This document discusses various antiseptic solutions and sterilization methods. It defines key terms like sepsis, asepsis, antisepsis, disinfection, and sterilization. It provides details on common antiseptic solutions like Lysol, Savlon, hydrogen peroxide, spirit, formalin solution, and povidone-iodine. It also discusses methods of sterilizing instruments, including pre-cleaning, sterilization processes like heat and chemicals, and aseptic storage.
This document defines antiseptics and disinfectants, and lists various antiseptic solutions. An antiseptic agent kills or inhibits the growth of pathogens on living tissue, while a disinfectant kills microbes on inanimate objects. Some common antiseptic solutions mentioned include weak iodine solution, phenol, hydrogen peroxide, spirit, povidone-iodine, formalin solution, and chlorhexidine gluconate solution. Details are provided on the composition, properties, and uses of selected antiseptic solutions.
Joseph Lister was the pioneer of antiseptic surgery. He was the first surgeon to use antiseptics in 1883 and 1897. He used phenol to disinfect surgical instruments.
Sterilization is the process of destroying microorganisms using physical means like heat and light. Disinfection is the process of destroying microorganisms using chemicals. In surgery, sterilization ensures surgical instruments are free of microorganisms. Common sterilization methods include boiling, autoclaving, dry heat and UV rays. Chemical disinfectants include phenol, Savlon, potassium permanganate and iodine.
The sterilization of surgical instruments is a process that removes all microorganisms from medical instruments before a surgery can take place. Proper sterilization ensures that all equipment has been thoroughly cleaned, sanitized and sterilized, and minimizes the risk of preventable surgical site infections. This process should be completed by a certified central sterilization technician.
A surgical site infection occurs when bacteria enter through an incision made during surgery. It can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, hospital stay, and costs. There are three types - superficial, deep, and organ/space infections. Risk factors include patient comorbidities, local wound factors, and microbes. Prevention focuses on proper patient preparation, aseptic technique during surgery, and postoperative wound care. Signs of severe infection include systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis, which can progress to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death if not properly treated.
The document discusses various energy sources used in surgery, including electrosurgery, cryotherapy, infrared coagulation, ultrasound, lasers, and ultrasonic knives. It provides details on how each method works, such as how electrosurgery uses radiofrequency energy to cut and coagulate tissue, cryotherapy uses freezing to ablate tissue, and lasers emit coherent light that can be used for cutting and coagulation. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources as well as complications that can occur.
Surgical asepsis, sterilization and disinfectionGangaYadav4
This document defines key terms related to asepsis and infection control such as sepsis, asepsis, antisepsis, disinfectants, and sterilization. It describes various methods of sterilization including physical sterilization using dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving. Chemical sterilization using agents like alcohols, aldehydes, chlorhexidine, and iodine is also discussed. Gas sterilization using ethylene oxide and irradiation sterilization techniques are summarized. Principles of surgical asepsis including maintaining a sterile field and proper preparation of surgical personnel and patients are highlighted in brief.
Diathermy
• Diathermy uses an electric current to cause localized heating,
permitting cutting of tissue and coagulation of blood.
• It may be unipolar or bipolar, the former having several settings
depending on which function is required.
Unipolar diathermy
Bipolar diathermy
• Advantages
• Allows surgery to proceed with better hemostatic control than using sharp
instruments.
• Different modes can be used to achieve different effects on different
tissues.
• Disadvantages
• High currents used in diathermy equipment cause induction in cables
used for other purposes. This results in interference in the ECG and other
monitors when diathermy is in use.
Safety
This document defines antiseptics and disinfectants, and lists various antiseptic solutions. An antiseptic agent kills or inhibits the growth of pathogens on living tissue, while a disinfectant kills microbes on inanimate objects. Some common antiseptic solutions mentioned include weak iodine solution, phenol, hydrogen peroxide, spirit, povidone-iodine, formalin solution, and chlorhexidine gluconate solution. Details are provided on the composition, properties, and uses of selected antiseptic solutions.
Joseph Lister was the pioneer of antiseptic surgery. He was the first surgeon to use antiseptics in 1883 and 1897. He used phenol to disinfect surgical instruments.
Sterilization is the process of destroying microorganisms using physical means like heat and light. Disinfection is the process of destroying microorganisms using chemicals. In surgery, sterilization ensures surgical instruments are free of microorganisms. Common sterilization methods include boiling, autoclaving, dry heat and UV rays. Chemical disinfectants include phenol, Savlon, potassium permanganate and iodine.
The sterilization of surgical instruments is a process that removes all microorganisms from medical instruments before a surgery can take place. Proper sterilization ensures that all equipment has been thoroughly cleaned, sanitized and sterilized, and minimizes the risk of preventable surgical site infections. This process should be completed by a certified central sterilization technician.
A surgical site infection occurs when bacteria enter through an incision made during surgery. It can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, hospital stay, and costs. There are three types - superficial, deep, and organ/space infections. Risk factors include patient comorbidities, local wound factors, and microbes. Prevention focuses on proper patient preparation, aseptic technique during surgery, and postoperative wound care. Signs of severe infection include systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis, which can progress to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death if not properly treated.
The document discusses various energy sources used in surgery, including electrosurgery, cryotherapy, infrared coagulation, ultrasound, lasers, and ultrasonic knives. It provides details on how each method works, such as how electrosurgery uses radiofrequency energy to cut and coagulate tissue, cryotherapy uses freezing to ablate tissue, and lasers emit coherent light that can be used for cutting and coagulation. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources as well as complications that can occur.
Surgical asepsis, sterilization and disinfectionGangaYadav4
This document defines key terms related to asepsis and infection control such as sepsis, asepsis, antisepsis, disinfectants, and sterilization. It describes various methods of sterilization including physical sterilization using dry heat, moist heat and autoclaving. Chemical sterilization using agents like alcohols, aldehydes, chlorhexidine, and iodine is also discussed. Gas sterilization using ethylene oxide and irradiation sterilization techniques are summarized. Principles of surgical asepsis including maintaining a sterile field and proper preparation of surgical personnel and patients are highlighted in brief.
Diathermy
• Diathermy uses an electric current to cause localized heating,
permitting cutting of tissue and coagulation of blood.
• It may be unipolar or bipolar, the former having several settings
depending on which function is required.
Unipolar diathermy
Bipolar diathermy
• Advantages
• Allows surgery to proceed with better hemostatic control than using sharp
instruments.
• Different modes can be used to achieve different effects on different
tissues.
• Disadvantages
• High currents used in diathermy equipment cause induction in cables
used for other purposes. This results in interference in the ECG and other
monitors when diathermy is in use.
Safety
This document provides an overview of wound dressings. It begins with defining a wound and classifying wounds. It then discusses the mechanism of injury, purpose of wound dressings, and factors to consider for dressing selection such as wound condition and exudate level. The document proceeds to describe various types of dressings including dry, wet, foam, film, hydrocolloid, hydrofiber, hydrogel, alginates, and antimicrobial dressings. It outlines the properties of an ideal dressing and functions of different wound care products. The document concludes by explaining the proper procedure for changing dressings.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It describes various physical and chemical methods for sterilization and disinfection like heat, chemicals, filtration and radiation. It discusses factors that influence method choice like intended use, risk of infection and degree of soilage. Methods are classified based on the level of sterility/disinfection needed. Monitoring methods like biological indicators are also outlined. Specific perspectives from dentistry are provided.
