3. Demos – population
Graphy – study
It is the study of human population in a given
area during a given year.
It focuses on 3 observable phenomenon
changes in population size
composition of population
distribution of population in space
Demographic processes
Introduction
7. Demography of India
Second to China
7th in land area-2.4% of world’s land
area
16.87% world’s population
1921- big divide
Rate of population increase - 16 million
each year
11th May 2000 – crossed 1 billion
1.53 billion by 2050 – 10 billion
8.
9. Demographic indicators
Two parts:
Population statistics
Vital statistics
Main sources: Censuses, National
Sample surveys, Registration of vital
events and ad hoc demographic studies
10. Population statistics
Age and sex composition
Age pyramid
Sex ratio
Dependency ratio
Density of population
11. Age and sex composition
0-14 years: 28.5%
15-24 years: 18.1%
25-54 years: 40.6%
55-64 years: 5.8%
65 years and over: 5.7%
0-14 yrs male > females by 1.1% rural
areas(33.7%) , shows decline
60+ female > male by 0.7%
13. Sex ratio
Number of females/ 1000 males, adverse to
women
Differentials affecting sex ratio:
Mortality conditions of males and females
Sex selection migration
Sex ratio at birth – affected by sex
selectivity at birth
14.
15. Dependency ratio
Persons above 65 yrs of age and children
below 15 yrs
Total or societal dependency ratio=
Children 0 – 14 yrs + population >65yrs X 100
Population of 15 to 64yrs
Crude ratio
Total dependency ratio: 61.1%
Young dependency ratio: 53.1%
Old dependency ratio: 8.02%
16. Demographic bonus: dependency ratio
declines because of decline in fertility, until it
starts to rise again because of longevity
Demographic burden: used to indicate that
increase in total dependency ratio during any
period of time is mostly caused by increase
in old age dependency ratio
Consequence of demographic transition
Problem sooner or later
17. Density of population
Important index of population
concentration
Ratio between population and surface
area
Indian census – number of persons
living per square kilometer
345/ sq. km (2005)
20. Birth rate
20.97/ 1000 population
Changes in government attitudes
towards growth
Spread of education
Increased availability of contraception
Extension of services offered through
family planning
Change in marriage pattern
21. Death rate
7.4/1000 population
Improvement in maternal and child
health services
Implementation of expanded program on
immunization, diarrheal disease and
acute resp. infections
22. Growth rate
Crude birth rate – crude death rate=
annual growth rate
Control factors:
Age distribution
Marriage customs
Cultural, social, economic factors
India: 1.25%
23. Rating Annual rate of growth%
Stationary No growth
Slow growth <0.5
Moderate growth 0.5-1.0
Rapid growth 1.0-1.5
Very rapid growth 1.5-2.0
Explosive growth 2.0-2.5<
24. Family size
Total number of children a woman has borne at
a given point of time
Completed family size: total number of children
borne by a woman during her child bearing age
Depends on factors like: duration of marriage,
education of couple, no. of live births and living
children, preference for male child, desired
family size etc.
Net Reproductive rate = 2.6 (2008)
Long term demographic goal – NRR = 1
Two child norm
25. Literacy and Education
Crude literacy rate =
no. of literates in the population X 100
total population
Literacy rate - 74% ( male - 82% ;
female - 65.5% )
Highest – Kerala (94%)
Lowest – Bihar (49%)
26.
27. Life expectancy
Average number of years a person is
expected to live
Male – 63 years ; Female – 64.2 years
Highest – Japan (80 years)
Least – Zambia (33 years)
28. Urbanization
Number of persons residing in urban
localities
Urban locality: towns having 5000 or more
inhabitants, density not less than 390/sq. km,
pronounced urban characteristics and at
least ¾ of adult male employed in pursuits
other than agriculture
Urban population: 31.16% (2011)
29. Increase in urban population due to:
Natural growth
Migration from rural areas
30. Population Explosion
When the growth of the population is so
much that the natural resources are unable
to support and provide the basic needs.
The world population is growing at a rate of
200 per min/ 10000 per hr.
Reasons for population explosion:
high birth rate
low death rate