2. OBJECTIVE OF PRESENTATION
AT THE END OF PRESENTATION YOU SHOULD KNOW:
๏ฑ NORMAL SITE OF IMPLANTATION IN PREGNANCY
๏ฑ DEFINITION OF EP
๏ฑ ABNORMAL SITES OF IMPLANTATION IN EP
๏ฑ INCIDENCE
๏ฑ ETIOLOGY
๏ฑ CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
๏ฑ INVESTIGATION
๏ฑ MANAGEMENT
3. NORMAL SITES OF IMPLANTATION IN
PREGNANCY
๏ Implantation is the very early stage of pregnancy at
which the conceptus adheres to the wall of the uterus. At
this stage of prenatal development, the conceptus is
a blastocyst.
๏ Normal site of implantation is posterior-superior wall of
the Body of uterus in most of the cases.
๏ In addition anterior wall of body of uterus also
constitutes the normal site of implantation.
5. WHAT IS ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
โIMPLANTATION OF CONCEPTUS OUTSIDE THE
NORMAL UTERINE CAVITYโ.
NOTE: 1. ECTOPIC PREGNANCY VIRTUALLY NEVER LEADS TO FETAL
VIABILITY.
2. ALL SITES IN UTERINE CAVITY ARE CONSIDERED NORMAL FOR EP BUT
not IN GENERALโฆ
6. SITES OF IMPLANTATION OF ECTOPIC
PREGNANCY
๏ COMMON SITES OF IMPLANTATION ARE
1. Fallopian tubes ( 95 % of total cases of ectopic pregnancy )
a. Ampulla (74 % of 95%)
b. Isthmus ( 12 % of 95%)
c. Fimbrial end of the tube ( 12 % of 95%)
d. Interstitium ( 2% of 95%)
2. Ovaries ( 3-4 % of total)
3. Peritoneal cavity ( 1-2 % of total)
8. INCIDENCE
๏ฑ The frequency of ectopic pregnancy was 1 .3%.
๏ฑ Majority of patients with ectopic pregnancy were in 2 1-
30 years age group (74%)
๏ฑ Multiparous women were found to be more prone to have
ectopic pregnancy (6 1%).
๏ฑ The gestational age ranged between 4-11 weeks and the
most frequent gestational age was around 6 weeks.
9. ETIOLOGY/ RISK FACTORS
AMONG THE KNOWN RISK FACTORS / CAUSES OF ECTOPIC
PREGNANCIES ARE
1. Tubal Disease ; e.g. inflammatory condition due to ascending
infection i.e. PID. ๏ accounts for 40 % cases of ectopic pregnancy.
2. Previous EP
3. Previous tubal surgery.
4. Subfertility
5. Use of IUD.
11. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF EP
๏ SUBACUTE PRESENTATION
1. ABDOMINAL/PELVIC PAIN(79%) , PAIN CAN BE
LOCALIZED TO ILIAC FOSSA
2. VAGINAL BLEEDING(53%) , DARK RED ๏
INDICATIVE OF OLD BLOOD.
3. PAIN AT SHOULDER TIP ๏ RARE PRESENTATION ,
INDICATIVE OF FREE BLOOD IN ABDOMINAL CAVITY
CAUSING DIPHRAGMATIC IRRITAITON.
CONT.
12. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF EP
๏ ACUTE PRESENTATION
It occurs in cases of ruptured ectopic pregnancy and
patient presents with the symptoms of massive
intraperitoneal bleeding.
1. Hypovolemic Shock
2. Acute abdomen
13. INVESTIGATIONS OF EP
Useful investigations for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.
๏ฑ OBSERVATIONS- VITALS
๏ฑ ฮฒHCG
๏ฑ TVS
๏ฑ LAPROSCOPY
Rarely used
๏ฑ Progesterone levels
14. ฮฒHCG
๏ This hormone is a glycoprotein produced by placenta
๏ Half life is 24 hours
๏ Peaks at around 10weeks
๏ Levels double every 48 hours in a normally developing pregnancy
๏ Beta HCG less than 5mIU/ml is considered negative for pregnancy
๏ Anything more than 25mIU/ml is considered positive for
pregnancy
๏ In ectopic pregnancy:
Empty uterus on abdominal U/S with BHCG >6000mIU/ml
Empty uterus on vaginal U/S with BHCG >200mIU/ml
15. TRANSVAGINAL U/S SCAN(TVS)
๏ An intrauterine GS should be visualized at 4.5weeks and corresponding
BHCG is 1500mIU/ml.
