afFs]_
la u'|k -afFs]_
g]kfnu~h
nId0f ;bf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L sfo{ u/L hf]lvd af6 d'Qm
nId0f ;bf tk]Zj/L uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ df ul7t k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
;b:o x'g . pgsf] @ 5f]/f / # 5f]/L 5g . h;dWo] ! 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx e};s]sf]n] xfn
pgsf] kl/jf/ ;+Vof % hgfsf] /x]sf] 5 . pgsf] kl/jf/ cfly{s ?kn] Psbd} sdhf]/
cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . ljxfg a]n'sf] 5fs agLa'tf] u/]/ 6fg]{ u/]sf] 5 . pgsf] 3/ ulj

22. glhs} /x]sf]n] jiff{ofddf ;fdfGo kfgL kbf{ 3/df 3'F8f–3'F8f kfgL k:g]
ePsf]n] wfg, rfdn aufP/ 5tf5'Nn x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . j:t' efp 3'F8f–3'F8f
kfgLdf /fVg afWo / ljjz lyP . 3/df kfgL hld/xFbf r'nf]df cfuf] gan]/ vfgf
gkfSbf ef]sef]s} a:g'kg]{ / /ftel/ ;a}hgf hfu/fd a:g'kg]{ afWotfn] nId0f ;bf
Psbd} b'MvL / lrlGtt lyP .
j:tL j/k/ kfgL hld/xFbf emf8fkvfnf, x}hf h:tf dxfdf/L k}mlnP/ ToxfFsf
;d'bfon] csfnd} Hofg u'dfpg'kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] 5 . ;k{sf] ljuljuL, j:t'efpdf
uns¶f x'g], d'vdf ¥ofn cfpg] h:tf ;d:ofn] To; ;d'bfodf a;f]af; !* 3/kl/jf/
nufot nId0f ;bf klg lrlGtt 5g . uljsf] kfgL lgsf; ug{ nId0f ;bf
nufPt !& 3/w'/Lsf ;bf ;d'bfon] k|of; gu/]sf] xf]Og t/ Toxf a;f]af; ug]
{ hldGbf/ egfpFbfx?sf] bjfj cfPsf] sf/0f plgx?n] rfxbf rfFxb} klg kfgL lgsf;
ug]{ sfddf c;kmn ePsf 5g . lsgeg] uljsf] kfgL lgsf; ubf{ hldGbf/
egfpFbfx?sf] v]tdf l;FrfO{ gx'g] ePsf]n] kfgL lgsf; ug]{ sfo{df pgLx?n]
af/Daf/ cj/f]w k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] lyof] . h;sf] 3/df alga'tf] u/]/ ljxfg a]n'sfsf]
5fs 65{ p;}sf] s'/f s;/L gdfGg' eGg] ;f]rdf k/]sf ;bf ;d'bfon] gjk|eft ;dfh ;]jL
kl/jf/åf/f To; j8fdf ;~rflnt cfsl:ds k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf cfj4 eO{;s]kl5
cleofgstf{x?sf] k|ToIf e]63f6, a}7s 5nkmndf ;xefuL, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|
sf]k k"j{tof/L sfo{zfnfdf ;xefuL ePs} sf/0f k|sf]k k"j{tof/Lsf] nfuL cfk}m
h'6g' k5{ eGg] dfGotf cg'?k nId0f ;bfn] a}slNks pkfox? ckgfPsf 5g .
cfsl:ds k|sf]k Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf] k|efjn] ubf{ clxn] nId0f ;bfn] 3/sf]
;txb]lv # lkm6 cUnf] kfgL ghDg] u/L 3/df df6f] yk]sf 5g . pgL eG5g ca
d 9'Ss 5' . jiff{ofddf d]/f] 5f]/f, 5f]/L, >LdtL / d cf/fd;Fu a:g, ;'Tg / vfg

23. kfpF5', d]/f] a:t'efp ;'/lIft x'g] eof] . kfgL lgsf; u/] klg cfu' ;fn km]/L kfgL
hld xflNYof] . t/ 3/sf] ;txdf df6f] yk] kl5 lbuf] ?kdf ;+/If0f kfpg] ePsf] 5' .
Psf tk{m pgn] 3/sf] ;txdf df6f] yKg] sfo{ u/] eg] csf]{ tk{m kfgL lgsf; ug]{
sfo{nfO{ klg lg/Gt/ /fv] kmn:j?k uf=lj=;=sf] ufpF kl/ifbaf6 ;d'bfosf] ;xof]u
kfP/ kfgL lgsf; ug{ ?= $%,))).–ljlgof]hg u/fO{ kfgL lgsf; ug]{ sfddf klg
;kmn eP . pgL eG5g of] ;a} d k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf cfj4 eO;s]kl5 :yflgo
>f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfngåf/f sd nufgLdf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L u/L ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft
agfpg ;lsG5, eGg] kf7 l;s]sf] 5' .
pgsf] of] k|of; b]v]/ ToxfFsf] # hgfn] 3/sf] ;tx eGbf # lkm6 cUnf]
kfgL ghDg] u/L 3/df df6f] yk]sf 5g . ;d'bfodf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L u/L hf]lvd
Go'lgs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] cfTdf ljZjf; hfu]sf] 5 . ToxfFsf] ;d'bfon] klg cf–
cfˆgf] 3/df df6f] yKg] sfd ul/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} k|sf]k k"j{tof/Lsf] nfuL d'l¶ jrt
cleofgsf] yfnlg ul/ hDdf *% 3/w'/Ldf @$)^ gub / rfdn @% s]=hL= hDdf
u/]sf 5g . hDdf u/]sf] rfdn / gubn] k|efljtx?nfO{ cfsl:ds ?kdf ;xof]u ug{
;lsG5 eGg] p2]Zon] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] /fxt tyf p4f/ sf]ifdf /fv]sf 5g
pltdrGb rf}w/L
cleofgstf{
gjk|eft g]kfn

