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Linking Agricultural Practices
to Water Quality Improvement
William Crumpton & Matt Helmers
Iowa State University
 Performance of in-field practices
 NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
 Wetlands intercepting NPS loads
 Watershed scale outcomes
Linking Agricultural Practices to
Water Quality Improvement:
[N]
N Response Curves
N Application Rate
( function of practices)
Practices by field
Water Yield by field
(also yield, for economic analyses)
Established based on
experimental field studies
Established based on GIS
coverages and survey data
Estimated based on
observed flows,
precipitation, etc. and
semi-empirical models
N yield by field
[N] by field
Predicted load at
watershed outlet
Observed load at
watershed outlet
Estimated as
 𝑵 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅𝒔
Calculated based on close
interval monitoring of
flows and concentrations
Comparison of predicted and observed load for
1) Validation and error estimation
2) Iterative improvement of approach/tool
3) Establishing capabilities and limitations of approach/tool
(IDALS and INRC)
(Iowa Corn Promotion Board
and USDA)
(IDALS and USDA NIFA)
(IDALS and INRC)
(IDALS, INRC, and USDA-NRCS)
Conceptual Framework
Plot Scale Research Facilities
Delivery Scale Monitoring Sites
Plot Scale Research Facilities
 Performance of in-field practices
 NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
 Wetlands intercepting NPS loads
 Watershed scale outcomes
Linking Agricultural Practices to
Water Quality Improvement:
Field scale reflects processes and practices but
may not reflect actual delivery to streams
Field scale reflects processes and practices but
may not reflect actual delivery to streams
Field to stream
transport
Larger scales reflect combination of
delivery and in-stream processes
Field scale reflects processes and practices but
may not reflect actual delivery to streams
Field to stream
transport
Larger scales reflect combination of
delivery and in-stream processes
Field scale reflects processes and practices but
may not reflect actual delivery to streams
Field to stream
transport
In-stream
processes
Larger scales reflect combination of
delivery and in-stream processes
This scale reflects nutrient load
actually delivered to stream
Field scale reflects processes and practices but
may not reflect actual delivery to streams
Field to stream
transport
In-stream
processes
Monitoring sites instrumented
for close interval sampling and
flow measurement
 Performance of in-field practices
 NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
 Wetlands intercepting NPS loads
 Watershed scale outcomes
Linking Agricultural Practices to
Water Quality Improvement:
Nitrate and Total Phosphorus: Yields and flow-weighted average concentrations
versus rank order
Minimums: FWA NO3=3.32, NO3 yld=2.3, FWA TP=39, TP yld=0.043.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30FWANitrateConcentration
(mgNL-1)
Nitrate and Total Phosphorus: Yields and flow-weighted average concentrations
versus rank order
Minimums: FWA NO3=3.32, NO3 yld=2.3, FWA TP=39, TP yld=0.043.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30FWANitrateConcentration
(mgNL-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
FWATotalPhosphorus
Concentration(ppb)
Nitrate and Total Phosphorus: Yields and flow-weighted average concentrations
versus rank order
Minimums: FWA NO3=3.32, NO3 yld=2.3, FWA TP=39, TP yld=0.043.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30FWANitrateConcentration
(mgNL-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NitrateYield
(kgNha-1yr-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
FWATotalPhosphorus
Concentration(ppb)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
TotalPhosphorusYield
(kgha-1yr-1)
Nitrate and Total Phosphorus: Yields and flow-weighted average concentrations
versus rank order
Minimums: FWA NO3=3.32, NO3 yld=2.3, FWA TP=39, TP yld=0.043.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30FWANitrateConcentration
(mgNL-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NitrateYield
(kgNha-1yr-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
FWATotalPhosphorus
Concentration(ppb)
Site
Average TN
Yield
(kg/ha/yr)
Average
Nitrate Yield
(kg N/ha)
Nitrate
percent of
TN
CLA1 27 26 98
PAL16 29 28 97
PAL11 37 36 96
POC2 37 37 98
PAL3 37 35 92
POC8 45 43 97
PAL5 48 46 94
PAL7 50 48 97
Average yields: Total nitrogen and nitrate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
CLA1 PAL16PAL11 POC2 PAL3 POC8 PAL5 PAL7
Concentration(mgN/L)
Average TN Yield
(kg/ha/yr)
Average Nitrate Yield
(kg N/ha)
y = 0.96x
R² = 0.99
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40 60
Nitrateyield(kgN/ha)
Total nitrogen yield (kg N/ha)
Average TP
Yield
(kg/ha/yr)
Average TRP
Yield
(kg/ha/yr)
TRP
percent of
TP
CLA1 0.46 0.36 78
PAL3 0.76 0.55 72
PAL5 0.73 0.49 67
PAL7 1.04 0.82 79
PAL11 0.88 0.75 85
PAL16 0.41 0.33 80
POC2 0.33 0.24 73
POC8 0.52 0.39 75
Average yields: Total phosphorus and total reactive phosphorus
 Wide range in N & P yields across systems having similar
land use, soils and drainage.
