Foundations for self-organization long v5
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This is the long (first) version of my self-organization talk that I held at Software Passion Summit 2012. This then evolved into the more condensed and focused version
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Foundations for self-organization long v5
- 1. Foundations for Self-Organization @svante_lidman svante@ivarjacobson.com svante.lidman@gmail.com selforgteam.blogspot.com www.ivarjacobson.com http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fugle,_%C3%B8rns%C3%B8_073.jpg 1 I no longer work here.
- 2. Licensing of this presentation The art work in this presentation is licensed under the terms defined by each respective source as indicated on each respective slide. If no source is given, then the artwork is in the public domain. Trademarks and books, depicted in the presentation are owned by the respective tradmark owner are only included for reference purposes and is not in any way an endorsement of the presentation contents. If you make use of this material in whole or part, you should clearly state the source. All original art work and the presentation as such is is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en 2
- 3. Why this talk? Self-organizing Teams? 3
- 4. • Countless blog items, articles, papers... • Ph D Thesis: Self-Organizing Teams a Grounded Theory 4
- 6. 1. Why do we want self-organizing teams? 2. Complexity Science - A possible misconception 3. Intelligent agents 4. People 5. Psychology 6. Goals, Planning and Governance 7. The Research 8. My GUT of Self-Organization 6
- 7. Why do we want self-organizing teams? 7
- 8. A team is a group of people with complementary talents and skills, aligned to a common purpose. 8
- 9. It is a Powerful Management Strategy • End-to-end ownership Motivation Higher quality results • Local decision making Adaptability Results more fit for purpose • No hand-overs Reduced time-to-market 9
- 10. Guidance on Self-Organization • Don’t assign roles • Don’t assign leadership • Don’t assign tasks • Don’t say how 10 http://http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola_alternate.svg
- 11. Complexity Science - A possible misconception 11
- 12. Complex Adaptive System (Definition from Wikipedia) • Complex, dynamic network of interactions and relationships • Adaptive as behavior changes as a result of experience • Key Principles – Self-Organization – Emergence 12
- 15. The Trap • We want self-organizing teams • Groups of people left on their own show emergent behavior • Hence you can understand a self-organizing team as a complex adaptive system...or? 15 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schlagfalle-Kunststoff-Maus.jpg
- 16. Intelligent Agents 16
- 17. Agent What the world Sensors is like now Percepts Environment What action Condition- I should do Actuators action rules Actions now? 17 Simple Reflex Agent Svante Lidman
- 18. Agent What the world State Sensors is like now Percepts How the world evolves What my actions do Environment What action Condition- I should do Actuators action rules Actions now? 18 Agent with State Svante Lidman
- 19. Agent What the world State Sensors is like now Percepts How the world evolves What my actions do Environment What it will be like if I do action A What action Goals I should do Actuators now? Actions 19 Agent with Explicit Goal Svante Lidman
- 20. Agent What the world State Sensors is like now Percepts How the world evolves What my actions do Environment What it will be like if I do action A How happy will I Utility be then? What action I should do Actuators now? Actions 20 Utility –based Agent Svante Lidman
- 21. Agent Protocol Agent A Percepts Actions Agent B Percepts Environment Actions Agent C Percepts Actions Multi AgentSystem 21 Svante Lidman
- 22. What agents need to self-organize 1. Knowledge and Learning – About the environment – About goals and utility – About how to do the job – or how to learn it 2. Communication – Shared ontology 3. Decision Making 22
- 23. People 23
- 25. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Descartes_mind_and_body.gif 25 http://www.oddee.com/item_96602.aspx
- 26. Psychology Motivation Group Dynamics http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carrot_and_stick_motivation.svg 26 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hands_4_Holding.jpg
- 27. Motivation 27
- 29. Competence Autonomy Relatedness Self- Determination Theory Self-Determination Theory, Deci and Ryan 29 Svante Lidman
- 30. Group Dynamics 30
- 31. Inclusion Disagreement Trust and and Work Termination and structure safety conflict Dependency Counterdependency Mutual Dependency Focus on relations Focus on work Susan Wheelan, Integrated Model of Group Development 31 Svante Lidman
- 32. Goals, Planning, Decision Making, Governance 32
- 33. SMART is not always Smart • Useless goals – Maximize shareholder value – Increase market share X % – Customer satisfaction to increase X % – Productivity to increase X % • A useful goal should energize people and be a guiding star helping teams to self-organize – Commanders intent – the why – End state – the desired effect – The main effort – the most important what 33 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basketball_Goal.jpg
- 34. Examples of useful goals 34