24. l/kmn]S6 s]Gb| kl/jt{gsf] cleofg /f]lsPsf] 5}g .
w]/} aif{ klxn]b]lv jf9L k|efljt O6x/L gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= & sbdfxf 6f]n k|To]s
jif{ ;d'bfo 8'jfgdf kg]{ 3/3/df kfgL k:Yof] . afnaflnsfx? ljBfno hfg kfpb}gYof] .
;d'bfosf dflg;x? jf/kf/ ug{ ;Sb}gy] . lsg eg] j:tLsf] jLrdf gfnf lyof] . gfnfdf k'n
gePsf] / w]/} ulx/f] lyof] . jfl9 cfPsf] j]nf jf/kf/ ug{ w]/} ufx|f] x'GYof] . ;dfgx?,
ufOa:t'x?nfO{ jf/kf/ ug{ ufx|f] x'GYof] . ldlt @)%& ;fndf 7'nf] jf9L cfof] . k|To]s
3/x?df kfgL kl; elTsof] . gu/kflnsfaf6 kl/jf/ ;+Vof cg';f/ Ro"/f / ;v/ afFl8of] t/ 3/
elTsg]x?nfO{ /fxt dfUgsf] nflu uP klg ;DalGwt lgsfosf kbfwLsf/Lx?
n] ;'g'jfO{ ub}{gy] .
;g @))* df pKsf g]kfn dfkm{t l8k]sf] rf}yf] kl/of]hgf O{6x/L gu/kflnsfdf
k|sf]k k'j{ tof/Lsf nflu sfd ug{ ;d'bfodf e]nf eO{ ldl6Ë u/]/ k|sf]k
Joa:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ul/ l/kmn]S6 s]Gb| ;+rfng x'g yfNof] . l/km|n]S6 s]Gb|
df dlxnfx? ;Fu ;d'bfodf p7]sf laeLGg ;jfndf 5nkmn ul/ ;DalGwt lgsfo;Dd
nlu ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ yfn] . pKsf g]kfn / PSzg P8sf] ;xof]udf dlxnfx?
nfO{ k|sf]k k"j{ tof/L ;DalGw Ifdtf clea[l4 tfnLd kfO{;s] kl5 ;d'bfosf
dflg;x? ;d'bfosf] ljeLGg ;d:ofx? p7fg ul/ ;DalGwt lgsfodf cfkm}+ cu|||;/
eO{ hfg yfn] .
sTgf 6f]ndf ldlt @))^% ;fn h]i7 dlxgfdf xfjf x'/Ln] $) 3/ p8fPsf] lyof] ;f]
;dodf k|sf]k Joa:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf nufot ;j} ;b:ox? dLn]/ gu/kflnsf,
lO{nfsf k|x/L sfo{no O{6x/Laf6 36gf af/] hfgsf/L u/fO{ O{6x/L /]8s|;

25. zfvfaf6 lk8Lt afx| kl/jf/nfO{ lqkfn pknAw u/fP ;fy} gu/kflnsf / lhNnf b}jLs
k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltsf] sf]ifaf6 k|To]s kl/jf/nfO{ b'j} lgsfosf] tkm{af6 ? kfFr
÷kfFr ;osf b/n] /fxt pknAw u/fP . TotLdfq /sdn] 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sg]
cfly{s cj:yf sDhf]/ ePsfn] 3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu k|sf]k Joa:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:ox?
P;=cf]=P;= afnu|fd g]kfn;Fu ;dGjo ul/ C0flnO{ O{6fsf] s';L{,lkn/ / l6gsf]
5fgf ePsf] ;fwf/0f 3/ lgdf{0f ul/of] . 3/x? hdLgsf] ;txeGbf dfyL
p7fO{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'gfn] af9L cfpbf klg kfgLn] c;/ gug]{ eof] .
sdnL rf}w/L
l/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{, pKsf g]kfn
;f]gjiff{ ufpFsf] ;kmntf
afFs] lhNnfsf] u+ufk'/ uf=lj;= j8f g+= !, @ / # ;f]gjiff{ ufpFdf
s[lifhGo / 3/kfn'jf kz'x?sf] kfNg] / v]tL ug]{x?sf] eQf a9L 5 . / v]tL ug]{x?
sf] eGbf a9L 5 . g]kfn s[lif k|wfg b]z ePsf]n] oxfF dflg;x? a9L kz'kfngdf
;+nUg /x]sf 5g . kz' k|fljlwssf] sdL / kz' ;]jf s]Gb| gePsf] sf/0fn] oxfFsf
kz' /f]usf] ?kdf dg]{ / /f]u dxfdf/Lsf] ?kdf k}mlng] sf/0fn] oxfFsf dflg;x?
cfly{s ?kdf w]/} b'Mv ef]u]sf 5g . o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ oxfF pGgt kz'x? klg
kfNg ;s]sf 5}gg . ljut % dlxgf cufl8 PSzg P8 g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf la u'|k
afFs] åf/f ;+rflnt o; u+ufk'/ uf=lj=;= !, @ / # ;f]gjiff{ ufpFdf ;fd'bflos
ljkb ;r]tgf s]Gb|df 5nkmnsf] bf}8fgdf p7]sf] ;d:ofnfO{ kz' ;]jf s]Gb|