Surgical staplers are medical devices that can be used instead of sutures to close wounds and incisions. They close large wounds or incisions more quickly than sutures and are less painful for patients. Surgical staplers come in reusable and disposable models and resemble construction staplers. They are used internally to seal tissue during surgery and are useful for minimally invasive procedures. Surgical staples are typically made of stainless steel or titanium and are designed to insert and close multiple staples at once to quickly seal wounds and prevent bleeding.
STANDARD TECHNIQUES FOR STERILIZATION OF LAPAROSCOPY INSTRUMENTS BY DR SHASHW...DR SHASHWAT JANI
This document provides information on standard techniques for sterilizing laparoscopic instruments. It begins by defining sterilization, disinfection, and decontamination. It then discusses the Spaulding Classification for medical devices based on criticality. Critical instruments that enter sterile tissues must be sterilized. Semi-critical instruments touching mucous membranes require high-level disinfection to kill microbes. Non-critical instruments touching intact skin require low-level disinfection. The document proceeds to describe various sterilization and disinfection methods including steam, ethylene oxide, chemicals, and highlights factors affecting efficacy. It emphasizes the importance of cleaning instruments prior to disinfection or sterilization.
The document provides guidelines for cleaning and disinfection procedures in an operating theatre. It discusses general cleaning including daily scrubbing and disinfecting of surfaces. It also describes procedures for disinfecting instruments using chlorine solutions or glutaraldehyde. Various sterilization methods are outlined like autoclaving of linen and steam sterilization of instruments. The document also discusses sampling and culturing techniques to test the cleanliness of surfaces in the operating theatre.
The document discusses various types of surgical incisions including their purposes, advantages, and disadvantages. It describes abdominal and pelvic incisions such as midline, paramedian, transverse, oblique, Kochler subcostal, McBurney, Pfannenstiel, and Maylard incisions. Langer's lines, which correspond to the natural orientation of collagen fibers, are also mentioned as incisions made parallel to these lines may result in better healing and less scarring. Key layers of the abdominal wall including skin, fascia, muscles and peritoneum are also defined.
This document provides instructions for inserting and removing an indwelling urinary catheter. It discusses preparing the patient and gathering necessary equipment like the catheter, lubricant, and drainage bag. The procedure involves cleaning the urethral area, lubricating the catheter, and advancing it into the bladder until urine flows out. Removal involves deflating the balloon, slowly pulling out the catheter, and disposing of equipment properly.
This PPT is oriented mainly towards sutures / needles & knots. Their types, uses and techniques of using it. Mainly for MBBS students as well as other medically oriented people.
This document provides information on wound dressings and wound care. It discusses the ideal properties of dressings, including absorbing exudate, maintaining a moist environment, and preventing trauma and infection. It classifies dressings as primary or secondary and passive, active, or interactive. The document outlines the layers of dressings and types of wound drainage. It provides guidance on dressing materials, application, care, and changing. It also covers classification of wounds, wound healing, and common topical agents used in wound care.
Antibiotic prophylaxis aims to prevent surgical site infections by administering antibiotics before and during surgery to eliminate bacteria and create an unfavorable environment for infection. The risk of surgical site infection depends on factors like the type of surgery (clean vs. contaminated), insertion of implants, duration of surgery, and patient comorbidities. Common pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci for skin wounds, and oral anaerobes for head/neck surgery. Guidelines recommend evaluating risks and benefits of prophylaxis as well as considering antibiotic susceptibility of likely contaminants when determining appropriate prophylactic regimens.
This document provides an overview of general surgery, including definitions, types, and procedures. It discusses:
- General surgery involves performing surgical procedures to treat health problems and diseases of the abdomen and related organs.
- Surgical procedures are classified based on urgency (elective, urgent, emergency), degree of risk (major, minor), and purpose (diagnostic, ablative, palliative, reconstructive, transplantation, constructive).
- Proper patient assessment and preparation is required before any surgery to ensure safety and success, including evaluating indication and contraindications, obtaining consent, optimizing medical conditions, and preparing logistically.
Common surgical instruments for medical students.
The the PPT contains: introduction, history, handling & care, classification and description of individual surgical instrument with good pictures, synonyms, uses, design description & insight.
Hope this is worth sharing.
This document discusses scar revision techniques. It begins by explaining the types of scars that can form during the wound healing process and classifications of abnormal scarring. Both non-invasive and invasive scar revision techniques are then outlined. Non-invasive options include medications, massage, silicone sheets, and lasers. Invasive techniques involve excisional procedures, grafting, and dermal augmentation using fillers or fat transfer. The timing of scar revision and factors to consider for specific scar types are also addressed.
Surgical scrubbing is a process used to reduce bacteria on the hands and forearms prior to surgery. It involves using a scrub brush and antiseptic soap to remove dirt and decrease the number of microbes. The objectives are to remove soil, reduce resident microbial counts, and prevent rapid regrowth of bacteria. Proper scrubbing includes removing jewelry and trimming nails short. Two common scrub methods are the timed anatomical scrub and counted strokes method, lasting 5 minutes. The pre-scrub involves washing with soap and water followed by cleaning under nails prior to in-depth scrubbing and rinsing from fingertips to elbows. An ideal antiseptic agent is broad spectrum, persistent, non-irritating, and safe
Caring for perioperative clients
Contents Outline
Objectives.
Introduction.
Phases of perioperative care.
Types of surgery.
Categories of surgery based on urgency.
Preoperative assessment.
Surgical risk factors.
Preoperative preparation.
Nursing diagnosis and intervention in preoperative phase.
Postoperative care.
Nursing diagnosis and intervention in postoperative period.
Postoperative complications.
Povidone-iodine is an antiseptic complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone and elemental iodine. It was discovered in 1955 and found to be less toxic than tincture of iodine while maintaining antibacterial properties. Povidone-iodine has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and is widely used as a topical antiseptic for wounds, burns, and prior to surgery. It works by slowly releasing iodine to kill microbes through lipid iodination and cell membrane/cytoplasm oxidation.
This document discusses wound management and healing. It covers the goals of wound care including facilitating hemostasis, decreasing tissue loss, promoting healing, and minimizing scarring. The three main types of wound healing - primary, secondary, and tertiary intention - are described. Factors that affect wound healing like diabetes, infection, drugs, nutrition, tissue necrosis and hypoxia are summarized. The basics of wound evaluation, preparation, closure, and aftercare are outlined, including debridement, reducing bioburden, optimizing blood flow and oxygen supply, and using dressings appropriately.
The document discusses disinfection, providing definitions and outlining factors that determine a disinfectant's potency. It describes ideal characteristics for disinfectants and lists common chemical agents used, including their mechanisms and uses. Different levels of disinfection are defined. Specific disinfectants like alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens and phenols are explained in detail. Methods for disinfecting various surfaces and materials are provided.
Preoperative preparation of patients for surgeryErum Khateeb
The document discusses preoperative preparation and optimization of patients for surgery. It covers preoperative care, investigations, assessing surgical risk, and preparing specific patient groups. The goals of preoperative preparation are to anticipate difficulties, enhance patient safety, minimize complications, and optimize high-risk patients. Key aspects include obtaining medical history, conducting physical exams and tests, discussing risks and obtaining consent, and providing prophylaxis for issues like thrombosis. Careful preoperative preparation helps improve surgical outcomes.
This document discusses modern wound dressings and care. It provides details on various wound cleansing solutions and their properties. It also describes different types of modern dressing materials like films, hydrogels, alginates, and their functions. Advanced wound care technologies like negative pressure wound therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and photobiomodulation therapy are mentioned. The take home message is that dressing selection depends on wound assessment and characteristics, and multiple dressing materials may be suitable depending on the situation.