– How much of this variation can be attributed to in field management?
 Very large annual variation in N & P loads
– What are implications for load reduction targets?
 Tile drains deliver much higher P loads to streams than
previously thought based on plot scale research.
 Surface runoff contributes only about half of the total P load
in these tile drained landscapes.
– Practices that target surface runoff will have less effect on P loads than
expected.
NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
 Wide range in N & P yields across systems having similar
land use, soils and drainage.
– How much of this variation can be attributed to in field management?
 Very large annual variation in N & P loads
– What are implications for load reduction targets?
 Tile drains deliver much higher P loads to streams than
previously thought based on plot scale research.
 Surface runoff contributes only about half of the total P load
in these tile drained landscapes.
– Practices that target surface runoff will have less effect on P loads than
expected.
NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
 Wide range in N & P yields across systems having similar
land use, soils and drainage.
– How much of this variation can be attributed to in field management?
 Very large annual variation in N & P loads
– What are implications for load reduction targets?
 Tile drains deliver much higher P loads to streams than
previously thought based on plot scale research.
 Surface runoff contributes only about half of the total P load
in these tile drained landscapes.
– Practices that target surface runoff will have less effect on P loads than
expected.
NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
 Wide range in N & P yields across systems having similar
land use, soils and drainage.
– How much of this variation can be attributed to in field management?
 Very large annual variation in N & P loads
– What are implications for load reduction targets?
 Tile drains deliver much higher P loads to streams than
previously thought based on plot scale research.
 Surface runoff contributes only about half of the total P load
in these tile drained landscapes.
– Practices that target surface runoff will have less effect on P loads than
expected.
NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
 Wide range in N & P yields across systems having similar
land use, soils and drainage.
– How much of this variation can be attributed to in field management?
 Very large annual variation in N & P loads
– What are implications for load reduction targets?
 Tile drains deliver much higher P loads to streams than
previously thought based on plot scale research.
 Surface runoff contributes only about half of the total P load
in these tile drained landscapes.
– Practices that target surface runoff will have less effect on P loads than
expected.
NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
 Performance of in-field practices
 NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
 Wetlands intercepting NPS loads
 Watershed scale outcomes
Linking Agricultural Practices to
Water Quality Improvement:
Corn
Soybean
1 km
Targeted Wetland Restoration
DD Tile
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
There is considerable interest in using wetlands to intercept and
reduce nitrogen loads in tile drained landscapes.
