PCCF unit 3

1. Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer
instructions that tell the computer how to work.
There are two types of software −
1.System Software
2.Application Software

2. System Software
 The system software is a collection of programs
designed to operate, control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself.
 System software is generally prepared by the
computer manufacturers.
 These software products comprise of programs
written in low-level languages, which interact
with the hardware at a very basic level.
 System software serves as the interface
between the hardware and the end users.
 Some examples of system software are
Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter,
Assemblers, etc.

3.  Close to the system
 Fast in speed
 Difficult to design
 Difficult to understand
 Less interactive
 Smaller in size
 Difficult to manipulate
 Generally written in low-level language

5.  Application software products are designed to
satisfy a particular need of a particular
environment.
 All software applications prepared in the
computer lab can come under the category of
Application software.
 Application software may consist of a single
program, such as Microsoft's notepad for writing
and editing a simple text.
 It may also consist of a collection of programs,
often called a software package, which work
together to accomplish a task, such as a
spreadsheet package

7.  Close to the user
 Easy to design
 More interactive
 Slow in speed
 Generally written in high-level language
 Easy to understand
 Easy to manipulate and use
 Bigger in size and requires large storage
space

8.  Operating system
 Device drivers
 Language translators
 System utilities

9.  A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware
 Operating system goals:
› Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
› Make the computer system convenient to use
› Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner

10.  A collection of programs which control the
resources of a computer system.
 Written in low-level language(machine
dependent)
 An interface between users and hardware
 When the computer is on ,OS will first load
into the main memory

13. Process Management
The process management activities handled by
the OS are—
1. control access to shared resources like
file, memory, I/O and CPU
2. control execution of applications
3. create, execute and delete a process
(system process or user process)
4. cancel or resume a process
5. schedule a process
6. synchronization, communication and
deadlock handling for processes.

14. Memory Management
 The activities of memory management handled by
OS are—
1. allocate memory
2. free memory
3. re-allocate memory to a program when a
 used block is freed
4. keep track of memory usage
File Management
 The file management tasks include —
1. create and delete both files and
 directories
2. provide access to files
3. allocate space for files
4. keep back-up of files
5. secure files or protects files

15. Device Management
 The device management tasks handled by OS are—
1. open, close and write device drivers
2. communicate, control and monitor the device driver
Protection and Security
 OS protects the resources of system.
 User authentication, file attributes like read, write,
encryption, and back-up of data are used by OS to
provide basic protection.
User Interface or Command Interpreter
 Operating system provides an interface between the
computer user and the computer hardware.
 The user interface is a set of commands or a graphical
user interface via which the user interacts with the
applications and the hardware.

16.  device driver or hardware driver is a group
of files that enable one or
more hardware devices to communicate with
the computer's operating system.
 Without drivers, the computer would not be
able to send and receive data correctly to
hardware devices
 If the appropriate driver is not installed, the
device may not function properly, if at all

17.  When buying an operating system, many
device drivers are built into the product.
 if a user later buys a new type of device that
the operating system did not anticipate, the
new device driver will have to be installed.
 A device driver essentially allows smooth
communication between a connected
hardware device and the operating system
(OS).

18.  A driver acts as a translator between the
device and program
 Each device has its own set of specialized
commands that only its driver understands
 Eg: print instruction given by user/ program .
Os connect that program with driver. Driver
invoke corresponding set of code to print the
data

21.  It is a program which is used to translate
instructions that are written in the source
code to object code
 Translate from high-level language or
assembly language into machine language.
 It also detects and reports the error during
translation.

22. Compiler
 Compiler is a translator which is used to convert programs in high-level language
to low-level language.
 It translates the entire program and also reports the errors in source program
encountered during the translation.
Interpreter
 Interpreter is a translator which is used to convert programs in high-level language
to low-level language
 Interpreter translates line by line and reports the error once it encountered during
the translation process.
 It directly executes the operations specified in the source program when the input is
given by the user.
 It gives better error diagnostics than a compiler.
Assembler
 Assembler is a translator which is used to translate the assembly language code
into machine language code.

24. system utility
 - A utility or system utility is computer system
software intended to analyze, configure,
monitor, or help maintain a computer.
 - Operating systems typically contain the
necessary tools for this, but separate utility
programs can provide improved functionality
 a utility is smaller than a standard program in
size and may be included with an operating
system or installed separately.
 .