This document discusses antiseptics and disinfectants. It defines disinfection as destroying or inhibiting pathogens on non-living surfaces and sterilization as killing spores. Antiseptics inhibit or kill microorganisms on living surfaces like skin. Good antiseptics/disinfectants are cidal, non-staining, active against all pathogens, and non-irritating. Their mechanisms of action include oxidation, coagulation of proteins, and disrupting cell membranes. Common classes discussed are phenols, oxidizing agents, halogens, biguanides, alcohols, aldehydes, and acids. Examples like iodine, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen per
This document provides an overview of wound dressings. It begins with defining a wound and classifying wounds. It then discusses the mechanism of injury, purpose of wound dressings, and factors to consider for dressing selection such as wound condition and exudate level. The document proceeds to describe various types of dressings including dry, wet, foam, film, hydrocolloid, hydrofiber, hydrogel, alginates, and antimicrobial dressings. It outlines the properties of an ideal dressing and functions of different wound care products. The document concludes by explaining the proper procedure for changing dressings.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It describes various physical and chemical methods for sterilization and disinfection like heat, chemicals, filtration and radiation. It discusses factors that influence method choice like intended use, risk of infection and degree of soilage. Methods are classified based on the level of sterility/disinfection needed. Monitoring methods like biological indicators are also outlined. Specific perspectives from dentistry are provided.
Surgical staplers are medical devices that can be used instead of sutures to close wounds and incisions. They close large wounds or incisions more quickly than sutures and are less painful for patients. Surgical staplers come in reusable and disposable models and resemble construction staplers. They are used internally to seal tissue during surgery and are useful for minimally invasive procedures. Surgical staples are typically made of stainless steel or titanium and are designed to insert and close multiple staples at once to quickly seal wounds and prevent bleeding.
STANDARD TECHNIQUES FOR STERILIZATION OF LAPAROSCOPY INSTRUMENTS BY DR SHASHW...DR SHASHWAT JANI
This document provides information on standard techniques for sterilizing laparoscopic instruments. It begins by defining sterilization, disinfection, and decontamination. It then discusses the Spaulding Classification for medical devices based on criticality. Critical instruments that enter sterile tissues must be sterilized. Semi-critical instruments touching mucous membranes require high-level disinfection to kill microbes. Non-critical instruments touching intact skin require low-level disinfection. The document proceeds to describe various sterilization and disinfection methods including steam, ethylene oxide, chemicals, and highlights factors affecting efficacy. It emphasizes the importance of cleaning instruments prior to disinfection or sterilization.
The document provides guidelines for cleaning and disinfection procedures in an operating theatre. It discusses general cleaning including daily scrubbing and disinfecting of surfaces. It also describes procedures for disinfecting instruments using chlorine solutions or glutaraldehyde. Various sterilization methods are outlined like autoclaving of linen and steam sterilization of instruments. The document also discusses sampling and culturing techniques to test the cleanliness of surfaces in the operating theatre.
The document discusses various types of surgical incisions including their purposes, advantages, and disadvantages. It describes abdominal and pelvic incisions such as midline, paramedian, transverse, oblique, Kochler subcostal, McBurney, Pfannenstiel, and Maylard incisions. Langer's lines, which correspond to the natural orientation of collagen fibers, are also mentioned as incisions made parallel to these lines may result in better healing and less scarring. Key layers of the abdominal wall including skin, fascia, muscles and peritoneum are also defined.
This document provides instructions for inserting and removing an indwelling urinary catheter. It discusses preparing the patient and gathering necessary equipment like the catheter, lubricant, and drainage bag. The procedure involves cleaning the urethral area, lubricating the catheter, and advancing it into the bladder until urine flows out. Removal involves deflating the balloon, slowly pulling out the catheter, and disposing of equipment properly.
This PPT is oriented mainly towards sutures / needles & knots. Their types, uses and techniques of using it. Mainly for MBBS students as well as other medically oriented people.
This document provides information on wound dressings and wound care. It discusses the ideal properties of dressings, including absorbing exudate, maintaining a moist environment, and preventing trauma and infection. It classifies dressings as primary or secondary and passive, active, or interactive. The document outlines the layers of dressings and types of wound drainage. It provides guidance on dressing materials, application, care, and changing. It also covers classification of wounds, wound healing, and common topical agents used in wound care.
Antibiotic prophylaxis aims to prevent surgical site infections by administering antibiotics before and during surgery to eliminate bacteria and create an unfavorable environment for infection. The risk of surgical site infection depends on factors like the type of surgery (clean vs. contaminated), insertion of implants, duration of surgery, and patient comorbidities. Common pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci for skin wounds, and oral anaerobes for head/neck surgery. Guidelines recommend evaluating risks and benefits of prophylaxis as well as considering antibiotic susceptibility of likely contaminants when determining appropriate prophylactic regimens.
This document provides an overview of general surgery, including definitions, types, and procedures. It discusses:
- General surgery involves performing surgical procedures to treat health problems and diseases of the abdomen and related organs.
- Surgical procedures are classified based on urgency (elective, urgent, emergency), degree of risk (major, minor), and purpose (diagnostic, ablative, palliative, reconstructive, transplantation, constructive).
- Proper patient assessment and preparation is required before any surgery to ensure safety and success, including evaluating indication and contraindications, obtaining consent, optimizing medical conditions, and preparing logistically.
Common surgical instruments for medical students.
The the PPT contains: introduction, history, handling & care, classification and description of individual surgical instrument with good pictures, synonyms, uses, design description & insight.
Hope this is worth sharing.
This document discusses scar revision techniques. It begins by explaining the types of scars that can form during the wound healing process and classifications of abnormal scarring. Both non-invasive and invasive scar revision techniques are then outlined. Non-invasive options include medications, massage, silicone sheets, and lasers. Invasive techniques involve excisional procedures, grafting, and dermal augmentation using fillers or fat transfer. The timing of scar revision and factors to consider for specific scar types are also addressed.
Surgical scrubbing is a process used to reduce bacteria on the hands and forearms prior to surgery. It involves using a scrub brush and antiseptic soap to remove dirt and decrease the number of microbes. The objectives are to remove soil, reduce resident microbial counts, and prevent rapid regrowth of bacteria. Proper scrubbing includes removing jewelry and trimming nails short. Two common scrub methods are the timed anatomical scrub and counted strokes method, lasting 5 minutes. The pre-scrub involves washing with soap and water followed by cleaning under nails prior to in-depth scrubbing and rinsing from fingertips to elbows. An ideal antiseptic agent is broad spectrum, persistent, non-irritating, and safe
Caring for perioperative clients
Contents Outline
Objectives.
Introduction.
Phases of perioperative care.
Types of surgery.
Categories of surgery based on urgency.
Preoperative assessment.
Surgical risk factors.
Preoperative preparation.
Nursing diagnosis and intervention in preoperative phase.
Postoperative care.
Nursing diagnosis and intervention in postoperative period.
Postoperative complications.
Povidone-iodine is an antiseptic complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone and elemental iodine. It was discovered in 1955 and found to be less toxic than tincture of iodine while maintaining antibacterial properties. Povidone-iodine has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and is widely used as a topical antiseptic for wounds, burns, and prior to surgery. It works by slowly releasing iodine to kill microbes through lipid iodination and cell membrane/cytoplasm oxidation.