26. :yfkgfsf nflu ToxfF ;xdflux? l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|sf] lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf g} lg0f{o
u/]/ uf=lj=;=sf] sfof{no u+ufk'/df o; >f]tdf kz' s]Gb| ;]jf cfjZostf /x]sf] elg
lgj]bg lbPsf lyP . h;df ToxfFsf uf=lj=;= ;lrjn] :yflgo JolQmx?sf] ;d:of
a'lem lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no afFs]nfO{ k'z k|fljlws jf kz' ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgfsf
nflu l;kmfl/; kq pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . h;df ToxfFsf l/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{sf]
ljz]if ;xof]u /x]sf] lyof] . xfn plgx? lhNnf k|zf;g aFfs]nfO{ lgj]bg lbg] k|
lqmofdf 5g .
dsa'n cxdb d's]/L
d6]lxof, afFs]
la u|'k– afFs]
l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|sf] 5nkmn kl5 OlGb/f clwsf/Ldf cfPsf]
kl/jt{g
pobk'/ lhNnf cjl:yt lq=g=kf= % Hof]lt6f]ndf x'g] l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|df
lgoldt ?kdf pkl:ylt ! hgf ;b:o x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf] gfd OlGb/f clwsf/L xf] .
pxfF klxnf n]vk9 ug{ g;Sg] / cfkmgf] kl/ro ;d]t eGg nhfpg] dfG5] clxn]
cfP/ l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|df 5nkmn ug{ w]/} ;xof]u ug{ yfNg'ePsf] 5 . pxfF
cfkmgf] kl/ro lgw{Ss ?kdf eGg ;Sg'x'G5 . 5nkmn s]Gb|df pkl:yt x'gsf]
nflu / cfk'mnfO{ kl/jt{g Nofpg cGo ;b:ox?nfO{ klg cfu|x ug'{x'G5 .
pxfFn] cfkmgf] 7fpFdf k/]sf ;d:ofx? klxrfg ul/ To;af]/df 5nkmn

27. ug{ nufpg' x'G5 / To;nfO{ s;/L ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ eGg] ljifonfO{ k|
fyldstf lbg'x'G5 . pxfF clxn] cfk"mn] kfpg'kg]{ clwsf/sf] af/]df ;DalGwt
7fpFdf uP/ cfkmgf] s'/f /fVg ;Sg'x'G5 clxn] cfP/ pxfF ljleGg sfo{x?
ug{sf] nflu cufl8 a9g' x'G5 . o;/L g} l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|sf] 5nkmn kl5
pxfFdf kl/jt{g cfof] .
s[i0ff /fpt
l/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{
lq=g=kf= %, ax]jf{, ufO{3f6, pbok'/
gjk|eft g]kfn
k|sf]k ;fdgfsf] nflu ;fd'bflos kxn
36gf cWoog
k|sf]k ;fdgf ;d'bfosf] sfdgf eGg] ;fd'lxs efjgfsf] ljsfz u/f} ;d'bfosf]
cleofgx? p7g yfn]sf 5g . ;/sf/L /fxtsf] s'/fx?af6 lbSs ePsf ;d'bfosf
dflg;x? cfkmgf] Ifdtf ljsf;df nfu]sf 5g . Og?jf j8f g+= % / ^ sf ;d'bfodf
x/]s jif{ cfpg] af9L, xfjfx'/L, cfunfuL h:tf] k|sf]ksf] lk8f ;xb} cfPsf plgx?
klg ;d'bfo :t/d} cfkmgf] :jfldTjsf] sf]if :yfkgf ug{ sDd/ s;]/ nfu]sf x'g .
;fd'lxs ;+slnt rfdn k};f / b}lgs d'l¶ artnfO{ dlxgfdf Ps 7fpFdf hDdf u/L
a'em]/ art tyf >0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf ;+:yfsf] vftf vf]n]/ /fVg] ljrf/ plgx?sf] 5 .
@)^^ d+l;/ ! ut] b]lv b}lgs d'l¶ art / ;do ;dodf ;fd'ls cleofg ub}{ cfPsf]

28. lyof] . plgx? Og?jf j8f g+= % sf dlxnfx? o; eGbf cl3 l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|
df ;xeflu x'g] u/]sf lyP . pKsf g]kfnn] ;~rfng u/]sf] s]Gb|df ljz]if u/L :jf:Yo,
dlxnf, afn clwsf/ ;jfndf 5nkmn cleofg x'g] u/] klg k|sf]k ljkbnfO{ s]lGb|t
u/]/ 5nkmn ax; x'g] u/]sf] lyPg . k|sf]k kl5 /fxt dfq x'g] u/]sf] ax; s]Gb|
Jo:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf af}lsof zfxsf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 . plg elG5g ut @)^$
;fnsf] >fj0f dlxgfdf cfPsf] af9Lsf sf/0f /fxt dfUg] qmddf cfkmg} jl:tsL !
dlxnfn] Hofg u'dfpg' k¥of] afFsL xfdLn] k|x/Lsf] a'6 / aGb'ssf] gfnn]
lk6fO{ ;xg afWo x'g' k¥of] / ;/sf/sf] bdg ;xg' k/]sf] / Tof] sfnf] /ft ;Dembf
lgs} 8/ nfUbf] lyof] . plg elG5g d';x/Ldf * 3/kl/jf/sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . x/]s
jif{ af9Laf6 lj:yflkt eO{ xKtf lbg ;Dd 3/ 5f]8L ljBfnodf cf>o lng k'Ug]
lvsLkl§sf] dflg;sf] cg'ej klg lgs} lttf] ;To /x]sf] 5 .
d'l¶ art, 3/ b}nf] cleofgdf ;xefuL afnaflnsfx? klg lgs} ;lqmo ?kdf
nfu]sf 5g . ;d'bfodf x'g] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f k"j{ tof/Ldf sfd ug{ ;lsPdf
kl5 kg]{ lk8f sd ug{ ;lsG5 . xKtf ;Ddsf] ef]s k]6n] ;/sf/L /fxtsf] d'v tfSg'
kb}{g . klxnf] ;d:of t'?Gt} :yflgo :t/df k|of]u u/]/ tTsflng ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
;lsG5 eg]/ of] clefog ;'? u/]sf] d'l¶ art Joj:yfkgsf ;+of]hssf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5
. of] s;/L ;'?jft eof] eGbf l/ˆn]S6 s]Gb|sf ;xeflu v}Vg vft'g elG5g . xfd|
f] ;ldltnfO{ k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tflnd kfPsf lyof} . tflnddf sf]ifsf] af/]df hfgsf/L
kfof} / To; ljifonfO{ jx; s]Gb|df 5nkmn ul/of} . k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
a}7sn]
s'g lbg hfg] elg tf]s] kl5 ;d'bfo ldn]/ k|To]s 3/ 3/df uP/ rfdn k};f ;+sng
u¥of}+ . csf]{ b}lgs k|To]s 3/df Ps d'l¶ klg hDdf u/]sf 5f}+ . plg elG5g