25. 1.Antivirus
 - A virus can be defined as a malicious
program that attaches itself to a host
program and makes multiple copies of itself,
slowing down, corrupting or destroying the
system.
 - A software that assists the OS in providing
virus free environment to the users is
called antivirus.
 - An anti-virus scans the system for any virus
and if detected, gets rid of it by deleting or
isolating it

26. 2.File management tools
 - file management is an important function of
operating systems as all data and instructions
are stored in the computer in form of files.
 - Utility software providing regular file
management tasks like browse, search, update,
preview, etc. are called file management tools.
3. Disk Cleanup
 - Disk cleanup tools assist users in freeing up
disk space. The software scans hard disks to
find files that are no longer used and frees up
space by deleting them.

27. 4.Compression tools
 - operating systems are always looking at
ways to minimize amount of storage space
taken by files.
 - Compression tools are utilities that assist
operating systems in shortening files so that
they take less space.
 - After compression files are stored in a
different format and cannot be read or edited
directly.
 - It needs to be uncompressed before it can
be accessed for further use.
 WinRAR, PeaZip, The Unarchiver, etc.

28. 5 . Disk Defragmenter
 - Disk defragmenter is a disk management
utility that increases file access speeds by
rearranging fragmented files on contiguous
locations.
 - Large files are broken down into fragments
and may be stores in non-contiguous
locations if contiguous ones are not available.
 - When such files are accessed by the user,
access speed is slow due to fragmentation.
 - Disk defragmenter utility scans the hard disk
and tries to assemble file fragments so that they
may be stored in contiguous locations.

29. 6. Backup
 - Backup utility enables backing up of files,
folders, databases or complete disks.
 - Backups are taken so that data may be
restored in case of data loss.
 - Backup is a service provided by all
operating systems.
 - In stand-alone systems backup may be
taken in the same or different drive.
 - In case of networked systems backup may
be done on backup servers.

30.  Types of application software
 - Applications software is capable of dealing
with user inputs and helps the user to
complete the task.
 - It is also called end-user programs or only
an app. It resides above system software.
 - Applications software is capable of dealing
with user inputs and helps the user to
complete the task.
 - It is also called end-user programs or only
an app. It resides above system software.

31.  - Application Software are Word
processing software, Spreadsheets
Software, Presentation, Graphics, CAD/CAM
 - Types of Application Software: According
to the need of users it is categorized into
following types.

32.  Presentation program is a program to show the
information in the form of slides. We can add text,
graphics video and images to slides to make them
more informative.
 The software has three components:
1) Text editor for inputting and formatting text.
2) Inserting graphics, text, video and other multimedia
files.
3) Slideshow to display the information.
 Presentation software helps the presenter to
present their ideas with ease and visual information
easy to understand.
 Example of presentation software: Microsoft's
PowerPoint and Apple's Keynote.

33.  - Spreadsheet software is used to perform manipulate
and calculations.
 - In spreadsheet software data is stored in intersection
row and column.
 - The intersection of row and column is known as a cell.
 - The cell labeled with the row and column label like A1,
A2 etc.
 - While entering data into the cell, we can also define
the data value like text, date, time, number.
 - It provides many formula and function to perform
calculations like arithmetic operations, logical
operations, text operation etc.
 - It provides charts, graphs to display data graphically.
For example Microsoft Excel, lotus 1-2-3 for windows
and number for MAC OS.

34.  -- Database is a collection of data related to any
applications.
 - Today is environment every application has
some database where data regarding users
stored.
 - For this purpose, we used database software.
When we operate the application data is
accessed from the database, and after
manipulation, it gets back stored in the
database.
 - Database Management System (DBMS)
software tool used for storing, modifying
extracting and searching for information within a
database.
 - MySQL, MS Access, Microsoft SQL Server
and Oracle is the example of database
application Software.

35.  - Multimedia is a combination of text, graphics,
audio and Multimedia software used in the editing
of video, audio and text.
 - Multimedia software used in the growth of
business, educations, information, remote system
and entertainment.
Entertainment: This area deal with the general
public, media and telecommunication. With the
growth entertainment mode, many application is
available for mobile phone as well as the system.
Like Music and video entertainment app,
- navigation app, social networking application, news
and weather application, educational apps and e-
book reader’s app for preparation of any type of
exams.