This document discusses wound management and healing. It covers the goals of wound care including facilitating hemostasis, decreasing tissue loss, promoting healing, and minimizing scarring. The three main types of wound healing - primary, secondary, and tertiary intention - are described. Factors that affect wound healing like diabetes, infection, drugs, nutrition, tissue necrosis and hypoxia are summarized. The basics of wound evaluation, preparation, closure, and aftercare are outlined, including debridement, reducing bioburden, optimizing blood flow and oxygen supply, and using dressings appropriately.
The document discusses disinfection, providing definitions and outlining factors that determine a disinfectant's potency. It describes ideal characteristics for disinfectants and lists common chemical agents used, including their mechanisms and uses. Different levels of disinfection are defined. Specific disinfectants like alcohols, aldehydes, dyes, halogens and phenols are explained in detail. Methods for disinfecting various surfaces and materials are provided.
Preoperative preparation of patients for surgeryErum Khateeb
The document discusses preoperative preparation and optimization of patients for surgery. It covers preoperative care, investigations, assessing surgical risk, and preparing specific patient groups. The goals of preoperative preparation are to anticipate difficulties, enhance patient safety, minimize complications, and optimize high-risk patients. Key aspects include obtaining medical history, conducting physical exams and tests, discussing risks and obtaining consent, and providing prophylaxis for issues like thrombosis. Careful preoperative preparation helps improve surgical outcomes.
This document discusses modern wound dressings and care. It provides details on various wound cleansing solutions and their properties. It also describes different types of modern dressing materials like films, hydrogels, alginates, and their functions. Advanced wound care technologies like negative pressure wound therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and photobiomodulation therapy are mentioned. The take home message is that dressing selection depends on wound assessment and characteristics, and multiple dressing materials may be suitable depending on the situation.
This document discusses antiseptics and disinfectants. It defines disinfection as destroying or inhibiting pathogens on non-living surfaces and sterilization as killing spores. Antiseptics inhibit or kill microorganisms on living surfaces like skin. Good antiseptics/disinfectants are cidal, non-staining, active against all pathogens, and non-irritating. Their mechanisms of action include oxidation, coagulation of proteins, and disrupting cell membranes. Common classes discussed are phenols, oxidizing agents, halogens, biguanides, alcohols, aldehydes, and acids. Examples like iodine, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen per
This document discusses various physical methods of disinfection, including cleaning, sunlight, desiccation, heat, filtration, and radiation. Cleaning is the most widely used and inexpensive method, using detergents to remove microbes from surfaces through emulsification. Heat can also be used for disinfection through boiling, pasteurization, or vaccine/serum baths. Other methods like sunlight, desiccation, and radiation work by damaging microbial cells and inhibiting replication through UV absorption or drying. Filtration methods like HEPA filters provide sterile air through particulate removal.
This document discusses various terms related to disinfection including sterilization, disinfection, sanitization, and asepsis. It describes factors that influence the efficacy of disinfectants such as organism load, contact time, and temperature. The document outlines the properties of ideal disinfection and types of disinfectants including high, intermediate, and low level disinfectants. Various chemical and physical disinfection methods are explained along with testing methods to evaluate disinfectant efficacy.
This document provides information about antiseptics and disinfectants used in hospitals. It discusses commonly used agents like alcohol, chlorine, iodine, phenol, and glutaraldehyde. It describes the characteristics of good antiseptics/disinfectants and their mechanisms of action. Precautions and nursing responsibilities related to their use are also outlined.
1. Topical therapy involves applying medicaments directly to the skin or mucosa. Drug penetration is inversely related to the thickness of the stratum corneum and maximal over mucous membranes.
2. Percutaneous absorption of drugs occurs via transcellular, intercellular, or transappendageal pathways across or between skin cells or through hair follicles and glands.
3. Proper topical treatment requires selecting an appropriate agent, considering the affected area and disease state, and defining dosage and duration to maximize efficacy and minimize side effects.
Disinfection is the process of killing infectious agents outside the body through exposure to chemical or physical agents. There are three main types of disinfection: precurrent/prophylactic disinfection which aims to prevent disease onset; concurrent/concomitant disinfection which is done as soon as infectious materials are discharged to prevent spread; and terminal disinfection which is done after a patient is removed or recovered to ensure no remaining germs. Disinfectants include physical methods like sunlight, heat and radiation; chemical methods like phenols, alcohols, halogens, and formaldehyde; and natural methods like air. The most effective methods are heat-based like boiling, autoclaving, and hot air which can kill all
Disinfection is the process of killing infectious agents outside the body through exposure to chemical or physical agents. There are three main types of disinfection: precurrent/prophylactic disinfection which aims to prevent disease onset; concurrent/concomitant disinfection which is done as soon as infectious materials are discharged to prevent spread; and terminal disinfection which is done after a patient is removed or recovered to ensure no remaining germs. Disinfectants include physical methods like sunlight, heat and radiation; chemical methods like phenols, alcohols, halogens, and formaldehyde; and natural methods like air. The most effective methods are heat-based like boiling, autoclaving, and hot air which can kill all
The document discusses antiseptics and disinfectants used to kill or inhibit microorganisms. It describes different categories of antiseptics including phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, metallic salts, dyes, and ectoparasiticides. It provides examples of common antiseptics such as iodine, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide. It also outlines the mechanisms of action, uses, and properties of various antiseptics and disinfectants.
This document defines and describes various methods of disinfection. It begins by defining disinfection as the process of killing infectious agents outside the body using chemical or physical means. It then discusses different types of disinfecting agents like disinfectants, detergents, antiseptics, and deodorants. The document also describes the three main types of disinfection - precurrent, concurrent, and terminal disinfection. Finally, it discusses various disinfection methods including natural methods like sunlight and air, physical methods like burning and hot air, and various chemical disinfecting agents like phenols, alcohols, iodine, and bleach.
This document discusses chemical methods of sterilization and disinfection. It defines disinfection as destroying pathogens but not all microorganisms, while sterilization kills all microorganisms including bacterial spores. Ideal disinfectants have various properties like broad spectrum activity and stability. Factors like concentration, temperature, and organic matter affect disinfection. Biofilms are complex microbial communities that are resistant to disinfection. The choice of sterilization or disinfection method depends on the item and risk of infection. Various chemical agents are classified based on their efficacy and include alcohols, phenols, halogens, aldehydes, and peracetic acid.
The document discusses various antiseptics and disinfectants, their characteristics and uses. Antiseptics inhibit or kill microorganisms on living surfaces like skin, while disinfectants work on inanimate objects. Ideal antiseptics/disinfectants are chemically stable, inexpensive, non-staining, active against all pathogens including spores, and have brief exposure times. Common antiseptics/disinfectants mentioned include phenol, cresol, chloroxylenol, iodine, iodophores, chlorine, chlorhexidine, cetrimide, ethanol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, boric acid, silver compounds, gentian v
This document discusses sterilization processes and the central sterile supply department (CSSD). It defines key terms like cleaning, disinfection, sterilization. It describes the functions of CSSD like collecting, processing, sterilizing and distributing patient care items. The typical layout of a CSSD includes receiving, cleaning, packaging, sterilization and storage areas. Common sterilization methods discussed are steam sterilization, hot air oven, radiation, ethylene oxide and chemical sterilization. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring sterilization using physical, chemical and biological indicators.
DESCRIBE AND DISCUSS ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS.pptxPushpaPushpa59
DESCRIBE AND DISCUSS ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS.pptx
DESCRIBE AND DISCUSS ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS.pptx
DESCRIBE AND DISCUSS ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS.pptx
Anaesthetic airway equipment and infection controlsimegnewyismaw
This document provides guidelines for cleaning and disinfecting anaesthetic airway equipment to prevent infection. It defines relevant terms and outlines a four step process for decontamination: cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. Common sterilizers and disinfectants are described. Equipment is classified as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on degree of contact with patients, and the appropriate level of processing for each. Specific recommendations are provided for cleaning various airway devices and anesthesia machines between patients to minimize disease transmission in healthcare settings.