29. of] sf]ifsf] kl/rfng ubf{ cToGt} lk8f kbf{ ;'Ts]/L, ue{ cj:yfdf, cK7of/f]
cj:yfdf k|sf]k k/]df /fxtsf] nflu k|of]u ug]{ b'j} jl:tsf JolQmx?sf] 3/df /x]sf]
klxnf] ;d:of 6/] kl5 ;/sf/L /fxt klg vf]Hg hfg] u/]sf] 5 . x/]s ;d:ofdf k|sf]k
k"j{ tof/Lsf] lqmofsnfkdf ;/sf/L tk{maf6 kxn ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf]Og / <
dgdfof lg/f}nf
;d'bfo kl/rfns, pKsf g]kfn
ufpFsf :yflgo hgtfn] ug{ yfn] ah]6sf] vf]hL
afFs] lhNnfsf] ;"b'/ k"jL{ jf gofF g]kfnsf] &^ cf}+ lhNnfsf] ?kdf lrlgg]
/fKtL kf/L If]qdf /x]sf ( j6f uf=lj=;= dWo] dw]zL ;d'bfosf] j:tL ePsf ^ j6f
uf=lj=;=x? kb{5g . hxfF ;/sf/sf] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] ?kdf ljBfno uf=lj=;= / :jf:Yo
rf}sLx?sf] ejgx? /x]sf 5g . logLx?n] s] s] ;]jf ;'ljwf lbG5g . eGg] s'/f
clwsf+z hgtfx?nfO{ yfxf 5}g . lo ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx? k|foM ;b/d'sfddf
jf ef/sf] ab/fOndf j:b5g= . log} ^ j6f uf=lj=;= dWo] e6]lxof uf=lj=;= klg
Ps xf] . hxfFsf] ;a} uf=lj=;=x? h:tf] cj:yf 5 . eflj sfo{qmdx? @–$ hgf cu'jf
g]tfx?sf] ;xeflutf agfpg] / ltg}n] OR5fPsf] JolQmaf6 sfof{Gjog u/fpg] kl/
kfl6 /x]sf] 5 .

30. @))( ;fn cu:6 dlxgf blv l8k]sf] kfFrf} kl/of]hgf e6]lxof / u+ufk'/df
nfu' eof], ;f] kl/of]hgf cGtu{t e6]lxofsf] jf8{ g+= ! g]jfhLufpFdf l/kmn]S6
s]Gb| u7g eof] h;df Tolxsf :yflgo hgtfx?sf] cu'jfO{df @% hgfsf] ;d"x
aGof] . / ltgLx?nfO{ lj:tf/} Tolxsf] ;d:ofsf] af/]df a'emfpg / of] ;d:of s;/L
lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 / s;n] lg/fs/0f u5{ eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L gePsf] / hfgsf/L
ePsfx?sf] ;+u7g gePsf]n] o:tf] ;d:of ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f kQf nfUof] .
;fd'lxs artn] x6fof] ef]s
/fdjlQ rf}w/L ;'Gbk'/ j8f g++= $ wfdLrfFksL x'g . #^ jif{sL /fdjlQ
5f]/f / Ps 5f]/LsL cfdf x'g . % hgfsf] kl/jf/ ePsf] pgL lgDg jlu{o kl/jf/df
kb{5 . lqo'uf vf]nfn] pAhgL x'g] v]t k'/fg tyf s6fg u/] kl5 cfo>f]tdf sdL
x'Fb} uPsf] atfpFl5g /fdjlQ pgL elG5g lqo'uf vf]nfn] lj:yflkt
eO{ wfFdLrfFk cfPsf] t/ oxfFsf] hUuf klg P]nfgL kb{5 .
pgL elG5g d d]/f] >Ldfg ;fdfGo s[ifs xf} . c?sf] clwofal6of vghf]t
u/L pAhfpg' k/]sf] 5 . d/L–d/L lbg/ft >d ubf{ klg /fd|/L vfg gk'u]sf]
atfpFl5g To; dfly 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ a9fO{ vr{, cf}ifwL vr{sf] nflu wf}–wf}
k/]sf] lyof] . ha gjk|eft g]kfnaf6 gd"gf 6f]n ;+/If0f ;d"x u7g eof] / xfdLn]
;fd'lxs art tyf d'l¶ art ug{ yfNof}+ . To;kl5 clxn] ljxfg a]n'sf d nufPt c?
s;}n] klg d'l¶ art u/]sf] rfdnn] 5fs 6fg{sf] nflu k|of]u u5f}{ . / t'?Gt} k]m/L
hDdf u/]/ /fV5f}+ . art u/]sf] k};f cf}ifwL vr{sf] nflu k|of]u u/]/ pQm C0f
r'Qmf u/]/ clxn] k]m/L C0f lnP/ t/sf/L v]tL @ s¶fdf ;'?jft u/]sf] 5' . pxfF
eGg'x'G5 ca c? art tyf >0f ;d"x tyf zxsf/Laf6 C0f lnP/ df]6/ hf]8g] / %