Organic N
Soil bound NH4
+
NH4
+
N transformation in wetlands
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
NO3
-
Organic N
Soil bound NH4
+
NH4
+
N transformation in wetlands
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
NO3
-
Organic N
Soil bound NH4
+
NH4
+
N2
N transformation in wetlands
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
NO3
-
External NO3
- Loading
Organic N
Soil bound NH4
+
NH4
+
Fate of NPS nitrate loads in wetlands
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
NO3
-
External NO3
- Loading
DenitrificationOrganic N
Soil bound NH4
+
NH4
+
N2
Fate of NPS nitrate loads in wetlands
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Wetlands were chosen to ensure a
broad range in factors expected to
affect N loss rates, including:
Nitrate concentration
Hydraulic loading rate
Nitrate loading rate
Sites for Wetland Performance Monitoring
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Wetlands were chosen to ensure a
broad range in factors expected to
affect N loss rates, including:
0
5
10
15
20
FWAnitrate-Nconc.(mg/L)
Rank order: Low to high Nitrate concentration
Hydraulic loading rate
Nitrate loading rate
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Wetlands were chosen to ensure a
broad range in factors expected to
affect N loss rates, including:
0
5
10
15
20
FWAnitrate-Nconc.(mg/L)
Rank order: Low to high
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Hydraulicloadingrate
(averagem/day)
Rank order: Low to high
Nitrate concentration
Hydraulic loading rate
Nitrate loading rate
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Wetlands were chosen to ensure a
broad range in factors expected to
affect N loss rates, including:
0
5
10
15
20
FWAnitrate-Nconc.(mg/L)
Rank order: Low to high
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Hydraulicloadingrate
(averagem/day)
Rank order: Low to high
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Nitrate-Nload(kg/ha)
Rank order: Low to high
Nitrate concentration
Hydraulic loading rate
Nitrate loading rate
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Field sites instrumented for
automated sampling and flow
measurement
Monitoring of Wetland Performance
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1
)
0
10000
20000
30000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
AL Wetland
2007
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
Inflow(m3d-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1
)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
BG Wetland
2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1
)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
DJ Wetland
2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1
)
0
40000
80000
120000
160000
Inflow(m3
d-1
)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
ND Wetland
2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1
)
0
40000
80000
120000
160000
200000
Inflow(m3
d-1
)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
JR Wetland
2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1
)
0
40000
80000
120000
160000
200000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
VH Wetland
2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1
)
0
40000
80000
120000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
HS North Wetland
2007
0
40000
80000
120000
160000
200000
Inflow(m3d-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mg/L)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
HM Wetland
2006
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
Inflow(m3d-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1)
UML Wetland
2004
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
Inflow(m3d-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
TI Wetland
2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1
)
0
40000
80000
120000
160000
200000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
KS Wetland
2008
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1
)
0
10000
20000
30000
Inflow(m3d-1)Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
DS Wetland
2008
Examples from 2007 to 2009 monitoring
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Residence
time
Longer
Shorter
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Residence
time
Longer
Shorter
Hydraulic
Loading
Rate
Lower
Greater
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Mass loss kg ha-1 yr-1
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
 Performance of in-field practices
 NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
 Wetlands intercepting NPS loads
 Watershed scale outcomes
Linking Agricultural Practices to
Water Quality Improvement:
 Wetland Siting and Design for Watershed
Scale Endpoints
 Potential Load Reductions from Wetland
Restoration and N Management in Iowa
Targeting Wetland Restorations to
Reduce NPS N loads