๏ At 5th week GS with fetal heartbeat is detected with BHCG level around
3000mIU/ml
๏ High BHCG level and no IU pregnancy seen on TVS is suggestive of
ectopic pregnancy
๏ Presence of free fluid during TVS is suggestive of ruptured ectopic
pregnancy
๏ FALSE NEGATIVE occurs in case of heterotopic pregnancy. i.e.
simultaneous pregnancy within and outside the uterus.
17. LAPROSCOPY
๏ This is the gold standard test
๏ Endoscope is inserted into the abdomen to allow a
surgeon to see fallopian tubes and other organs and
do surgery at the same time
19. PROGESTERONE LEVELS
๏ Progesterone is a hormone formed by corpus luteum
๏ >25ng/ml is related with normal intrauterine
pregnancy
๏ <5ng/ml is related with ectopic or non viable
pregnancy
20. MANAGEMENT OF EP
Depending on clinical presentation and patients
choice:
๏กEXPECTANT (Do nothing)
๏กMEDICAL (Do something)
๏กSURGICAL (Do everything)
21. EXPECTANT
๏ Based on assumption that all tubal pregnancies
will resolve through regression or miscarriage
without any treatment.
๏ Suitable for patients who are hemodynamically
stable and asymptomatic
๏ Requires serial ฮฒHCG measurements and
ultrasonography
22. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT BY
METHOTREXATE
METHOTREXATE
๏ก Folic acid antagonist that inhibits DNA synthesis in the
trophoblastic cells
๏ก Standard dose is 50mg/m2
๏ก Can be administered as a single I/M injection or multiple
fixed dose regimen.
23. INDICAITONS
๏ก Cornual pregnancy
๏ก Persistent trophoblastic disease
๏ก Patient with one fallopian tube and fertility desired
๏ก Patient who refuses surgery
๏ก Ectopic pregnancy where trophoblast is adherent to
bowel or blood vessel
๏ก GS is <4cm
24. CONTRAINDICATIONS
๏ก Chronic liver, renal or hematological disorder
๏ก Active infection
๏กImmunodeficiency
๏ก Breastfeeding
25. SIDE EFFECTS
๏ก Nausea, vomiting
๏ก Stomatitis, conjunctivitis
๏ก GI upset
๏ก Photosensitive skin reactions
๏ก Non specific abdominal pain
26. SPECIAL ADVICE PRIOR TO USE
๏ก Avoid sexual intercourse during treatment
๏ก Take contraception for 3months after treatment
๏ก Avoid alcohol and sunlight exposure during
treatment
27. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
INDICATIONS FOR SURGEICAL MANAGEMENT
๏ก Patient is not suitable for medical therapy
๏ก Medical therapy has failed
๏ก Patient has heterotropic pregnancy with viable
uterine pregnancy
๏ก Heamodynamically unstable and needs immediate
treatment
๏ก GS is >4cm
28. METHODS OF SURGERY
1. LAPROSCOPY- surgery through small incision,
having many advantages, like. less blood loss, shorter
hospital stay, less analgesia requirement, shorter
convalescence than laprotomy.
2. LAPROTOMY- surgery through large incision
especially reserved for severely compromised patient or
due lack of endoscopic facilities.
29. PROCEDURE OF SURGERY
1. SALPINGECTOMY
๏ฑ During surgery the fallopian tubes are removed
๏ฑ Done in patients:
โข Who have tubal rupture
โข Who no longer desire fertility
โข Who have history of ectopic pregnancy in the same tube before
โข Who have severely damaged tubes
30. PROCEDURE OF SURGERY
2. SALPINGOTOMY
๏ก During surgery, a small opening can be made at the site of ectopic
pregnancy and the trophoblastic tissue is extracted out via that
opening
๏ก Done when the tube has not ruptured or patient desires to
conserve her fertility
๏ก Monitoring needed for BHCG levels to identify persistent
trophoblast
๏ก High risk of subsequent ectopic pregnancy
31. PROGNOSIS AFTER MANAGEMENT
๏กRate of IU pregnancy may be higher following
treatment with methoteraxate as compared to
surgery
๏กRate of fertility may be better following
salpingotomy as compared to salpingectomy