31. s¶fdf ljleGg t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ . xf] jf:tjdf ul/ax?sf] nflu yf]/} k};f klg w]/}
x'Fbf]/x]5 . ;fFRr} /fdjlQsf] cj:yf ca ;'lw|b} 5 . t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ ;f]r eP klg
k"FhLsf] cefjn] ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg t/ sd ;] sd gd"gf ;d"xaf6 ?= !%,)).– C0f
lnP/ ;'?jft u/]sf] 5' .
k|ef rf}w/L
cleofgstf{
gjk|eft g]kfn
syfn] agfof] ;+u7g
afFs] lhNnfsf] d6]lxof / u+ufk'/ uf=lj=;=df ;+rfng eO{ /x]sf] l8k]sf]–
% ;'/lIft ;d'bfo bf]>f] cGt/ut * j6f l/kmn]S6 ;s{n / % j6f k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
;ldlt u7gsf] qmddf u+ufk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= !, @, # ;f]gjiff{sf] k|sf]k
Jo:yfkg ;ldlt u7gsf nflu k6s k6s k|of; x'Fbf klg u7g ug{ g;ls/x]sf] /
pQm :yfgdf ul7t l/kmn]S6 ;s{ndf klg ;xeflux? pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf lyof]
.
ljz]ift ;d'bfox?sf] JolQmut l/l;jL / JolQmut k|nf]egsf sf/0f k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g x'g g;s]sf] tyf l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|df klg cf–cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf
;b:ox?nfo{ hfg glbg] cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] lyof] .
ldlt @@ cui6 @))( sf lbg pQm # j6f jf8{sf ;Dk"0f{ JolQmx?
nfO{ e]nf u/fO{ 5nkmn ul/of] / k]m/L klg ljjfb emg emg rls{of] .
To;kl5 ;d'bfosf dflg;x?;Fu s]xL ;do dfu]/ plgx?nfO{ j8f lk5] ;d"x agfP/
cf–cfkmgf] jf8{sf] #, # hgf JolQmx?sf] 5gf}6 ug{ nufof] . ( hgf JolQmsf]
gdfjnL lnP/ cfO{ ;s]kl5 ;du|df x]bf{ ( hgfsf] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g eof]
t/ pQm ksf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf % hgf lxGb' / $ hgf d'l:nd JolQm ePsf]
x'Fbf km]/L lxGb' d'l:ndsf] ljjfb rls{of] .

32. cGtdf jxfF;Fu k'g s]lx ;do lnP/, Pp6f jfl:tljs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt
syf ;'gfP kl5 pQm ;ldltnfO{ ;j{;xdtLaf6 kfl/t eof] .
Pp6f Go"h lk|G6df ! hgf cfFvf gePsf] / ! hgf v'§f gePsf] JolQmsf]
lrq agfP/ rrf{ ug{ nufof] / syf o; k|sf/ ;'gfO{of] . oL lrqdf ePsf JolQmx?
les dfu]/ cf–cfkmgf] hLljsf rnfO{ /x]sf lyP . Ps lbg b'j}sf] e]6 eof] . v'§f
gePsf] JolQmn] csf]{ ;fyL;Fu ldn]/ les dfUg] ;Nnfx u¥of] . b'j}sf] ;xdltdf
pgLx?n] sfo{of]hgf agfP h;df v'§f gx'g] JolQmnfO{ cfFvf gb]Vg] ;fyLn]
pgsf] cfDbfgL lgs} a9of] . lev lbg] JolQmx?n] af]n]/ les lbg] ub{y]
h;nfO{ cfFvf gb]Vg]n] dg dg} k};f hf]8blyof] . t/ ;fFem k};f afF8g] a]nf
v'§f gx'g]n] csf]{ ;fyLnfO{ hlxn] klg 7Ug] ub{lyof] . h;n] ubf{ k'g ljjfb eof]
/ pgLx? cnu eP / k'/fg} z}nLdf les dfUg yfn] .
Ps lbg eujfg lzjn] cfFvf gb]Vg] JolQmnfO{ a/bfg dfUg eg] / v'§f
gx'g]mnfO{ klg e]6]/ a/bfg dfUg eg] b'j}n] o:tf] j/bfg dfu] lzj eujfg bË
k/] .
lzj eujfg lsg bË k/] < ;xefuL 5nkmn lt b'j}n] s] s] a/bfg dfu] xf]nf <
;xefuL 5nkmn
;xefuLaf6 cfPsf] hjfkm -cfFvf gx'g]n] cfFvf / v'§f gx'g]n] v'§f dfUof]_ t/
of] s;/L bË kg]{ s'/f eof] . ;xefuL 5nkmn To;f] eP tkfO{n] cfkmgf]
b'ZdgnfO{ ;Demg'; eGbf plgx?n] eg] cfFvf gx'g]sf] cfFvf g} h:tf] xf];
v'§f gx'g]n] v'§f gx'g]sf] v'§f g} h:tf] xf]; eg]/ a/bfg dfu] / lzj eujfgn] tyf:t'
ubf{ b'j} hgfsf] cj:yf s:tf] eof] xf]nf . lo lrq h:tf] cfkmgf] ;ldlt b]Vg rfxG5' .
To;kl5 ;d'bfosf ;xefuLx?n] pQm ;ldltnfO{ :jLsf/ u¥of] .
l8Nn' /fd l3ld/]