36.  - Simulation is an imitation of real world and
environment.
 - The simulation creates a physical environment of the
real world to represent the similar behaviour, function
and key nature of the selected topic.
 - Simulation is technology for education, engineering,
testing, training, video games and for scientific
modelling of natural systems to gain insight into their
functioning.
 - The simulation used in the area of the real world
where the real system cannot be accessible or may be
dangerous or unacceptable.
 - Area of technology flight, economics, automobiles,
Robotics, digital lifecycle, Space Shuttle Navigation,
weather.

37.  - Word Processing software is used to manipulate, format the text, to create memos,
letters, faxes and documents.
 - Processing Software is used to format and beautify the text.
 - It provides a list of features. Like the saurus, the option provides synonyms,
antonyms and related words for chosen word or phrase. Find and replace feature
enables users to scan and replace selected words or phrases in the document.
 - Font option provides font color, font style, font
effect, font size to modify the txt.
 - Word Art option to modify or animated titles,
hyphens, columns and text boxes in
documents. Grammar and Spelling check
option available for checking errors. Many more
option is listed here in software.
 For example Microsoft Word, Lotus Word Pro,
Word pad and Corel WordPerfect.

38.  - Used to describe the creation of printed
documents using a desktop computer.
 - It is a technique of using a personal computer
to design image and pages, assemble type and
graphics, and then using a laser printer or image
setter t output the assembled pages onto a
paper, film, or printing plate.
 - Software is used for creation of magazines and
books, newsletters etc.

43.  - The collection of computer programs that
can solve equations or perform
mathematical manipulations.
 - The developing of mathematical equations
that describe a process is called
mathematical modeling.
 - Once these equations are developed, they
must be solved, and the solutions to the
equations are then analyzed to determine
what information they give about the
process.

44.  - Axiom and Maxima are good general
purpose computer algebra systems.
 - DataMelt is a free Java-based math
software with a lot of examples
 - GAP is a system for computational
discrete algebra (with particular emphasis
on computational group theory).
 - Octave is a system for numerical
computations (it is close to Matlab).
 - Cadabra is a computer algebra system
designed for the solution of the field theory
problems.

45.  - It is a discipline of mathematics and science
both combined, that deal with
Collection ,Manipulation ,Analysis and
Interpretation of data
 - Statistics Software: There are number of
Software available to manage statistical data
– Statistical softwares
 - These Programs – User Friendly, Menu
driven, Interactive, Attractive, Self-
explanatory.
 - Eg: Microsoft Excel, Costat, Bio-Estat ,
Data plot, Mac Anova, MicrOsiris, Greti,
Winstats, StatEasy etc.

46.  Packages: R
› Is a programming language and software
environment for statistical computing and
graphics.
› The R language is widely used among
statisticians and data miners for developing
statistical softwareand data analysis.
› R was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert
Gentleman. R is named partly after the first
names of the first two R author
› Advantages
 - It incorporates all of the standard statistical tests,
models, and analyses, as well as providing a
comprehensive language for managing and
manipulating data.
 - R is free and open source software, allowing anyone
to use and, importantly, to modify it.
 - R is cross-platform. R runs on many operating
systems and different hardware.
 - The quality of some packages is less than perfect

47. Disadvantages
 - R has a vertical learning curve it does take a
while to get used to the power of R
 - Documentation is sometimes irregular and
short, and unsolvable to the non-statistician

48.  Statistical Lab
› - The computer program Statistical Lab
(Statistic labor) is an explorative and interactive
toolbox for statistical analysis and visualization of
data.
› - It supports educational applications of statistics
in business sciences, economics, social sciences
and humanities.
› - The program is developed and constantly
advanced by the Center for Digital Systems of
the Free University of Berlin.
› Simple or complex statistical problems can be
simulated, edited and solved individually with the
Statistical Lab.

49.  Weka
› - (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) is a popular
suite of machine learning software written in Java, developed at
the University of Waikato, New Zealand.
› - Weka is free software available under the GNU General Public
License.
› - Weka is a workbench that contains a collection of visualization
tools and algorithms for data analysis and predictive modeling,
together with graphical user interfaces for easy access to these
functions.
 Advantages
 Free availability under the GNU General Public License.
 Portability, since it is fully implemented in the Java
programming language and thus runs on almost any modern
computing platform.
 A comprehensive collection of data preprocessing and
modeling techniques.
 Ease of use due to its graphical user interfaces.
 Disadvantages
 not capable of multi-relational data mining
 Algorithms for sequence modeling not included

50.  An enterprise application is the phrase used to describe
applications (or software) that a business would use to
assist the organization in solving enterprise problems.
 Enterprise applications are typically designed to interface
or integrate with other enterprise applications used within
the organization, and to be deployed across a variety
of networks(Internet, Intranet and corporate networks)
while meeting strict requirements for security and
administration management.
 Who Makes Enterprise Software?
 The enterprise software market is huge, but here are a few
names to help you get a feel for who develops these types
of solution: Oracle, Adobe Systems, Salesforce, Sage,
SAP, IBM, HP, JBoss (Red Hat), Epicor, Lawson, and
Microsoft.