5.anaesthetic airway equipment and infectionHenok Eshetie
This document provides guidelines on infection control and cleaning of anaesthetic airway equipment. It defines key terms like asepsis, antisepsis, decontamination, disinfection, and sterilization. Cleaning airway equipment involves decontamination, cleaning, and either disinfection or sterilization. Equipment is classified as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical depending on its contact with patients. Proper hand hygiene and cleaning, disinfection or sterilization of equipment after each use is essential to prevent spread of infection. Chlorine solution is commonly used for decontamination, and high-level disinfection or sterilization is recommended for critical equipment.
This document defines and classifies antiseptics and disinfectants. It describes the ideal characteristics of antiseptics and disinfectants and classifies them into several categories including phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, oxidizing agents, halogens, acids, metallic salts, dyes, surface active agents, and gases. For each category, it provides examples and describes their mechanisms and common uses.
This document discusses antiseptics used in dentistry. It defines asepsis and the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants. It outlines desirable properties of antiseptics such as high germicidal efficacy, wide antimicrobial spectrum, and high therapeutic index. Various classes of antiseptics are described, including halogens, phenols, oxidizing agents, biguanides, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, and heavy metals. Specific antiseptics discussed include iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, formaldehyde, and gentian violet. Their antimicrobial properties and uses in dentistry are
This document provides information on wound dressings, including their history, principles, types, components, and application techniques. It discusses how dressings are used to cover wounds and provide a moist environment for healing. The key concepts of occlusion and absorption in dressing selection are outlined. Various types of dressings are described, including dry, wet, non-adherent fabrics, absorptive, occlusive, creams/ointments, and transparent dressings. Application techniques for antiseptic dressing and post-operative wound cleaning are also summarized.
The document discusses the importance of physical fitness and health. It provides information on body mass index and waist circumference measurements and the health benefits of physical activity such as maintaining weight, reducing risks of diabetes, heart attack, stroke and some cancers. It notes that physical inactivity is a leading cause of death and disability. The document advises keeping aspirin tablets at home in case of a potential heart attack.
Medical certification of cause of deathchetan samra
This document provides information and guidelines for certifying causes of death. It defines death, discusses the importance of accurate death certification, and provides examples of properly completed cause of death statements. Key points include that the cause of death statement should clearly indicate the direct cause as well as underlying conditions, avoid non-specific terms like "natural causes", and include relevant medical history like smoking even in Part II. Certifiers should be aware of reporting requirements and complete all sections of the certificate accurately.
This document discusses various abdominal operations including indications, investigations, pre-op preparation, anesthesia types, common incisions, and procedures for operations like cholecystectomy, appendicectomy, hernia repair, prostatectomy, and nephrectomy. It provides an overview of anatomy and procedures for different abdominal surgeries.
This document provides information and guidance for doctors on medico-legal cases (MLCs). It discusses what constitutes an MLC, the doctor's responsibilities in managing MLCs, examples of types of cases that would be considered MLCs, procedures for receiving and documenting MLCs, important details to include, and procedures for sample collection and preservation. The document emphasizes that doctors must treat patients first and register cases as MLCs according to the law to avoid legal issues.
This document discusses age estimation through analysis of bone development visible on x-rays. It begins by describing the different types of bones and how they develop. Next, it reviews early studies on using bone age to determine chronological age. It then discusses factors like race, nutrition, and climate that can cause variation between populations. The document proceeds to examine bone development timelines from several studies and populations. It concludes by outlining the typical chronological order of appearance and fusion of epiphyses in males and females.
Pathophysiology of asphyxia & drowningchetan samra
This document discusses pathophysiology of asphyxia. It begins by defining asphyxia and describing the normal levels of oxygen in the blood. It then discusses Gordon's classification of anoxia and the different types. Histotoxic anoxia is subdivided and explained further. The stages of asphyxia and vicious cycle are outlined. Asphyxial triad of cyanosis, congestion/edema and petechiae is defined. Violent asphyxial deaths like hanging, strangulation and drowning are described in detail including the post-mortem findings associated with each type. Histological changes and effects of asphyxia on the brain are also summarized.
Pathophysiology of asphyxia & drowningchetan samra
This document discusses pathophysiology of asphyxia. It begins by defining asphyxia and describing the normal levels of oxygen in the blood. It then discusses Gordon's classification of anoxia and the different types. Histotoxic anoxia is subdivided and explained further. The stages of asphyxia and vicious cycle are outlined. Asphyxial triad of cyanosis, congestion/edema and petechiae is defined. Violent asphyxial deaths like hanging, strangulation and drowning are described along with their post-mortem findings. Specific tests for drowning like diatom test are also mentioned.
identification of Race in Forensic medicinechetan samra
This document discusses the forensic importance of the skull in determining characteristics such as race, sex, age and injuries. Key points:
- Race can be generally determined by characteristics of the skull such as cheekbone width and nasal aperture shape. Caucasian skulls tend to be rounded while Mongoloid skulls are wider with square shapes.
- Sex can be accurately determined from certain bones, with the pelvis being 95% accurate and skull alone being 90% accurate in determining male or female. Males tend to have more prominent brow ridges and squared jaws.
- Age can be estimated by examining skull sutures, teeth, and other bone features. Sutures begin fusing in the 20s and are fully fused
identification of Race- forensic medicinechetan samra
This document discusses the forensic importance of the skull in determining characteristics such as race, sex, age and injuries. Key points:
- Race can be generally determined by characteristics of the skull such as cheekbone width and nasal aperture shape. Caucasian skulls tend to be rounded while Mongoloid skulls are wider with square shapes.
- Sex can be accurately determined from certain bones, with the pelvis and skull being most reliable at 95-90% accuracy respectively. Males tend to have more prominent brow ridges and squared chins.
- Age can be estimated by examining skull sutures, teeth, and other bone features. Sutures begin fusing in the 20s and are fully fused by the 60
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
2. • Sterilization and asepsis principles were accepted
after Joseph Lister (Father of antiseptic surgery)
studied prevention of wound infection(1865-1891).
3. DEFINITIONS
Sepsis- describes real effect of infection, the
process of decomposition, putrefaction,
poisoning, if not treated can related to fatal
outcome.
CLEANING - It is a process which removes
visible contamination but does not
necessarily destroy micro organisms. It is
necessary prerequisite for effective
disinfection or sterilization.
ASEPSIS -Term used to describe methods
which prevent contamination of wounds and
other sites from the microorganism by
ensuring that only sterile object and fluids
come into contact with them.
4. ANTISEPSIS – It is the process of destruction of
disease causing microorganisms to prevent
infection in patient’s body surface. The process
may be either bactericidal or bacteriostatic.
DISINFECTION - it is a process of killing
pathogenic organisms from inanimate objects
such as surgical instruments.
Disinfectant: it is chemical substance used on
inanimate objects to kill pathogens.
Antiseptic agent: it is a chemical substance
which kills the pathogenic organism or inhibits
growth.
STERILIZATIONSTERILIZATION -- it is the process of destruction
or removal of all microorganisms including
spores from article, surface or medium.
5. Sanitization - process that reduces
microbial population on object to a safe
level.
Decontamination - process that removes
pathogenic microorganisms from an
object to make it safe to handle.
Bactericidal: antibiotic which kills the
pathogens
Bacteriostatic: antibiotic which inhibits
the growth of pathogens.
