20. 2 H 1 / 2 O 2 (from food via NADH) 2 H + + 2 e – 2 H + 2 e – H 2 O 1 / 2 O 2 Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP ATP ATP ATP Electron transport chain Free energy, G (b) Cellular respiration + Figure 9.5 B
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28. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate H H H H H OH OH HO HO CH 2 OH H H H H O H OH HO OH P CH 2 O P H O H HO HO H HO CH 2 OH P O CH 2 O CH 2 O P HO H HO H OH O P CH 2 C O CH 2 OH H C CHOH CH 2 O O P ATP ADP Hexokinase Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate ATP ADP Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Aldolase Isomerase Glycolysis 1 2 3 4 5 CH 2 OH Oxidative phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Figure 9.9 A
29. 2 NAD + NADH 2 + 2 H + Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 P i 2 P C CHOH O P O CH 2 O 2 O – 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase CH 2 O P 2 C CHOH 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase O – C C CH 2 OH H O P 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 H 2 O 2 O – Enolase C C O P O CH 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 2 ATP Pyruvate kinase O – C C O O CH 3 2 6 8 7 9 10 Pyruvate O Figure 9.8 B
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34. Figure 9.12 Acetyl CoA NADH Oxaloacetate Citrate Malate Fumarate Succinate Succinyl CoA -Ketoglutarate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle S CoA CoA SH NADH NADH FADH 2 FAD GTP GDP NAD + ADP P i NAD + CO 2 CO 2 CoA SH CoA SH CoA S H 2 O + H + + H + H 2 O C CH 3 O O C COO – CH 2 COO – COO – CH 2 HO C COO – CH 2 COO – COO – COO – CH 2 HC COO – HO CH COO – CH CH 2 COO – HO COO – CH HC COO – COO – CH 2 CH 2 COO – COO – CH 2 CH 2 C O COO – CH 2 CH 2 C O COO – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation NAD + + H + ATP Citric acid cycle Figure 9.12
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51. 2 ADP + 2 P 1 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetaldehyde 2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation 2 ADP + 2 P 1 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 Lactate (b) Lactic acid fermentation H H OH CH 3 C O – O C C O CH 3 H C O CH 3 O – C O C O CH 3 O C O C OH H CH 3 CO 2 2 Figure 9.17