51.  Types of Enterprise Software
 Enterprise software is also a hugely broad category.
To illustrate, here is a list of tools that might be
included in a given enterprise software suite:
 Billing
 Ordering
 Scheduling
 Customer Information Management
 Customer Relationship Management
 Online Marketplace: Shopping/Payment
processing/Product Catalog
 Enterprise Resource Planning
 Human Resource Management
 Manufacturing
 Sales Management

52.  graphics software or image editing
software is a program or collection of
programs that enable a person to manipulate
visual images on a computer.
 These are the application software which lets
the user to create and manipulate any type
of computer graphics with the use of an
operating system.

53.  It is the unauthorized copying of an
organizations internally developed software
 Illegal duplication of commercially available
software.
 Software piracy is the illegal copying,
distribution, or use of software
 The majority of software today is purchased
as a one-site license, meaning that only one
computer may have that software installed
on it at one time

54.  . Copying that software to multiple
computers or sharing it with your friend
without multiple licenses is
considered software piracy, which is illegal.
 Software piracy comes in many different
forms.
 The three most common type are EndUser
Piracy, Internet Piracy and Reseller Piracy.

55.  sometimes referred to as soft-lifting copying, is
prevalent in the workplace.
 one copy of software has been purchased for a
particular machine and that same piece of
software is installed on several different
computers without the proper documentation
(multiple site licensure).
 In some cases, employees will also install that
same piece of software on their home
computers.
 In addition to installing one software application
on several different computer systems, some
organizations/businesses are also guilty of not
reporting the proper number of stations that will
actually be using a particular software
application

56.  Internet piracy is rapidly becoming the fastest and
easiest way to receive pirated software.
 Many companies allow consumers to download
software from the Internet.
 This eliminates the need to make several trips to the
store or sending out copies of software on CD-ROM
or floppy disk.
 these simple and time saving techniques have also
increased Internet piracy.
 Internet piracy can occur in many different forms such
as downloading or uploading software from/to a
bulletin board, attaching a copy of software via email
and/or transmitting software programs via file transfer
protocol (FTP).

57.  also known as counterfeiting and hard disk
loading,
 happens when a legal copy of software is
duplicated and distributed on a massive amount of
personal computers and/or to consumers as a
legal software application.
 This type of piracy can be very difficult to identify
due to the very sophisticated manner in which the
software is duplicated and presented to the
individual and/or organization.

58. 1. soft loading
 Also known as soft lifting
 Sharing of software with someone who is
not authorized by the license agreement.
 Purchasing a single licensed copy of
software and loading that software onto
many several computers.
 Eg: sharing software with friends, co-
workers

59.  2.software counterfeiting
 Producing fake copies of software and
making it look authentic
 This involve providing packaging box, CDs
or floppies all designed to look like original
product
 Counterfeit software is sold on street
corners, unknowingly sold in retail store.
 Counterfeit software is sold at prices far
below the actual price

60.  3. Internet downloading
 Fastest growing form of piracy
 With the growing number of online users
and rapidly increasing connection speeds,
the exchange of software on internet
Increased
 There are many sites that allow users to
unlimited downloading of software(warez
sites).
 Warez sites is craked to eliminate any copy
of protection.

61. 4. Renting
 Renting out a copy of software for temporary
use, without the permission of the copyright
holder.
 Eg: renting a video f a movie, violates the
license agreement.
5. Hard disk loading
 Installing an unauthorized copy of software
onto a computer being sold to the end user.
 It is often commited by hardware deaers.

62.  6. license misuse
 Software is distributed under special
discount licenses to high volume customers,
manufacturers or academic institutions.
 After getting a copy of software, it will
redistribute the software to others who do
not hold or qualify for these license
 The ways license can be misused:
1. Original equipment manufacturer
unbundling
2. Academic product misuse
3. 3.not for resale product misuse