6. Lysol( Cresol solution)
• Dilution in 1 : 100 water
• Uses: for sterilization of sharp instruments e.g:
needle, knives, scissors
• Time : for 30 mins duration for 100% solution
• 1-2 hours for 1: 100 solution
• Note: Lysol is an irritant chemical that causes
burns hence instruments should be cleansed
with sterile water or normal saline before use
7. Savlon
Composition: Chlorhexidine gluconate -7.5% +
Cetrimide -16% + Isopropyl alcohol -6.8%
• Action--- Germicide and detergent
• Uses: cleaning and disinfection of the equipment in the
vicinity of the patient
• Storage of previously sterilized instrument
• Cleaning and disinfection of postoperative wounds
• Scrubbing Soln. changed every weekly.
• Prolonged storage of thermometer
• Cleaning and disinfection of catheter and appliances
• Dilution;; 1:100 Aqueous solution 1ml soln.
8. Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)
• It is not an antiseptic but a cleansing agent
• Uses : destroys anaerobic organisms, and
therefore used for cleaning the wounds.
• Produces frothing and brings out debris from
the depth of the wound
• Produces heat when it comes in contact with
tissues, thus prevents capillary oozing and
hence can be used as hemostatic
• Used to remove blood stains from clothes
9. Spirit
• Composition: alcohol(opt. conc. 70%)
• Uses: disinfection of skin before intramuscular and I V
injection
• Removal of iodine in preparation of skin for operation
• Cleaning the stitched wound
• Cleaning the skin of the surrounding ulcer or open
wounds
• Can be used for dissolving ear wax in lower conc.
• Used along with other disinfectants like iodine-spirit,
cetavlon-spirit for painting the parts before operation
10. Formalin solution
• 30% aldehyde + 10% methane
• Preservative for biopsy specimens
• Operation theatre sterilization
• 2-5% used for sterilization of gloves and
instruments
11. EUSOL(Edinburgh university solution)
• 1.25 gm Boric acid, 1.25 gm of bleaching
powder and sterile water up to 100ml.
• It releases nascent chlorine and becomes
useless after 24 hrs
• Uses: to separate slough from infected
wounds, ulcers, bed sores, and burn wounds
• Acidic in pH; therefore useful n wounds
infected with Pseudomonas bacteria
12. CIDEX
• Glutaraldeyde 2% aqueous solution
• Bactericidal, tuberculocidal, pseudomonocidal,
viricidal, fungicidal
• Complete disinfection in 10 mins, sporicidal in 4 hrs
• Uses: sterilization of large instruments fibre optic
scopes, endoscopes with lenses
• Catheter , thermometers, small and sharp
instruments
• Best disinfectant with rapid action
• To be changed every 15 days.
13. Turpentine
• Highly irritant mineral oil
• Diluted form is used to bring out and kill the maggots
from wounds and ears
• Used to remove zinc paste of sticking plaster form the
skin
Ether
• It is evaporable, highly inflammable. Makes the
surface cool
• Uses: surface and inhalation anaesthesia
• Used to clean dirty skin as it removes the greasy
substances by dissolving them
14. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
• It has an oxidizing effect,
• It is available in crystal form
• Concentration: 1:5000 to 1: 10000 solution in
water
• Uses: Used as mouth wash
Urinary bladder irrigation and wash
15. Mercurochrome
• It is an inhibitor of 5-Hydroxytryptamine
• Strong soln. kills WBCs and damages the
granulation tissue. It has astringent action
• Uses: bed sore dressing
• Diluted soln. applied on wounds with healthy
granulation tissue
• Strong soln. for wounds with hyper
granulation tissue
• Diluted soln. used as eye drops
16. Silver nitrate(AgNO3)
• 1:100 to1: 10000 soln. are available
• exposure to light cause its destruction hence
Kept in dark container
• Uses: chemical cauterization of warts and
hyper granulation tissue
• Used for dressing burns
• Useful in bladder irrigation in cases of
hematuria, due to its cauterizing effect
17. Povidone-Iodine (Betadine)
• Available as topical solutions(5% & 10%), surgical
scrub(7.5%), mouth wash, ointments, vaginal
pessaries
• Germicide, very effective against viruses, bacteria,
protozoa, yeast and fungi
• Frequent use contraindicated because of its
insolubility, instability, and its staining and irritating
properties.
• Uses: mouth rinse and gargle
• Local antiseptic and for wound dressing
• irrigation of bladder, pyothorax and peritoneal
cavity
18. Silver sulphadizine(SSD)
• Mostly used in major burns because of its profound
efficacy and less toxicity
• Composition: it is a 1% cream prepared by mixing silver
nitrate with weak acidic sulphadiazine
• Action: active agent are sulpha component and slow
release of silver from the cream
• Effective against a wide range of G+ve and G –ve
bacteria
• Thin layer of 1-2 mm is applied directly to burns
• Helps in softening of Eschar
• Old cream and loosened Eschar come out with change
of dressings.
19. Soframycin
• Framycetin sulphate cream
• Used as 1% cream or powder
• Effective against G+ve and G –ve organisms
• Does not irritate wound and hence is painless
on application
• Sensitivity reactions are uncommon
20. Neomycin, Polymixin, Bacitracin
combination (Neomycin)
• Antibacterial spectrum is mainly gram positive
• Eschar penetration is limited
• Nephrotoxic if absorbed in large amounts
• Used in minor superficial burns especially on
minor superficial burns on face and for small
open areas
• In contrast to SSD it does not cause
maceration
21. Gentamycin
• Used as 0.1% cream or ointment
• Its use as topical agent in burns should be avoided
as it is also used systematically otherwise
resistance develop easily
• Can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
• Uses: small wounds colonized with gram-negative
organisms’ resistance to other standard topical
agents
• Small superficial burns particularly involving ears
or perineum where G-ve infection is common
22. Care of Antiseptic solutions
The Do’s
• Always dilute concentrated Antiseptics before
use, as directed
• Prepare dilutions in small volumes
• Use all diluted solutions within 8 hrs and
discard the remaining
• Ensure that the mouth of the bottle is not
touched by hands or materials while pouring
23. Care of Antiseptic solutions
• The Dont’s
• Never mix up diluted solutions with
freshly prepared ones
• Never leave diluted solutions for more
than 1 working day
• Never use corks for sealing the bottles
• Never leave bottles open
24. To achieve sterilization of any instrument three
definite stages are to be completed-
Pre sterilization cleaning
Sterilization process
Aseptic storage
25.
26.
27. Presterilization cleaning
• Objective-
Removal of the organic matters, blood and saliva
which provide protective barrier for
microorganisms and prevents its destruction.
• There are three methods for cleaning
-Manual
-Ultrasonic
-Mechanical washing
28. MANUAL CLEANING
• Simplest and the cheapest method, but time
consuming and difficult to achieve.
• heavy duty gloves and glasses must be worn to
protect needle stick injury and to protect eye.
• Material used for manual cleaning
-Soaps
-Detergents
29. ULTRASONIC CLEANING
Principle- conversion of
electrical energy into vibratory
sound waves which pass
through a soap solution
containing the instrument.
Used mainly for burs, bone
files, bone cutter, artery
forceps, saw etc.
30. MECHANICAL WASHING
Principle- High-pressure
jets of water with or
without a detergent which
removes debris from
instrument.
Small instrument like
burs, blade are not
suitable for this type of
cleaning.
