A computer program is a sequence of coded instructions written to perform a particular task based on an algorithm. Programming languages like machine code, assembly language, and high-level languages are used to write programs. System software includes operating systems and utility programs that directly interface with hardware, while application software provides functions for end users. Common operating systems manage computer resources, peripheral devices, memory, and allow for multi-tasking and multiple users.

2. A Computer Program is a sequence of coded
instructions written to perform a particular task or
function in the central processor based on a set
algorithm.

3. A Formal Constructed Language in which the
Program is written by the user based on the algorithm
which the system can also understand.

4. A Low- level Programming Language is one that
provides little or no abstraction or separation of ideas
from the system’s instruction set.
They are of two types:
 Machine level language
 Assembly level language

5. The Machine level language or Binary code is a low-level
language closest to the hardware and can be directly
recognised by the computer.
It consists of 0’s and 1’s which represent a signal or a
jump signal, or a True/ False signal which goes one bit at
a time.

6. The Assembly language is a low- level language which
corresponds with the system’s instruction set.
It consists of more than the binary code as it has
characters which go 8 bits- one byte at a time.

7. A High- level language is one that allows the
programmer to write programs that are more or less
independent of the instruction set or architecture of the
system.
They use Compilers or Interpreters to translate it from
Source code to Object code.

8. A Software is a set of Program Instructions. It refers
to the programs and other operands used by the
system to perform a given task.
It is of two types:
 System Software
 Application Software

10. System Software Comprises the Programs which are
directly linked with the Hardware and Perform Tasks
within Controlling and Utilizing it.

11. The Utility Program is a system software one that is
designed to help analyse, configure, optimize or
maintain the hardware of the system.
It focuses on the use of the computer infrastructure or
hardware.

12. An Operating System is a System Software That
Manages the Computer Hardware and Software
Resources and Provides A Common Portal for other
Computer Programs and Application Softwares for
the User to Access.

13. Functions of an Operating System:
 Booting The Computer
 Manages The Peripheral and I/O Devices
Manages the System Resources
 Manages the Memory and Saves Data in Allot
 Sends & Receives Data and Manipulates Data according to
the User’s Requirements

14. The DOS is the Basic Operating System of all Computers
which works in Low- level Language. It manages Memory
Disks, System Resources and Peripheral Devices.
It is not usually loaded expect at the time of booting the
System.

15. A Real- time OS is a Multitasking OS that Executes Real-time
applications within seconds.
It uses Specialized Scheduling algorithms for Time-sharing
of the Processor within a limited number of
Operations.

16. A Multi- User Operating System is one that allows the
Admission of Multiple users through Different Input-
Output Nodes to Access the Processor through Time-
Sharing or Batch Processing.

17. A Multi- Tasking OS is one that allows the More than
one Program to Operate and Process Data at a time
rather than one after the other.

18. A Server OS is one that is specifically designed to run
on the servers of networks by a client/ server
architecture to send & receive requests along the
network.

19. It is a set of programs for the end user to carry out his
specific tasks and satisfy the need of the particular
environment.