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Wetland Siting and Design for
Watershed Scale Endpoints
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Tile
Upland Depression
Upland Non-hydric
Upland Swale
Lowland Drainageway
Soils by Landscape Position
Legend
Total Load
50 metric tons

Annual Nitrate Budget
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Tile
Upland Depression
Upland Non-hydric
Upland Swale
Lowland Drainageway
Soils by Landscape Position
Legend
Loss in Ditch and Stream
1.6 metric tons
Exported
48.4 metric tons

Annual Nitrate Budget
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Tile
Upland Depression
Upland Non-hydric
Upland Swale
Lowland Drainageway
Soils by Landscape Position
Legend
Upslope
sites
Loss in Ditch and Stream
1.6 metric tons
Exported
48.4 metric tons

Annual Nitrate Budget
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Tile
Upland Depression
Upland Non-hydric
Upland Swale
Lowland Drainageway
Soils by Landscape Position
Legend
Loss in Ditch and Stream
1.6 metric tons
Exported
46.5 metric tons
Loss in Wetlands
1.9 metric tons

Annual Nitrate Budget
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Upslope
sites
Tile
Upland Depression
Upland Non-hydric
Upland Swale
Lowland Drainageway
Soils by Landscape Position
Legend
Downslope
sites
Loss in Ditch and Stream
1.6 metric tons
Exported
46.5 metric tons
Loss in Wetlands
1.9 metric tons

Annual Nitrate Budget
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Upslope
sites
Tile
Upland Depression
Upland Non-hydric
Upland Swale
Lowland Drainageway
Soils by Landscape Position
Legend
Loss in Ditch and Stream
1.6 metric tons
Loss in Wetlands
17 metric tons
Exported
29.8 metric tons
Loss in Ditch and Stream
1.6 metric tons
Exported
46.5 metric tons
Loss in Wetlands
1.9 metric tons

Annual Nitrate Budget
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Upslope
sites
Tile
Upland Depression
Upland Non-hydric
Upland Swale
Lowland Drainageway
Soils by Landscape Position
Legend
Downslope
sites
 Wetland Siting and Design for Watershed
Scale Endpoints
 Potential Load Reductions from Wetland
Restoration and N Management in Iowa
Targeting Wetland Restorations to
Reduce NPS N loads
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
 Nitrate concentration and loads
 Potential load reductions from
improved N management
 Potential load reductions from
targeted wetland restoration
Potential Load Reductions from Wetland
Restoration and N Management in Iowa
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Nitrate Concentrations and Loads with Existing N Management
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Nitrate Concentrations and Loads with Existing N Management
Nitrate Concentrations and Loads with MRTN Based N Management
Water yield grid
Nitrate yield grid
and loss function
Nitrate loss gridgenerate
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Estimating Potential Nitrate Loss in Wetlands
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Nitrate Loads & Potential Loss in Wetlands with Existing N Management
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Nitrate Loads & Potential Loss in Wetlands with Existing N Management
Nitrate Load & Potential Loss in Wetlands with MRTN Based N Management
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
45% mass reduction
Potential N Reduction in Wetlands with Existing N Management
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
45% mass reduction
Reduction due to
Fertilizer Management
Potential N Reduction in Wetlands with MRTN based N Management
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
45% mass reduction
Reduction due to
Fertilizer Management
Potential N Reduction in Wetlands with MRTN based N Management
[N]
N Response Curves
N Application Rate
( function of practices)
Practices by field
Water Yield by field
(also yield, for economic analyses)
Established based on
experimental field studies
Established based on GIS
coverages and survey data
Estimated based on
observed flows,
precipitation, etc. and
semi-empirical models
N yield by field
[N] by field
Predicted load at
watershed outlet
Observed load at
watershed outlet
Estimated as
 𝑵 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅𝒔
Calculated based on close
interval monitoring of
flows and concentrations
Comparison of predicted and observed load for
1) Validation and error estimation
2) Iterative improvement of approach/tool
3) Establishing capabilities and limitations of approach/tool
(IDALS and INRC)
(Iowa Corn Promotion Board
and USDA)
(IDALS and USDA NIFA)
(IDALS and INRC)
(IDALS, INRC, and USDA-NRCS)
Conceptual Framework
Iowa State University Wetlands Research Lab:
W. Crumpton, A. van der Valk, T. Jurik
G. Stenback, J. Stenback, S. Fisher,
D. Green, I. Ellickson, C. Judge, S. McDeid, H. Hoglund,
