The document discusses options that nations face in protecting critical infrastructure from unregulated dissemination of high-resolution satellite imagery. It outlines how the commercialization of space imagery has given the public access but also raised national security concerns. Nations have options such as creating regulatory frameworks, coordinating international action, and negotiating with commercial entities to censor or limit certain imagery. The conclusion is that while high-resolution imagery cannot be reversed, nations can take steps to reduce security risks to critical infrastructure by limiting its exposure online.

1. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
Dr. Alexandros Kolovos
As. Professor,
Hellenic Air Force Academy
Brigadier-General (HAF, ret)
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2. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
Critical Infrastructure
The Dawn of Space Era and the Legal Framework of Space-Based remote Sensing
The Diaspora of High Resolution Imagery
The Impact from the Entrance of Major Corporations
The Options
Conclusion
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3. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
Definition - Critical Infrastructure (CI) following EU Directive 2008/114)
Critical Infrastructure means an asset, system or part thereof, essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions, health, safety, security, economic or social well-being
Its destruction or disruption would have a significant impact as a result of the failure to maintain those functions.
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4. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
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Main Critical Infrastructures:
Electric Power
Transportation (Naval and Air Bases)
Gas and Liquid Fuels
Telecommunications
Water Supply

5. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
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HELLENIC POWER PLANTS

6. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
The Dawn of Space Era and the Legal Framework of Space-Based remote Sensing
The Military Era
The Commercialization
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7. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
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RECONNAISSANCE FROM SPACE: A PRIVILEGE OF SUPERPOWERS

8. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
The Dawn of Space Era and the Legal Framework of Space-Based remote Sensing
UN Outer Space Treaty (1967)
Remote Sensing Principles (1986)
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9. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
The Diaspora of High Resolution Imagery
Give an unrestricted and detailed global access, so critical Infrastructures are exposed
Boost Armchair:
Intelligence
Support for Operations
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10. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
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11. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
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SIMULATING RESOLUTION OF 7 CM

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13. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery LANDSAT (30M) - USA
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Peloponissos, 1982, GREECE

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SALAMINA NAVAL DOCKYARD, 1999
Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery IKONOS(1M) - USA

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Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery IKONOS(1M) - USA
SALAMINA NAVAL DOCKYARD Detail

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ELEFSINA AIR BASE (hosting Air Support Command)
Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery IKONOS(1M) - USA

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PTOLEMAIDA POWER PLANT, 2012

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Athens-Pireus Port
Pan 0.41m – 0.5m & RGB 1.65m
Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
GEOEYE(0.41M) - USA

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3D Environment permitting walk / drive / navigate /fly- through
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20. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
Geospatial Support to GIS, C4I, targets & weapons
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21. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
Characteristic Extraction (buildings, Roads, morphology)
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22. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
The Impact from the Entrance of Major Corporations
Google Earth
Microsoft’s Bing Maps
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23. 1.Search Panel- Use to find places and directions
2.Overview Map- Use for an additional perspective
3.Hide/Show sidebar- Click to conceal or display side bar
4.Placemark- Click to add a placemark
5.Polygon- Click to add a polygon
6.Path- Click to add a path
7.Image Overlay- Click to add an image
8.Measure- Click to measure distance
9.Email- Click to email view or image
10.Print- Click to print current view
11.Navigation Controls- Use to tilt, zoom and move
12.Layers Panel- Use to display points of interests
13.Places Panel- Use to locate, save, and organize placemarks
14.3D Viewer- View the globe and terrain
15.Status Bar- View streaming status
Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery

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Vandenberg AFB - USA
GEOEYE(0.41M) - USA
Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery

25. Ερωτήσεις
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Nuclear Site Arak, IRAN
Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery

26. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
The Impact from the Entrance of Major Corporations
Gave to the public a unique opportunity to answer the old question of what lies “on the other side of the hill”
Raised national Security Concerns
Fears proved to have merit
2006-07: In Iraq videos and Google Earth images of British military bases were found in the homes of Iraqi insurgents
2008: terrorist attack which killed 171 people in India
2010: Chinese officials are concerned that satellite maps and images could display sensitive military locations
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27. Virtual 3D applications : Fly your mission before take off
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Click here
Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery

28. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
Options Nations Face:
Do Nothing
National Governments Create a Framework for Space Activities
Coordinate Action beyond the national level
Negotiate with commercial entities
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29. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
Options
Do Nothing
National Governments Create a Framework for Space Activities
National Legislation:
France
Germany,
Greece
 Data Policy Constraints (Operators, Distribution)
Example: USA
Shutter control
Buyouts of foreign imagery
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Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
An Air Base Scratched

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Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery

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Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
A composite image of a grass field slapped over a Critical Infrastructure

33. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
Options
Do Nothing
National Governments Create a Framework for Space Activities
Coordinate Action beyond the national level
US-Israel Paradigm
The EU is Studing the issue
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34. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
Options
Do Nothing
National Governments Create a Framework for Space Activities
Coordinate Action beyond the national level
Negotiate with commercial entities (like Google Earth and Bing Maps):
Have caused concerns to Countries/persons, which led to suit and bans
Upon Request negotiations have led to various Censoring options:
Blurring or pixelating certain locations
Degrading / distorting the quality of images
Outdated imagery
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Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery

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Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery

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Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery

40. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
The Shape of Things to Come:
Google plans to launch a fleet of hundrends of low earth orbit Satellites to have global access for imagery and internet
Google bought SkyBox Imaging:
Not only still Sub-meter satellite imagery, but also
High-Definition Video which capture the movement
Ancient Greeks were right: Nothing can be hidden under the sun
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Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery

42. Protecting Critical Infrastructure: Options Nations Face Against Unregulated Dissemination of High Resolution Imagery
Conclusion:
The genie of high resolution imagery is out of the bottle and cannot be rolled back. High Definition Video is the next step.
The uncontrolled dissemination of these products has clear implications for national security
There are Options to be followed
It is a matter of probabilities: by not having your vital Infrastructure exposed to the world, you reduce their chances to be harmed
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43. Ouden Krypton Ypo ton Ilion
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Dr. Alexandros Kolovos
A. Professor, Hellenic Air Force Academy,
Brigadier-General (HAF, ret)