33. lkmN8 sf]l8{g]6/
la u|'k
b]jL dfofnfO{ l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|n] agfof] ;fd'bflos jgsf] cWoIf
pbok'/ ufO{3f6sf] lq=g=kf= @ rKkg eGg] 7fpFdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsL
b]aL dfof s6'jfn ;bf k|sf]k k"j{tof/Ls]f sfo{df cu|;/ x'b} cfPsL l5g . b]jL
dfof s6'jfn $% aif{ k'u]sL l5g pgsf] kl/jf/df rf/ j6f 5f]/L / ! 5f]/f u/L hDdf &
hgf /x]sf] 5 .
;'/lIft ;d'bfo l8k]sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{qmd gjk|eft ;+:yfåf/f lq=g=kf=@
rKkgdf ;+rfng ePkl5 ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{ ghfGg] b]jL dfof s6jfnfO{ k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIftf kbdf /fVg vf]Hbf pgL d n]v k9 ug{ ghfGg] 5' .
To;}n] d ;fwf/0f ;b:otfdf a:5' egL b]jL dfof s6jfnn] ;b:osf] kb /f]h]sL
l5g .
clxn] lq=g=kf=@ rKkg 7fpFdf l/ˆn]S6 s]Gb| ;+rfng eO{ 5nkmn x'g
yfn]kl5 pgL lgodLt ?kdf l/ˆn]S6 s]Gb|sf] 5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g yflng ;fy}
n]vk9df Wofg lbg yfnL k|f}9 lzIff ;d]t k9g hfGg yflng cfˆgL ;xL cfk}m
ug{ ;Sg] aG5' egL 86 kg]sf] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sL b]jL dfof 5nkmn, uf]i6L
x'Fbf cuf8L cfP/ b'O{rf/ zAb af]Ng ;Sg] x'Fb} uO{g . o;/L Ps jif{sf] nfdf]
;+3if{ kl5 b]jL dfof s6'jfn ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg] ePsL b]jL dfof clxn]
rKkg ;fd'bflos agsf] cWoIf kbdf a;L k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ejg lgdf{0fsf

34. nfuL !% ls=dL= sf7 pknAw u/fPsL l5g To:t} u/L cfkmgf] ;d'bfodf k|sf]k
k"j{tof/Lsf nfuL ljleGg cleofgx? rnfO{ ;s]sL 5g .
h:t}–
3/–3/df rkL{ cleofg
;/;kmfO{ cleofg
d'l¶ art cleofg
dfl;s @) ?k}of ;+sng u/L /sd a9fpgsf] nfuL ;os8f @ n] Jofhdf k};f
nufgL nufpg'k5{ / b'O{ dlxgf kl5 lkmtf{ lng] egL gLlt lgod agfO{ nufgL
u/]sL l5g . o:t} u/L ljleGg lgsfox?df uO{ cfly{s ;xof]u dfu u/L cfkmgf]
ufpFsf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] dlxnfsf] ?kdf lrlgGg k'u]sL . b]jL dfof
s6'jfn ce}m afn s]Gb| dd{t ug{sf nfuL lq=g=kf=df uO{ cfly{s ;xof]u dfu
ug]{ elg lg0f{o u/]sL l5g To:t} u/L cfkmg} ufpFdf rKkg ;fd'bflos jg ejgsf]
lgdf{0f k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ejg lgdf{0f afn s]Gb| dd{t M ug]{ elg ;fd'lxs
5nkmnåf/f lg0f{o lgsfnL ljleGg lgsfox? ;dIf cfly{s ;xof]u jf ah]6 dfu ub}
{ lxl8/x]sL l5g . o;/L ;d'bfo / ljleGg lgsfox?sf] dg lhTg ;kmn ePsL
b]jLdfof s6'jfn ce}m a9L k|sf]k k"j{tof/L sfo{df cu|;/ eO{ nfuL k/]sL l5g
;fy} ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t cu|;/ agfPsL l5g .
lgd{nf a'9fyf]sL
l/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{
gjk|eft g]kfn

35. @)^# ;fndf xfd|f] u+ufk'/ / d6]lxof uf=lj=;=df uP/ Ps hgf xlnd
vfg eGg] JolQm
hgr]tgf ljsf; s]Gb|sf] cWoIf klg x'g''x'G5 . a6'nf ;fO{ / d'jf/s d's]/Lsf]
lhDd]jf/Ldf k|lt JolQm l;6 !)! ?k}of hDdf u/fO{ ltgLx?nfO{ nf]e b]vfP/ ls
tkfO{x?sf] of] k};f kl5 a95 / xfdL kl5 tkfO{x?sf] ufpFdf hgr]tgf ;+rfng
u5f}{ eg]/ 7u]sf lyP . To:tf ;d'bfosf dflg;x? xfdLx?sf] k};f a95 eg]/ cfzf
u/]/ a;]sf lyP . kl5 ltgLx?n] a6'nf / d'jf/s;Fu ;f]Wbf ltgLx?n] eg] xlnd vfg
l;t dfUg' Tof] ;'g]/ ;a} dflg;x? ltgsf] vf]hL ug{ nfu] . pgL kl5 ToxfF yfxf
eof] ls p;n] k};f lnP/ efu]5 . Tof] ;'g]/ ToxfFsf ;a} dflg;x? r'k nfu]/ a;]sf
lyP . Ps lbg xfdLn] s]Gb| rnfpFbf v]/L of] ;jfn p7]sf] lyof] . ToxfFsf] ;a}
dflg;x? a6'nf / d'jf/snfO{ af]nfpg] / cfkmgf] k};f ltgLx?nfO{ dfUg] eg]sf
5g . d}n] ;f]w} tkfO{ clxn] ;Dd lsg r'k nfu]/ a:g' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFx?n]
eg] sL xfdLn] s;} l;t eG5' eg] xfF:5g . ToxL eP/ xfdL r'k nfu]/ a;]sf lyof}
. clxn] Psbd} cfkmgf] clwsf/nfO{ vf]hL ug{ nfu]sf 5g .
xl;gf afFgf] d's]/L