K. Halpin, A. Albertson, M. Baalman, J. Eeling
Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
US Department of Agriculture
US Environmental Protection Agency
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Observed Nitrate concentrations and flow rates
for Van Horn Wetland in 2004
Van Horn Wetland
Monitoring of Wetland Performance
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-N(mgL-1
)
0
40000
80000
120000
160000
200000
Inflow(m3d-1)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
VH Wetland
2007
W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
Flow
Observed inflow nitrate-N concentration
Observed outflow nitrate-N concentration
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Van Horn 2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
Nitrate-Nconcentrationmgl-1
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
flowm3day-1
Observed Nitrate concentrations and flow rates
for Van Horn Wetland in 2004
Van Horn Wetland
Monitoring of Wetland Performance
Wetland Monitoring Sites
Plot Scale Research Facilities

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Crumpton - Linking Agriculture Practices to Water Quality Improvement

  • 1. Linking Agricultural Practices to Water Quality Improvement William Crumpton & Matt Helmers Iowa State University
  • 2.  Performance of in-field practices  NPS N & P loads delivered to streams  Wetlands intercepting NPS loads  Watershed scale outcomes Linking Agricultural Practices to Water Quality Improvement:
  • 3. [N] N Response Curves N Application Rate ( function of practices) Practices by field Water Yield by field (also yield, for economic analyses) Established based on experimental field studies Established based on GIS coverages and survey data Estimated based on observed flows, precipitation, etc. and semi-empirical models N yield by field [N] by field Predicted load at watershed outlet Observed load at watershed outlet Estimated as  𝑵 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅𝒔 Calculated based on close interval monitoring of flows and concentrations Comparison of predicted and observed load for 1) Validation and error estimation 2) Iterative improvement of approach/tool 3) Establishing capabilities and limitations of approach/tool (IDALS and INRC) (Iowa Corn Promotion Board and USDA) (IDALS and USDA NIFA) (IDALS and INRC) (IDALS, INRC, and USDA-NRCS) Conceptual Framework
  • 4. Plot Scale Research Facilities
  • 5. Delivery Scale Monitoring Sites Plot Scale Research Facilities
  • 6.  Performance of in-field practices  NPS N & P loads delivered to streams  Wetlands intercepting NPS loads  Watershed scale outcomes Linking Agricultural Practices to Water Quality Improvement:
  • 7. Field scale reflects processes and practices but may not reflect actual delivery to streams
  • 8. Field scale reflects processes and practices but may not reflect actual delivery to streams Field to stream transport
  • 9. Larger scales reflect combination of delivery and in-stream processes Field scale reflects processes and practices but may not reflect actual delivery to streams Field to stream transport
  • 10. Larger scales reflect combination of delivery and in-stream processes Field scale reflects processes and practices but may not reflect actual delivery to streams Field to stream transport In-stream processes
  • 11. Larger scales reflect combination of delivery and in-stream processes This scale reflects nutrient load actually delivered to stream Field scale reflects processes and practices but may not reflect actual delivery to streams Field to stream transport In-stream processes
  • 12.
  • 13. Monitoring sites instrumented for close interval sampling and flow measurement
  • 14.  Performance of in-field practices  NPS N & P loads delivered to streams  Wetlands intercepting NPS loads  Watershed scale outcomes Linking Agricultural Practices to Water Quality Improvement:
  • 15. Nitrate and Total Phosphorus: Yields and flow-weighted average concentrations versus rank order Minimums: FWA NO3=3.32, NO3 yld=2.3, FWA TP=39, TP yld=0.043. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30FWANitrateConcentration (mgNL-1)
  • 16. Nitrate and Total Phosphorus: Yields and flow-weighted average concentrations versus rank order Minimums: FWA NO3=3.32, NO3 yld=2.3, FWA TP=39, TP yld=0.043. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30FWANitrateConcentration (mgNL-1) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 FWATotalPhosphorus Concentration(ppb)
  • 17. Nitrate and Total Phosphorus: Yields and flow-weighted average concentrations versus rank order Minimums: FWA NO3=3.32, NO3 yld=2.3, FWA TP=39, TP yld=0.043. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30FWANitrateConcentration (mgNL-1) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 NitrateYield (kgNha-1yr-1) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 FWATotalPhosphorus Concentration(ppb)
