1. EMISSION NORMS
In a significant development in april 1999 supreme court of india ordered the enforcement of
EURO-2 equivalent norms for cars in the NCR from april-1 2000.These hav also been enforced
in the rest of the country from apr.2002 for new cars.For commercial vehicles,EURO-2 have
already enforced in delhi,Mumbai,Kolkata&cheenai,while in other metros had introduced from
apr.1 2003.For all types of 4 wheelerEURO-3&4 norms shall come into force with from apr.1
2005&2010 resp.
475 IDI 02-engine is designed as per EURO 2 norms the is so designed that it could meet the
demand of all national&international standard of pollution there by helping our nation to step
towards pollution free environment
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2. AUTOMOBILE SHOP EQUIPEMENT
A good automobile shop have equipment to undertake all types of fault finding jobs.The
following is the list of equipments which are must in automobile shop:
1.screw drivers
2.pliers
3.hammers
4.chisels
5.files
6.hacksaw
7.cleaning tools
8.tool for tubes
9.reamers
10.grinder
11beanch vice
12.soldering tools.
13.creeper
14.lubricating equipments.
15.elec. equipements.
16.hydraulic lift
17.tools for tyres.
18.tyre remover
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3. 19.engine analyiser.
20.ring remover.
21.ring filling tube.
22.valve refracing m/c
23.center lathe
24.air compressor
25 pressure guage
26 elec. Welding set
27 cylinder reboring m/c
28.cylinder honing m/c
29.valve refacing m/c
30.spark plug cleaning and cleaning m/c
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4. TATA ENGG.&LOCOMOTIVE CO.LTD.
1.CARS
2.chessis specification
3.INDICA
4.transmission
4/5 forward speed manual
Gear ratio: 3.42,1.95,1.36,0.95&0.77,reverse:3.58
Suspention
Front: independent, wishbone type
Rear: independent, semi traling arm
Streeing
Rack&pinion on DLX
Turning circle dia. ; 9.8
Turn lock to lock ; 4.27,3.32
Wheels &tires
WHEEL ; pressed steel disk
Tyres ; 155/80R 13Radials
Dimensions
Wheel base ; 2400mm
Front track ; 1380mm
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5. Rear track ; 170mm
SAFARI
1.FRAME
Long member size depth 110 width 60 thick 3.15
No. of cross members ; 8
2.CLUTCH
Single plate dry friction type
Outside dia. ; 228mm
3.TRANSMISSON
Gear ratio ; 1st :3.87 2nd :2.36 3rd :1.37 4th :1 5th :0.82 reverse:3.4
4.SUSPENTION
Front ; double wish bone type
Bar
Rear ; coil spring 5 link suspention
5.STREERING
Streering ratio ; 18.2:1
6.BRAKES
Service ; VACCUM assisted independent hydraulic brake on front
&rear through master cylinder
7.WHEELS&TYRES
Wheel 6.0JX15 Tyres ; 237/75R
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6. CHASIS SYSTEM
Automobile chasis is mounted on the axles ,not direct but through some forms of springs this is
done to isolate the vehicle body from road shocks which may in the form of pitch bounce roll or
sway .All the parts which perform the function of isolating the vehicle body for road shocks are
called suspention system.Brodly speaking suspention system consists of aspring &a damper.The
energy of road shocks cause the sprig to isolate.These isolations are resrricted by shockers.
OBJECTS OF SUSPENTIONS
To prevent road shocks from being transmitted to vehicle components
To safe guard the occupants fronm road shock
To preserve stability of vehiclein motion
BESIC CONSIDERSATIONS
VEHICLE LOADING: when the road vehicle comes across a bump it is subjected to vertical
force deped upon the neture of the road. The mode of spring resistance depend upon the type of
material of the spring used.
ROLLING: The c.g of vehicle is above the ground due to this reason while taking a turn the
centrifugal force acts outward of the vehicle . This gives rise to a couple turning the wheel about
the longitudinal axis
Break dip : on braking the noise of the wheel has a tendency to dip
This depend upon the c.g of the vehicle these forces on account of braking are carried directly
by deflecting the spring by radius rods.
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7. TRANSMISSON :
It is introduced as the whole of mechanism that transmits the power from engine crank shaft to
rear wheel. Howeverit is also used very commonly in literature for the mechanism which
provides suitable variation of engine torque at the rod wheel when reqd.
FUNCTIONS OF TRANSMISSION
1)The torque effort producerd by engine varies with speed only narrow limits.But practical
concridations for the running of automobile under different cond. Demand a large variations of
torque available at wheel.
2. It provides a neuteral positions so that engine &road wheel are disconnected even with clutch
in engaged position.
3. Ameans to back the car by reversing the directions of rotations of drive is provided by
transmissions.
NECESSITY
1.VARATIONS OF RESISTENCE TO VEHICLE MOTION AT VARIOUS SPEED.
2.VARATIONS OF TRACTIVE EFFECT IF THE VEHICLE AT VARIOUS SPEED.
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8. SYNCROMESH GEAR BOX
This type is similer to constant mesh type in that all gear on the main shaft are in constant mesh
with gears on lay shaft .Its working is similar to constant mesh type .This is provision of
synchromesh device which avid necessity of double declutch.The parts which are to be engaged
are fist brought into contact whih equalize their speed.
This fig. shows const. of a synchomesh gear box .In most of cars synchromesh device are not
fitted ta all gear. They are fitted on high gear &low&reverse gear .This is done to reduce the
gear.The fig 2 shows is the engine shaft. Thus all the gears on the main shaft continue to rotate
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9. IGNITION COIL:
It operates all conventional principal of secondary voltage generated by induction however
primary current is trigged by an electronic cct. on ECM which also maintain constant dwell time
the engine operating condition ]
It is located above the thermostat housing to hav shortest possible length for HTC. to connect
spark plug.
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10. FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM:
The function of this is to inject proper quantity of fuel into engine cylinder at correct time in the
solid injection system only liquid fuel is injected &reqd. air compressor for suppling air at 7 mp
TWO TYPES OF INJECTION SYSTEM ARE USED :
1.common rail fuel
2.individual pump fuel
FUEL INJECTOR:
An ECU controlled solenoid operated injector on dicor which injects the fuel as &when reqd
Always check level on injector for its identiy.
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