36. u+ufk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^ afFs]
/lx; d's]/L uf=lj=;=;+u k|:tfj /fVg ;Ifd
xfd|f] u+ufk'/ uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+= $, % bf]Gb|fsf] 5nkmn
s]Gb|df ;d:of eg] uf=lj=;=df afnaflnsf / dlxnf ljsf;sf] nflu
5'6ofOPsf] /sd xfd|f] j8fdf kfO{/x]sf] 5}g . lsgeg]/ 5nkmn ubf{ l/
kmn]S6 ;xefuLx?sf ;fy} k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf /lx; d's]/L
Ho", n] uf=lj=;=sf uf=lj=;= ;lrjnfO{ xfd|f] l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|df
af]nfP/ xfd|f] dlxnf, afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf nflu 5'6ofPsf] /sd
xfdLnfO{ lsg ldNb}g eg]/ k|Zg ubf{ ;lrj Ho"n] eGg' eof] ls h;sf]
nflu cfPsf] ;'v ;''ljwf 5g . pxfFx?n] dfu gu/]sf] v08df xfdL
s;nfO{ lbg] To;kl5 ToxfF ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx?n] eg] Tof] /sd
xfdLnfO{ lbg'; / xfdL ;f] /sdaf6 xfd|f] ;d'bfosf ul/a dlxnf,
afnaflnsf, cfly{s, z}lIfs ;DalGw ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg] 5f}+ . To;sf]
nflu uf=lj=;=sf] ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{of] .
/fhs'df/L xl/hg
u+ufk'/ & hd'gL

37. df6f] s6fg /f]lsof]
Og?jf j8f g+ ^ lvlqmkl§sf] gfdn] kl/lrt o; a:tL ;'g;/L vf]nfsf] 5]pdf /x]sf] 5 . k|
To]s jif{ ;'g;/L vf]nfdf cfpg] af9Ln] !$ ,!% 3/ lj:yflkt eO{ $,% lbg ljwfnodf z/0f
lng k'Ug] cj:yf lyof] . ;u7g gx'bfF h;nfO{ h] dg nfUof] To;n] To;} u/L df6f] sf6
g] / a]Rg] ug]{ uy]{.h;sf] zlQm p;}sf] elQm rNg] u/]sf] lyof] . ufpFdf cu'jfsf] ?
kdf lrlgg] vlnn dG;'/L cfkm}n] 6ofS6/ jfnfnfO{ k6s k6s df6f] sf6g lbPsf] s'/f
d'l;at ax; s]Gb|df v'nf;f ePsf] lyof] . ;fd'bflos ejgsf] k5f8L ;'g;/L vf]nfsf] l8nsf]
df6f] sf6bf a:tLdf af9L k:g] af6f] agfP h:tf] ePsf] lyof] .df6f] sf6]sf] 7fpFaf6
af9L l;w} a:tLdf k:g] u/]sf] lyof] eGg] km'Nsf] p/fjFsf] egfO{ 5 .
lvs|Lkl§, av]{8fF8f, O{:nfdk'/ gfds ;fgf ;fgf 6f]n ul/ $% 3/ kl/jf/sf] a;f]af;
/x]sf] 5 . ;fd'bfoLs ejgdf x/]s xKtfsf] tLg lbg d';Ljt ax; s]Gb|df p7]sf ;jfnx?nfO{
cu'jfO{ ug{ d';Ljt Joa:yfkg ;ldlt :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . df6f]sf] ;jfndf jx; s]Gb|df k6s
k6s 5nkmn eof] . To; s]Gb|df al9 dlxnfx? dfq cfpg] ePsf] sf/0f o; ;jfndf jx;
s]Gb| / ;ldltsf] ;fd'lxs a}7s a:of] . ;ldltsf cWoIf vgLn dG;'/L g} ePsf sf/0f ax;
s]Gb|df ;Fu7g tof/ ul/ Psdt eP/ df6f] sf6g glbg] a? To; If]qdf la?jf nufpg ;s] /
fd|f] x'g] s'/fdf ljZj:t eO{ cWoIfnfO{ afWo agfO{ cfkm}+ ljkt Joa:yfkgsf]
cWoIf ePkl5 cfkm} /f]Sg] sfddf ;s[o x'g afWox'g' k/of] . ;Fo"Q a}7sdf 5nkmn
egfeg eO{ lgisz{df k'uL ToxLlbg b]lv h;n] df6f] a]Rg] k|of;
u5{ p;nfO{ sfo{jfxL ug]{ egL lg0f{of ul/of] . To;lbg b]vL vf]nfsf] df6f] sf6g]
sfd aGb ePsf] 5 .
ca df6f] sf6]/ a]Rg]nfO{ d cfkm} a}7s /fv]/ sfo{jfxL u5'{ eG5g vlnn
dG;'/L .jf:tjd} ax; s]Gb|n] dxz';Ls/0f u/]sf] ;xof]uLx?sf] kxn,k|of; ePsf] 5 .o;
af6 klg a'emg ;lsg] / a'emg' kg]{ ;d'bfosf] cfkm} cfkmgf] ;d:of k|lt ulDe/ ge}