- 35. Planning, Decisions, Governance • More important when you scale up • Planning at the right level, with the right detail, at the right time – Common backlog – Roadmaps – Focus areas for different teams – Clear sprint objective – main effort • Decisions – Decisions at the right level at the right time • Governance – Peer to peer coordination – Continuous integration is a kind of coordination – Guardianship 35 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Wall.JPG
- 36. The Research 36
- 37. Self-Organizing Agile Teams: A Grounded Theory Rashina Hoda Doctoral Thesis: Victoria University of Wellington 37 http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/1617/thesis.pdf
- 38. Balance • Freedom vs Responsibility • Specialization vs Generalization • Learning vs Delivery • Centralization vs Decentralization • Risk of Failure vs Urge to Succeed • Planning vs Improvisation • Analysis vs Action 38 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balance_%C3%A0_tabac_1850.JPG
- 39. Summing it up... 39
- 40. My GUT of Self-Organization 1. Knowledge and Learning – About the environment – About goals and utility – About how to do the job – or how to learn it 2. Communication – Shared ontology 3. Actionability – Planning – Decision making – Asynchronuous governance 4. Motivation 5. Group Dynamics – Relationships – Shared memes 6. Balance 40
- 41. Thank You! @svante_lidman svante@ivarjacobson.com svante.lidman@gmail.com selforgteam.blogspot.com www.ivarjacobson.com I no longer work here. 41
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- 45. Self-Organization (Definition from Wikipedia) Self-organization is the process where a structure or pattern appears without a central authority or external element imposing it through planning. This appears from the local interaction of the elements that make up the system, thus the organization is achieved in a way that is parallel and distributed. 48
- 46. Emergence (Definition from Wikipedia) Emergence is the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions. 49
- 47. Complex Adaptive Systems (Definition from Wikipedia) • The number of elements is sufficiently large that conventional descriptions are impractical • … • Elements in the system are ignorant of the behavior of the system as a whole, responding only to what is available to it locally • … 50
- 48. Complication 51
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- 52. 55
- 53. Goals 56
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- 58. But...There is a Catch 61
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Editor's Notes
- The number of elements is sufficiently large that conventional descriptions are impractical…Elements in the system are ignorant of the behavior of the system as a whole, responding only to what is available to it locallySelf Organization - Self-organization is the process where a structure or pattern appears without a central authority or external element imposing it through planning. This appears from the local interaction of the elements that make up the system, thus the organization is achieved in a way that is parallel and distributed. Emergence is the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions.
- Self determination Theory, Dece RyanAutonomy, Competence, RelatednessDan Pink ripped that off to write the book Drive and relabled it to Autonomy, Mastery Purpose and probably made a million bucks on it.Autonomy, Mastery, and Purpose
- The first stage of group development (dependency and inclusion) is characterized by significant member dependency on thedesignated leader, concerns about safety, and inclusion issues. Inthis stage, members rely on the leader and powerful group membersto provide direction. Team members may engage in what has beencalled “pseudo-work,” such as exchanging stories about outsideactivities or other topics that are not relevant to group goals.The second stage of group development is referred to as a periodof counterdependency and fight. At this stage, members disagreeamong themselves about group goals and procedures. Conflict is aninevitable part of this process. The group’s task at Stage 2 is todevelop a unified set of goals, values, and operational procedures,and this task inevitably generates some conflict. Conflict also isnecessary for the establishment of trust and a climate in whichmembers feel free to disagree with each other.If the group manages to work through the inevitable conflicts ofStage 2, member trust, commitment to the group, and willingnessto cooperate increase. Communication becomes more open andtask-oriented. This third stage of group development, referred to asthe trust and structure stage, is characterized by more mature negotiations about roles, organization, and procedures. It is also a timein which members work to solidify positive working relationshipswith each other.As its name implies, the fourth, or work, stage of group development is a time of intense team productivity and effectiveness.Having resolved many of the issues of the previous stages, thegroup can focus most of its energy on goal achievement and taskaccomplishment.Groups that have a distinct ending point experience a fifth stage.Impending termination may cause disruption and conflict in somegroups. In other groups, separation issues are addressed, and members’ appreciation of each other and the group experience may beexpressed.http://www.grupputveckling.se/index.php?p=IMGDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_development#Wheelan.E2.80.99s_Integrated_Model_of_Group_DevelopmentKanskekulturhamnarhär.
- Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Timebound
- Freedom vs ResponsibilitySpecialization vs GeneralizationLearning vs DeliveryMentor that guides and supports the team initially, helps them becomeconfident in their use of Agile methods, ensures continued adherenceto Agile methods, and encourages the development of self-organizingpractices in the team. Co-ordinatorwho acts as a representative of the team to co-ordinatecustomer collaboration with the team and manage customer expecta-tions.Translator that understands and translates between the business lan-guage used by customers and the technical terminology used by theteam, in an eort to improve communication between the two.Champion that champions the Agile cause with the senior managementwithin their organization in order to gain support for the self-organizingAgile team.Promoter that promotes Agile with customers in an attempt to securetheir involvement and collaboration to support the ecient functioningof the self-organizing Agile team.Terminator that identifies team members threatening the proper func-tioning and productivity of the self-organizing Agile team and engagessenior management support in removing such members from the team.
- In theory, an ontology is a "formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation".[1] An ontology renders shared vocabulary andtaxonomy which models a domain with the definition of objects and/or concepts and their properties and relations.[2]The meme, analogous to a gene, was conceived as a "unit of culture" (an idea, belief, pattern of behaviour, etc.) which is "hosted" in one or more individual minds, and which can reproduce itself, thereby jumping from mind to mind. Thus what would otherwise be regarded as one individual influencing another to adopt a belief is seen—when adopting the intentional stance[1][2]—as an idea-replicator reproducing itself in a new host. As with genetics, particularly under a Dawkinsian interpretation, a meme's success may be due to its contribution to the effectiveness of its host.It may be that culture should be a separate one here and that memes falls under it.
- The artwork on the closing slide is from a Japanese Anime TV show called: ”Ghost in the Shell – Stand Alone Complex”, where ”Stand alone complex” means (according to Wikipedia)Stand Alone Complex (スタンド・アローン・コンプレックス, Sutando Arōn Konpurekkusu?) eventually came to represent a phenomenon where unrelated, yet very similar actions of individuals create a seemingly concerted effort.A Stand Alone Complex can be compared to the emergentcopycat behavior that often occurs after incidents such as serial murders or terrorist attacks. An incident catches the public's attention and certain types of people "get on the bandwagon", so to speak. It is particularly apparent when the incident appears to be the result of well-known political or religious beliefs, but it can also occur in response to intense media attention. For example, a mere fire, no matter the number of deaths, is just a garden variety tragedy. However, if the right kind of people begin to believe it was arson, caused by deliberate action, the threat that more arsons will be committed increases drastically.What separates the Stand Alone Complex from normal copycat behavior is that there is no real originator of the copied action, but merely a rumor or an illusion that supposedly performed the copied action. There may be real people who are labeled as the originator, but in reality, no one started the original behavior. And in Stand Alone Complex, the facade just has to exist in the minds of the public. In other words, a potential copycat just has to believe the copied behavior happened from an originator-when it really did not. The result is an epidemic of copied behavior having a net effect of purpose. One could say that the Stand Alone Complex is mass hysteria over nothing-yet causing an overall change in social structure.This is not unlike the concepts of memes (refer to the conversation between the major and the Puppet Master in the manga) and second-order simulacra. It also has ties to social theory, as illustrated in the work of Frederic Jameson and Masachi Osawa.
- This is a
- Zombie argument, David Chalmers
- Say something about Human Systems Dynamics here.
- Tempo: Tempo as illustrated by John Boyd's OODA loop.Schwerpunkt (focal point): The center of effort, or striking the enemy at the right place at the right time. According to vanCreveld, ideally, a spot that is both vital and weakly defended.Surprise: based on deception.Combined armsFlexibility: According to VanCreveld flexibility means a military must be well rounded, self contained and redundant.Decentralized command: Rapid changing situations may out pace communications. Lower levels must understand overall intent.
- Tempo: Tempo as illustrated by John Boyd's OODA loop.Schwerpunkt (focal point): The center of effort, or striking the enemy at the right place at the right time. According to vanCreveld, ideally, a spot that is both vital and weakly defended.Surprise: based on deception.Combined armsFlexibility: According to VanCreveld flexibility means a military must be well rounded, self contained and redundant.Decentralized command: Rapid changing situations may out pace communications. Lower levels must understand overall intent.
- Alla neuron är dock uppbyggda på samma sätt. De har en eller flera dendriter som tar emot nervsignaler, en cellkärna "soma" i mitten samt ett axon som skickar ut nervsignaler. Nervsignalen består av en elektrisk impuls som fortplantar sig genom nervcellerna genom aktionspotentialer. När en aktionspotential anländer till den bortre änden av axonen (presynaptisk terminal), överförs signalen på kemisk väg genom att neurotransmittorerfrisläpps. Dessa neurotransmittorer binder till receptorer på dendriten och ger eventuellt upphov till en aktionspotential i nästa neuron. På detta sätt sker informationsbearbetningen i hjärnan och ger upphov till det komplexa beteende som människor och andra djur uppvisar.