Some Rights Reserved: The Environment for Data Sharing Karen Calhoun, Vice President, OCLC WorldCat and Metadata Services 13 August 2008 Libraries and Web 2.0 Discussion Group

Context for Data Sharing: A “Seamless” User Workflow from Discovery to Delivery Library user studies suggest that users expect finding and getting information they want, when and where they want it, to be easy and convenient. These users’ tolerance for barriers to easy and convenient discovery and delivery is limited. “ A colleague … sang the praises of the digital world to us. He can now, he told us, get direct access to information … His enthusiasm had screened out an enormous array of people, organizations, and institutions involved in this “direct” touch. The university, the library, publishers, editors, referees, authors, the computer and infrastructure designers, the cataloguers and library collection managers, right down to the students working their way through college by [working in the library] had no place in his story.” Brown, John Seely, and Paul Duguid. 2000. The social life of information . Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

The Invisible Cloud of Complexity The (invisible) cloud of complexity on the global metadata network Text Print Licensed Digital Archival Data Images Sound Video Multimedia Objects More Expectation: Easily Find It AND Easily Get It

Text

Print

Licensed

Digital

Archival

Data

Images

Sound

Video

Multimedia

Objects

More

Content (and Metadata) Are NOT Free “ The creation of content … can be a costly proposition, typically in proportion to its worth. One of the biggest challenges facing aggregators of all types is how to support the ecosystem of collectively valuable content that information users no longer individually value.” Outsell, Inc. “Search, Aggregation and Syndication: 2007 Market Forecast and Trends Report,” p. 41.

“ The creation of content … can be a costly proposition, typically in proportion to its worth. One of the biggest challenges facing aggregators of all types is how to support the ecosystem of collectively valuable content that information users no longer individually value.”

OCLC’s critics … “ OCLC is trapped in an increasingly inappropriate business model—a model based upon the value in the creation and control of data. Increasingly, in this interconnected world, the value is in making data openly available and building services upon it. When people get charged for one thing, but gain value from another, they will become increasingly uncomfortable with the old status quo.” Wallis, Richard. “OCLC and ROI.” Panlibus Blog (Talis), December 11, 2007. http://blogs.talis.com/panlibus/archives/2007/12/oclc_and_roi.php

Then and Now: A Time of Transition THEN: “ A model based upon the value in the creation and control of data” NOW: A model based upon the value in the exchange and linking of data Janus, guardian of doors and gates

THEN:

“ A model based upon the value in the creation and control of data”

NOW:

A model based upon the value in the exchange and linking of data

Environmental Scan Evaluated policies and licenses related to use and re-use of metadata and content Commercial and non-commercial data providers Prevailing opinion in the blogosphere: “Data should be free and open” Reality: Nearly everybody has terms and conditions that impose some degree of restriction on data re-use and transfer NO RIGHTS RESERVED SOME RIGHTS RESERVED ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Evaluated policies and licenses related to use and re-use of metadata and content

Commercial and non-commercial data providers

Prevailing opinion in the blogosphere:

“Data should be free and open”

Reality:

Nearly everybody has terms and conditions that impose some degree of restriction on data re-use and transfer

Sample Terms and Conditions for Metadata/Content (1) Amazon – Amazon Associates Web Service Purpose of data access is to drive traffic to Amazon; any user of data must link back to Amazon ProQuest MARC Records For use by purchasing institutions only; loading records into shared cataloging system not permitted All Media Guide/AllMusic For use online only and solely for personal, non-commercial use; all other use and transfer prohibited Twitter Twitter data can be shared on other Web sites; pages on other Websites that display Twitter data must link back to Twitter

Amazon – Amazon Associates Web Service

Purpose of data access is to drive traffic to Amazon; any user of data must link back to Amazon

ProQuest MARC Records

For use by purchasing institutions only; loading records into shared cataloging system not permitted

All Media Guide/AllMusic

For use online only and solely for personal, non-commercial use; all other use and transfer prohibited

Twitter

Twitter data can be shared on other Web sites; pages on other Websites that display Twitter data must link back to Twitter

Sample Terms and Conditions for Metadata/Content (2) Wikipedia GNU Free Documentation License makes documents free to copy, distribute, modify, for commercial or non-commercial use; requires attribution of original author’s/publisher’s work OCLC Free non-commercial use of WorldCat.org data; conditions for data re-use and transfer; non-library uses/transfers require agreements between OCLC and user/transferee(s) Sherpa/RoMEO Free to interested parties with conditions for re-use; re-use governed by Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License; RoMEO logo must appear on public pages

Wikipedia

GNU Free Documentation License makes documents free to copy, distribute, modify, for commercial or non-commercial use; requires attribution of original author’s/publisher’s work

OCLC

Free non-commercial use of WorldCat.org data; conditions for data re-use and transfer; non-library uses/transfers require agreements between OCLC and user/transferee(s)

Sherpa/RoMEO

Free to interested parties with conditions for re-use; re-use governed by Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License; RoMEO logo must appear on public pages

Creative Commons Licensing: Some Rights Reserved Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States You are free: to Share , to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work to Remix , to make derivative works Under the following conditions: Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, your may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.