31. Classification of the method of
sterilization/Disinfection
A. PHYSICAL
1- Sun Light
2- Drying
3- Heat i- Dry
ii-Moist
4- Filtration
5- Gas
6- Irradiation
7- Ultra sonic cleaning
33. HEAT
Most common and one of the most effective methods of sterilization.
Factors influencing sterilization by heat are : -
i. Nature of heat
a. Dry
b. Moist
ii.Temperature & time
iii. No. of organism present
iv.Whether organism has sporing capacity
v. Type of material from which organism is to be eradicated
34. A. DRY HEAT
Killing is due to :
- Dehydration and oxidation of organisms
- Protein denaturation
- Toxic effects of elevated levels of electrolytes
1. Red Heat : It is used to sterilize metallic objects by
holding them in flame till they are red hot. Example :
inoculating wires, needles, forceps etc.
2. Flaming : The article is passed over flame without
allowing it to become red hot. Example : Glass plates,
Cotton wool plays and glass slides.
35. 3. Hot air oven :
It is used to sterilize items, which do not get damaged by high temp.
such as laboratory glass, flasks, instruments with sharp cutting
edges, B.P. handles, Powders, Dapen dishes, mouth mirrors.
36. Temp. & Time: The sterilization is complete if these two
factors are achieved throughout the load.
Temperature Time(Min)
140o
C 180
150o
C 150
160o
C 60
170o
C 45
180o
C 18
190o
C 7.5
37. Sterilization Control of Hot Air Oven
• The spores of non-toxigenic strain of Bacillus subtilis and
Clostridium tetani are used as a microbiological test of dry heat.
• Browne’s test strip available that contain a chemical indicator.
38. AUTOCLAVE
1. Steam is the effective means of sterilization, because of its
2. High penetrating capacity.
3. It gives of large amount of heat to surface with which it comes in contact.
4. Principle: Sterilization is done by steam under pressure. It kills vegetative
bacteria, myco. Tb, viruses such as Hep B, C, A, HIV etc.
5. Heat resistant spores including Cl. Tetani and cl. Welchii
39. Autoclaves, or steam sterilizers essentially consist of following:
i) A cylindrical or rectangular chamber, with capacities ranging from 400 to 800
liters.
ii) Water heating system or steam generating system
iii) Steam outlet and inlet valves
iv) Single or double doors with locking mechanism.
v) Thermometer or temperature gauge
vi) Pressure gauges
40. • To achieve sterility, a holding time of at
least 30 minutes at 121 °C (250 °F) at 15
psi(pounds per square inch) (100 kPa)
above atmospheric pressure is required.
• Autoclave is used for sterilization of –
- All Surgical instruments except sharps
- Syringes,
- Needles,
- Linen including gown, mask
- Abdominal swabs
41. Sterilization control of the moist heat
Physical Indicator- an alloy designed to melt only after being subjected to
relevant holding time.
Chemical indicator- Strips or tapes that change color once the
correct conditions have been met. Signolac autoclave labels –
light green changes to dark grey/black on sterilization
Biological indicator- Spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus
are used as the test organisms as it is toughest organism for an
autoclave to destroy. Its spores require an exposure of 15 mins at
1210
c to be destroyed.
Paper strips impregnated with 106
spores are dried and placed in
paper envelopes. These envelopes are inserted in different parts of
the load and after sterilizing the strips are inoculated for test of
efficacy.
42. Boiling method of sterilization
• Heat at 100 degree C for 30 mins
• All surgical instruments except sharp
instruments
• Boiling is only done when autoclave is not
available
• Disadvantage: spore bearing organisms are
not killed.
43. IRRADIATION
Radiation used for sterilization is of two types
1. Ionizing radiation, e.g., X-rays, gamma rays, and high
speed electrons .
2. Non-ionizing radiation, e.g. ultraviolet light, and
infrared light.
These forms of radiation can be used to kill or inactivate
microorganisms.
44. 1. Ionizing Radiation
X-rays, gamma rays and cosmic rays are highly lethal to DNA and
other vital constituents.
They have high penetration power.
There is no appreciable increase in temperature, thus referred to as
cold sterilization.
Commercial plants use gamma radiation for sterilizing plastics,
syringes, swabs, catheters, suture materials and surgical
instruments, infusion sets, prosthesis etc.
.
45. 2. Non-ionizing radiation
Two types of non-ionizing radiations are used
for sterilization:-
• A. Ultraviolet -
Short range UV(UVC) is considered
“germicidal UV”.
UV waves destroys micro-organismal DNA.
Used mainly for air purification and water
purification AND WARDS AND O. T in
hospitals.
• B. Infrared –
46. Ethylene Oxide Sterilization (ETO)
• Used almost exclusively to
sterilize medical products
that cannot be steam
sterilized or sensitive to
radiation.
• Mechanism of action: It
destroys micro-organisms by
alkylation and cause
denaturation of nucleic acids
of micro-organisms.
47. • Ethylene oxide is a colorless liquid with a boiling
point of 10.7 °C.
• Highly penetrating gas with sweet ethereal smell.
• Plastics, rubber & photographic equipments can be
sterilized by this method.
• Also used for mass sterilization of disposable items,
plasticsyringes,needles,catheters,blades optical
lenses, endoscopes etc.
48. • Disadvantages
– Lengthy cycle time
– Cost
– Potential hazards to patients & staff
• Advantage:
Can sterilize heat or moisture sensitive medical
equipments.
49. Aseptic storage
The maintenance of sterility during transportation and storage is of
utmost importance.
• Instruments are kept wrapped until ready for use .
• To reduce the risk of contamination, sterile packs must be handled as
little as possible.
• Sterilized packs should be allowed to cool before storage; otherwise
condensation will occur inside the packs.
• To prevent contamination from rodents, ants, and cockroaches, the store
must be subjected to adequate pest control .
• Materials should be stored at least 8” off the floor and 18” from the
ceiling
• Sterile packs must be stored and issued in correct date order. The packs,
preferably, are stored in drums which can be locked. Preset trays and
cassettes, are useful as, the instruments can be organized as per the
procedure
50. Operation Theatre Sterilization by
Fumigation
• Formaldehyde fumigation is the accepted method of
sterilization. Formaldehyde vapor is an extremely
effective biocidal agent.
• Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the second most
common cause of hospital acquired (Nosocomial)
infections
• By maintaining sterile environment in surgical theater
we can control major part of exogenous infections.
51. Preparation for sterilization
• Thoroughly clean windows, doors, floor, walls,
surgery table and all washable equipments
with soap and water.
• Close windows and ventilators tightly. If any
openings found seal it with cellophane tape or
other material to avoid the leak of fume.
• Switch off all lights, A/C and other electrical &
electronical items.
• Calculate the room size (surgical theater only)
52. Precaution for sterilization
• Adequate care must be taken by wearing cap,
mask, foot cover, spectacle etc.,
• Formaldehyde is irritant to eye & nose; and it
has also been recognized as a potential
carcinogen.
• So the fumigating person must be provided
with the personal protective equipments
(PPE).
• Paste a warning notice on the front door
indicating fumigation is in progress
53. FUMIGATION OF OPERATION THEATRE
- Fumigation of the operation theatre is achieved by
formaldehyde(40%) and potassium permanganate reaction
technique.
- 500 ml formaldehyde(Formalin)+ 450gm KMnO4
for a 10 X 10 X 10 room .
54. procedure of fumigation
Potassium Permanganate Method:
Here the heat generation is induced by an oxidizer - Potassium
permanganate (KMnO4), which results in auto boiling and generates
fume from formaldehyde. Take 500 ml of formaldehyde (40%
solution) in 1000 ml of water in a heat resistant/steel bucket
and then add 450gm of KMnO4 for 1000 cubic feet of theatre volume.
