2. WHAT IS HYDROSPHERE?
The hydrosphere is the liquid water component of
the Earth.
It includes the oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, rivers and
streams.
It covers about 70% of the surface of the Earth and
is the home for many plants and animals.
A total amount of water on a planet.
It includes water that is on the surface of the planet,
underground, and in the air.
A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice.
3.
4. Hydrosphere is present on Earth in
three forms:Solid :is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others
being liquid, gas, and plasma). It is characterized by structural
rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume.
Liquid : is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the
shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume
independent of pressure. As such, it is one of the four
fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas,
and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but
no fixed shape.
Gas : A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g.
a noble gas or atomic gas like neon), elementsl molecules
made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen),
or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms
(e.g. carbon dioxide).
5. WATER
>Water is found in many places on Earth including on
the surface of the planet, within rocks below the
surface, and in the atmosphere.
Water travels between different areas of the
Earth through the water cycle.
About 70% of the Earth surface is covered with
water, and most of that is the ocean.
Only a small portion of the Earth's water is
freshwater, which is found in rivers, lakes, and
groundwater.
***Freshwater is needed for drinking, farming,
and washing. In addition to liquid water, water is
also present on Earth in the form of ice. Without
water, life as we know it would not exist.
“water”
7. THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
• This is some times called the water cycle.
• Water is the most important chemical of life
for all living organisms on earth.
• Water in the atmosphere is usually in form of
vapor but condenses to liquid water and can
solidify when temperatures are 00C to form
ice.
• Ninety three percent of water on earth is in
solid state mainly comprising the ice caps and
glaciers of Polar Regions.
8.
9. The characteristics of the ocean which affects
its motion are its temperature and salinity.
• >Warm water is less dense or
lighter and therefore tends to
move up toward the surface.
• >Colder water is more dense or
heavier and therefore tends to
sink toward the bottom.
• >Salty water is also more dense
or heavier and thus tends to sink.
• >Fresh or less salty water is
less dense or lighter and thus
tends to rise toward the surface.
“WATER”
11. LENTIC
. Lentic refers to standing or
relatively still water, from the
Latin lentus, which means
sluggish.
Lentic ecosystems can be
compared with lotic ecosystems.
12. Lentic systems are diverse, ranging from a small,
temporary rainwater pool a few inches deep to Lake
Baikal, which has a maximum depth of 1740 m.
The general distinction between pools/ponds and lakes
is vague, but Brown states that ponds and pools have their
entire bottom surfaces exposed to light, while lakes do
not.
In addition, some lakes become seasonally stratified
Ponds and pools have two regions: the pelagic open water
zone, and the benthic zone, which comprises the bottom
and shore regions.
Since lakes have deep bottom regions not exposed to
light, these systems have an additional zone, the
profundal.
These three areas can have very different abiotic
conditions and, hence, host species that are specifically
adapted to live there.
16. “LOTIC”
Rivers and streams rarely display the vertical
stratification patterns found in standing bodies of
water because of their turbulent flow.
Although slight differences in temperature can exist
between the surface and bottom waters of deep lotic
systems, the greatest changes take place as water
moves downstream.
Flowing water systems frequently possess greater
habitat heterogeneity than lentic systems.
They also are more permanent ecosystems on a
geological or evolutionary scale.
Both heterogeneity and permanence tend to increase
species diversity.
19. “WETLAND”• A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either
permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the
characteristics of a distinct ecosystem.
• Wetlands play a number of roles in the environment,
principally water purification, flood control, and shoreline
stability.
• Wetlands are also considered the most biologically of plant
and animal life.
• Wetlands occur naturally on every continent
except Antarctica, the largest including the Amazon River
basin, the West Siberian Plain, and the Pantanal.
• The water found in wetlands can
be freshwater, brackish, or saltwaterdiverse of all
ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range
21. Three basic kinds of freshwater
ecosystems exist:
• Lentic :Slow-moving or till water
like pools, lakes or ponds.
• Lotic :Fast-moving water such as
streams and rivers.
• Wetlands :Places in which the
soil is inundated or saturated for
some lenghty period of time.
23. “MARINE”
• Marine is an adjective for things relating
to the sea or ocean, such as marine
biology, marine ecology and marine
geology.
• As a noun it can be a term for a kind of
navy, those enlisted in such a navy, or
members of troops attached to a navy,
e.g. the United States Marine Corps.
25. “COASTAL”
• A coastline or a seashore is the area where
land meets the sea or ocean. A precise line
that can be called a coastline cannot be
determined due to the Coastline paradox.
• The term "coastal zone" is a region where
interaction of the sea and land processes
occurs. Both the terms coast and coastal are
often used to describe a geographic location
or region; for example, New Zealand's West
Coast, or the East and West Coasts of the
United States.
26. PELAGIC COAST
• A pelagic coast refers to a coast which fronts the
open ocean, as opposed to a more sheltered coast in
a gulf or bay.
• A shore, on the other hand, can refer to parts of the
land which adjoin any large body of water, including
oceans (sea shore) and lakes (lake shore).
• Similarly, the somewhat related term "bank" refers to
the land alongside or sloping down to a river
(riverbank) or to a body of water smaller than a lake.
"Bank" is also used in some parts of the world to
refer to an artificial ridge of earth intended to retain
the water of a river or pond; in other places this may
be called a levee.