Financial Viability: Balance Between Where the Money Comes From and Where the Money Goes Public Sector – “Government goods at zero price” The fact that goods/services are furnished free of charge does NOT mean that the cost (inc. the opportunity cost) of producing them is zero Social Sector – Non-profits – 3 principal categories (US): Public charity (direct or indirect income from general public or government) Private foundation (most income from investments or endowments—used to provide grants) Private operating foundation (devotes most earnings and assets to pursuit of its public purposes, rather than providing grants) Private Sector – Profit is the reward for owners who incur the risks of going into business – profit is a cost of production

Public Sector – “Government goods at zero price”

The fact that goods/services are furnished free of charge does NOT mean that the cost (inc. the opportunity cost) of producing them is zero

Social Sector – Non-profits – 3 principal categories (US):

Public charity (direct or indirect income from general public or government)

Private foundation (most income from investments or endowments—used to provide grants)

Private operating foundation (devotes most earnings and assets to pursuit of its public purposes, rather than providing grants)

Private Sector – Profit is the reward for owners who incur the risks of going into business – profit is a cost of production

The Strange Economics of Web Start-Ups From Ten Rules for Web Startups : “ The most likely end game if you’re successful is acquisition” ---------------------------------------- Unprecedented rise in venture capital investment "We'll monetize when the time is right. We raised enough money [$22 million] to get to that point through experimentation.“—Jack Dorsey Are Web startups “built to flip” or “built to last”? Evan Williams at Twitter Office December 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Williams_(blogger) http://money.cnn.com/2008/08/06/technology/true_meaning_of_twitter_lashinsky.fortune

From Ten Rules for Web Startups :

“ The most likely end game if you’re successful is acquisition”

----------------------------------------

Unprecedented rise in venture capital investment

"We'll monetize when the time is right. We raised enough money [$22 million] to get to that point through experimentation.“—Jack Dorsey

Are Web startups “built to flip” or “built to last”?

The Three Sectors of an Economy in a Market System: And One More? Source of Income COLLECTED EARNED Purpose MAXIMIZE SOCIAL BENEFIT MAXIMIZE BENEFIT TO OWNERS Government PUBLIC SECTOR Non-Profits/NGOs/HE SOCIAL SECTOR For-Profits PRIVATE SECTOR Web Start-Ups Sherpa/ RoMEO Wiki- pedia OCLC Amazon Pro- Quest Twitter AllMusic

Perspective on “Open Data” Correlated With … Economic self interest How financial viability is achieved What is the degree of dependence on revenue from content, metadata, or content/metadata-based services? Amazon – majority of revenue from online sales Google – majority of revenue from ads Wikipedia – almost all revenue from donations to Wikimedia Foundation Sherpa/RoMEO – public and social sector funding OCLC – a cooperative – relies on recovering costs of services based on member-contributed metadata All Media Guide/AllMusic – revenue comes from licensing the content and metadata it creates to others

Economic self interest

How financial viability is achieved

What is the degree of dependence on revenue from content, metadata, or content/metadata-based services?

Amazon – majority of revenue from online sales

Google – majority of revenue from ads

Wikipedia – almost all revenue from donations to Wikimedia Foundation

Sherpa/RoMEO – public and social sector funding

OCLC – a cooperative – relies on recovering costs of services based on member-contributed metadata

All Media Guide/AllMusic – revenue comes from licensing the content and metadata it creates to others

A Landscape Rich in “Lessons in Contradiction” Other people’s data should be free

Other people’s data should be free

Summary – The Landscape for Data Sharing Information seekers expect seamless connections between metadata and content, regardless of source The information industry is being driven to a data sharing model based upon the value in the exchange and linking of data Nearly all organizations have terms and conditions for data sharing (documented or not) There is no such thing as “free” content or metadata There is no such thing as “free” content or metadata services “ Where the money comes from” directly impacts data sharing policy This is a painful transition, esp. for those organizations directly dependent on revenue from content, metadata, or content/metadata-based services The present landscape is rich in contradictions

Information seekers expect seamless connections between metadata and content, regardless of source

The information industry is being driven to a data sharing model based upon the value in the exchange and linking of data

Nearly all organizations have terms and conditions for data sharing (documented or not)

There is no such thing as “free” content or metadata

There is no such thing as “free” content or metadata services

“ Where the money comes from” directly impacts data sharing policy

This is a painful transition, esp. for those organizations directly dependent on revenue from content, metadata, or content/metadata-based services

The present landscape is rich in contradictions

What’s Right for Libraries? Help them lower their operational costs for data creation and management Help them expose their data and collections in as many places as possible on the Web Drive traffic from the Web to libraries Drop the rhetoric Partners not adversaries La Grande bibliothèque nationale du Québec Attribution: Uploaded on May 8, 2005 by Master Long http://flickr.com/photos/long/12987307/

Help them lower their operational costs for data creation and management

Help them expose their data and collections in as many places as possible on the Web

Drive traffic from the Web to libraries

Drop the rhetoric

Partners not adversaries

Thank You Merci Gracias Shukran Xie xie Danke Spasibo Karen Calhoun [email_address] http://community.oclc.org/metalogue