Eg: Surgical Theater Volume = L×B×H = 20 × 15 × 10=3000 cubic feet
Formaldehyde required for fumigation = 500 ml for 1000 cubic feet
= So, 1500 ml of formaldehyde required (to be diluted in 3000 ml of
distilled water)
• After the initiation of formaldehyde vapor, immediately leave the
room and seal it for at least 12 to 24 hours.
55. Neutralization after fumigation
• Before neutralization, remove fumigating apparatus
from the surgical theatre.
• Then the toxicity of formaldehyde vapor should be
neutralized with ammonia solution.
• Place a cotton ball and pour 300 ml of 10% ammonia
(for each 500 ml of formaldehyde used) on the floor
of surgical theater, at least 4 hours before (07 a.m.)
the “Sterility Test”.
• Formaldehyde gas reacts with ammonia gas and
produce Hexamine which is considered a harmless
substance.
56. Factors influencing the fumigation of the theatre :
1. Relative humidity
Relative humidity plays a major role in fumigation. A
minimum of 70% is essential. Water used in fumigator
with fumigant helps to achieve and maintain humidity.
2. Temperature
temperature for effective fumigation is 300
-400
C.
3. Formaldehyde levels in the Air in the operation
theatre
The dose of formaline is usually decided by the size of
the room. As a rule, 280 ml is used for a room of the size
1000 cubic feet.
57. Emerging Compounds in use for Sterilization of
Operation theatres:
BACILLOCIDRASANT:
• A newer and effective compound in environmental
decontamination with very good cost/benefit ratio, good material
compatibility, excellent cleaning properties and virtually no
residues. It has the advantage of being a Formaldehyde-free
disinfectant cleaner with low use concentration.
Advantages
• - Provides complete asepsis within 30 to 60 minutes.
• - Cleaning with detergent or carbolic acid not required.
• - Formalin fumigation not required.
• - Shutdown of O.T for 24 hrs. not required.
58. CHEMICAL METHODS
No available chemical solution will sterilize instruments
immersed in it.
Secondly, there is a risk of producing tissue damage if residual
solution is carried over into the wound while it is being used.
59. Mechanism of action of chemical disinfectants :
The mechanism of action of most of the chemicals are
nonspecific and complex but most of them effect
microorganisms by one of the following mechanisms.
1. Cell membrane injury.
2. Coagulation and Denaturation.
3. Interactions with functional groups of proteins.
60. 1. ALDEHYDE COMPOUNDS
a. Formaldehyde:
A broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, used for disinfection,
has limited sporicidal activity.
Hazardous substance, inflammable and irritant to the eye,
skin and respiratory tract.
a. Glutaraldehyde:
It is a high level disinfectant
A solution of 2% glutaraldehyde (Cidex), requires immersion
of 20 minutes for disinfection; and 6 to 10 hours of
immersion for sterilization.
61. 2. ALCOHOLS
Act by denaturing bacterial proteins.
Solutions of 70% ethanol are more effective than higher
concentrations, as the presence of water speeds up the
process of protein denaturation as reported by
Lawrence and Block (1968).
Frequently used for skin antisepsis prior to needle
puncture.
Isopropyl alcohol is preferred as it is a better fat solvent,
more bactericidal and less volatile. Used for disinfection of
clinical thermometer .
62. 3. IODOPHOR COMPOUNDS
Many studies have shown, that, iodophor compounds
are the most effective antiseptics,. Iodine is complexed
with organic surface-active agents, such as,
polyvinylpyrrolidone (Betadine, Isodine). Their activity is
dependent on the release of iodine from the complex.
These compounds are effective against most
bacteria, spores, viruses, and fungi. These are the most
commonly used surface disinfectants along with
hypochlorite.
63. 4. Biguanide :
Most commonly used biguanide compound is
chlorhexidine.
It is a powerful non-irritating antiseptic that disrupts
bacterial cell membrane.
It persists on skin for longer period of time and that is
why it is extensively used for surgical scrubbing,
neonatal bath, mouth wash and a general skin anti-
septic.
64. 5.Hydrogen peroxide
• Strong oxidant.
• Oxidizing properties allow it to destroy wide
range of pathogens.
• Biggest advantage is short cycle time.
• Used in 35% to 90% concentration.
65. Operation theatre procedure :
Antiseptic environment :
The principle is to minimize bacterial contamination,especially, in the
vicinity of operating table;the concept of zones is useful,and must be
employed.
Outer and general access zone- patient reception area and general
office.
Clean or limited access zone- the area between reception & general
office and corridors & staff room.
Restricted access zone-f or those properly clothed personnel
engaged in operating theatre activities,anesthetic room.
Aseptic or operating zone- the operation theatre.
66. HAND WASHING
• Three types of hand washing-
– Social hand washing
– Clinical hand washing
– Surgical hand washing
67. Social hand washing
• Recommended following social-type
contact with clients, after going to the
toilet and after covering a cough or sneeze.
• A plain liquid soap is often used.
68. Clinical hand washing
• A clinical hand wash is used before clinical
procedures on clients, when a client is being
managed in isolation, or in outbreak
situations.
• An anti-microbial soap, containing an
antiseptic agent, is used.
69. Surgical hand washing
• A surgical hand wash is required before any
invasive or surgical procedure requiring the
use of sterile gloves.
• An antimicrobial skin cleanser, usually
containing chlorhexidine or detergent-based
povidone-iodine, is used.
70. Surgical Scrubbing :
The purpose is to reduce resident and transient skin flora
(bacteria) to a minimum.
Proper hand scrubbing and the wearing of sterile gloves and
a sterile gown provide the patient with the best possible
barrier against pathogenic bacteria in the environment and
against bacteria from the surgical team.
The following steps comprise the generally accepted method
for the surgical hand scrub-
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76. 1. Disinfection is :
a. removal of visible contamination but does not
necessarily destroy micro organisms
b. reduction of number of viable microorganisms
but may not inactive some viruses and bacterial
spores.
c. destruction or removal of all microorganisms
including spores.
d. destruction or removal of all microorganisms
excluding spores.
2. Sterility assurance level (SAL) acceptable for critical
item is :
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7
77. 3. Which of the following is semicritical ?
a. mucous membrane
b. intact skin
c. tissue space
d. vascular space
4. Minimum Relative humidity essential in fumigation is :
a. 50%
b. 70%
c. 90%
d. 100 %
5. Cidex consist of
a. 2% glutaraldehyde
b. 4% glutaraldehyde
c. 2% chlorhexidine
d. 4% chlorhexidine
78. 6. Tyndallisation is :
a. Exposure of 100 C for 20 min for 3 successive day.
b. Exposure of 100 C for 10 min for 3 successive day
c. Exposure of 100 C for 30 min for 2 successive day
d. Exposure of 100 C for 10 min for 2 successive day
7. Which of these is an appropriate sterilizing cycle?
a. 121 degree centigrade for 15 min
b. 134 degree centigrade for 3 min
c. 109 degree centigrade for 10 min
d. A or B
e. all of these
8. Which of these is used for gas sterilization ?
a. Glutaraldehyde
b. Liquid Nitrogen
c. Ethylene oxide
d. All of these
79. 9. Which of these is used for liquid sterilization ?
a. Ethylene oxide
b. Liquid Nitrogen
c. Glutaraldehyde
d. All of these
10. What would you use to clean a flexible endoscope after use ?
a. Sterilization
b. Paracetic acid
c. Alcohol
d. Autoclave