38. csf{sf] xf] jf ;/sf/L xf] eg]/ nfkfjf{xL ubf{ ;d:of xfdLn] g} v8f ul//x]sf] x'bfF /x]5f}
Æl/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{sf] egfO{ 5 .
ax; s]Gb| ;jfn klxrfg / pgLx?sf] dx;''; ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ ;Sg]
;jfnsf] 6'uf] nufpg klg k5L kb}{gg ;xefuLx? . To;}n] ;jfndf dx;';Ls/0f h?/t cjZo
x'g'k5{ clg dfq xft kg'{ ;kmntfsf] .
dgdfof lg/f}nf
;d'bfo kl/rfns, pKsf g]kfn
l/kmn]S6 s]Gb|n] Gofo lbnfof]
@)^^ ;fndf u+ufk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ( u+ufk'/df dflNjk|;fb
df}o{ eGg] Ps hgf JolQm x'g'x'GYof] . / Ps hgf dlxnf hnjiff{ df}o{ lyof] /
dflNjsf] v]tdf hnjiff{n] wfg sf6g hfGYf] slDtdf kfFr lbg ;Dd wfg sf6of] /
Ps dlxgf k5fl8 e]nfsf] rGbf p7fpg nfUof] . wgL;Fu klg @)) ?k}of / ul/a
dfG5];Fu klg @)) ?k}of / ufpFsf ;a} dfG5]x?n] lbxfn] / hn jiff{sf] 3/df
s]lx klg lyPg . p;n] @)) ?k}of lbg ;s]g / Tof] dflNjsf] v]tdf wfg sf6]sf]
lyof] . To;sf] kfFr lbgsf] dhb'/L dflNjn] lbPg ToxL d]nfsf] rGbfdf sfl6
xfNof] / To;sf] 3/df sf]xL klg lyPg . @ hgf 5f]/L, ! hgf cfdf u/L # hgf dfq
lyP . / # hgf k};fsf] sf/0f d]nf x]g{ uPg To} klg p;n] s;};Fu eg]g . ;Gtf]if
u/]/ a;]5 . ca rfFlx l/kmn]S6 s]Gb| ;+rfng u/] b]lv ! lbg s]Gb| Tof] ;jfn ;a}
hgf ;xefulu p7fpg' eof] . To;sf] nflu ca p;nfO{ dflNjn] rfFlx hnjiff{n] dhb'/
Lsf] k};f lb xfn] .
zflGt b]jL df}o{
uf=lj=;= u+ufk'/ j8f g+= ( la u'|k– afFs]
d}gjlQ algg d'g'

39. d'g' rf}w/L clxn] @) jif{sf] ePsL l5g p;sf] kl/jf/df hDdf !) hgf /x]sf] 5
. * 5f]/f5f]/l dWo] pgL dflxnL 5f]/L x'g . a'afcfdf ;fwf/0f ls;fg x'g . cfˆgf]
v]t s6fg tyf k'/fg ePkl5 c?sf] clwof al6of ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . cfkmgf]
pTkfbgaf6 $ dlxgf ;Dd vfg k'U5 t/ afFsL * dlxgf Hofnf dhb'/l / kQ/L a]r]/
5fs 6f5{g .
d'g' nufPt ToxfFsf clwsf+zn] kQ/L a]r]/ lhljsf]kfh{g u/] klg pgL
pbfx/l0fo ag]sL l5g . cf7 hgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ lzIff lbg g;s] kl5 d'g' :s"n}
uOgg t/ lszf]/L sIff lnP/ k9n]v ug{ ;Sg] ePsL l5g . 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yf
sdhf]/ /x]sf] / cfDbfgL st}af6 gcfPsf]n] pgL nufPt p;sf] efO{jlxgL klg k9
gaf6 al~rt x'g] cj:yfdf lyof] .
t/ d'g' cfk"m lzIff gkfP klg efO{jlxgL lzIffaf6 al~rt gxf]; egL $
jif{ b]lv kQ/L ufF;L a]lr/x]sL l5g . % hgf alxgL / ! -Ps_ lblbnfO{ kQ/L
a]r]/} a9fO vr{ k'¥ofPsf] 5 . kQ/L a]r]/ dfl;s !%))–@))) ;Dd x'g] u/]sf] pgL
atfpF5Lg . Tolt dfq geP/ 3/sf] sfddf klg plQs} ;do lblG5g . a9fO{ vr{af6
pa|]sf] k};fn] nQfsk8f lsGg] / 3/ Jojxf/ rnfpg] u/]sf] atfpFl5g . pgL
elG5g– ækQ/L ga]Rbf k};fsf] w]/} vfFrf] x'GYof] / laxfg a]n'sfsf] 5fs
6fg{ klg wf}–wf} k¥Yof] t/ of] kQ/L a]r]sf] k};fn] w]/} ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . d]/f]
lbbL / alxgLx? k9g kfPsf] 5 .
wfdLrfFkdf gjk|eftn] gd"gf 6f]n ;+/If0f ;d"x u7g u¥of] pQm ;d"xdf
d'g'sf] cfdf klg cfj4 eof] / lgoldt art ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . p;sL cfdfn]
pQm ;d"xaf6 t/sf/L v]tL ug{ ljpljhgsf] nflu ?=%)).– lnP/ t/sf/L v]tLsf] ;'?jft
u/]sf] 5' . d'g' elG5g t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ ;f]r lyof] t/ k};fsf] cefjn] ug{ ;s]sf]
lyPgf} . d}n] dfq sdfPsf] k};fn] k'u]sf] lyPg . t/ ;d"xaf6 yf]/} k};f lnP/ t/sf/L

40. v]tLsf] ;'?jft u/]sf 5f}+ . ca k]m/L C0f lnP/ df]6/ h8fg u/]/ % s¶fdf t/sf/l
v]tL ug]{ . h;n] ubf{ dnfO{ klg ;xof]u x'G5 elG5g d'g' .
k|ef rf}w/L
cleofgstf{
gjk|eft g]kfn