  • 18. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 TotalPhosphorusYield (kgha-1yr-1) Nitrate and Total Phosphorus: Yields and flow-weighted average concentrations versus rank order Minimums: FWA NO3=3.32, NO3 yld=2.3, FWA TP=39, TP yld=0.043. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30FWANitrateConcentration (mgNL-1) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 NitrateYield (kgNha-1yr-1) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 FWATotalPhosphorus Concentration(ppb)
  • 19. Site Average TN Yield (kg/ha/yr) Average Nitrate Yield (kg N/ha) Nitrate percent of TN CLA1 27 26 98 PAL16 29 28 97 PAL11 37 36 96 POC2 37 37 98 PAL3 37 35 92 POC8 45 43 97 PAL5 48 46 94 PAL7 50 48 97 Average yields: Total nitrogen and nitrate 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 CLA1 PAL16PAL11 POC2 PAL3 POC8 PAL5 PAL7 Concentration(mgN/L) Average TN Yield (kg/ha/yr) Average Nitrate Yield (kg N/ha) y = 0.96x R² = 0.99 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 Nitrateyield(kgN/ha) Total nitrogen yield (kg N/ha)
  • 20. Average TP Yield (kg/ha/yr) Average TRP Yield (kg/ha/yr) TRP percent of TP CLA1 0.46 0.36 78 PAL3 0.76 0.55 72 PAL5 0.73 0.49 67 PAL7 1.04 0.82 79 PAL11 0.88 0.75 85 PAL16 0.41 0.33 80 POC2 0.33 0.24 73 POC8 0.52 0.39 75 Average yields: Total phosphorus and total reactive phosphorus
  • 21.  Wide range in N & P yields across systems having similar land use, soils and drainage. – How much of this variation can be attributed to in field management?  Very large annual variation in N & P loads – What are implications for load reduction targets?  Tile drains deliver much higher P loads to streams than previously thought based on plot scale research.  Surface runoff contributes only about half of the total P load in these tile drained landscapes. – Practices that target surface runoff will have less effect on P loads than expected. NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
  • 22.  Wide range in N & P yields across systems having similar land use, soils and drainage. – How much of this variation can be attributed to in field management?  Very large annual variation in N & P loads – What are implications for load reduction targets?  Tile drains deliver much higher P loads to streams than previously thought based on plot scale research.  Surface runoff contributes only about half of the total P load in these tile drained landscapes. – Practices that target surface runoff will have less effect on P loads than expected. NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
  • 23.  Wide range in N & P yields across systems having similar land use, soils and drainage. – How much of this variation can be attributed to in field management?  Very large annual variation in N & P loads – What are implications for load reduction targets?  Tile drains deliver much higher P loads to streams than previously thought based on plot scale research.  Surface runoff contributes only about half of the total P load in these tile drained landscapes. – Practices that target surface runoff will have less effect on P loads than expected. NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
  • 24.  Wide range in N & P yields across systems having similar land use, soils and drainage. – How much of this variation can be attributed to in field management?  Very large annual variation in N & P loads – What are implications for load reduction targets?  Tile drains deliver much higher P loads to streams than previously thought based on plot scale research.  Surface runoff contributes only about half of the total P load in these tile drained landscapes. – Practices that target surface runoff will have less effect on P loads than expected. NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
  • 25.  Wide range in N & P yields across systems having similar land use, soils and drainage. – How much of this variation can be attributed to in field management?  Very large annual variation in N & P loads – What are implications for load reduction targets?  Tile drains deliver much higher P loads to streams than previously thought based on plot scale research.  Surface runoff contributes only about half of the total P load in these tile drained landscapes. – Practices that target surface runoff will have less effect on P loads than expected. NPS N & P loads delivered to streams
  • 26.  Performance of in-field practices  NPS N & P loads delivered to streams  Wetlands intercepting NPS loads  Watershed scale outcomes Linking Agricultural Practices to Water Quality Improvement:
  • 27. Corn Soybean 1 km Targeted Wetland Restoration DD Tile W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University There is considerable interest in using wetlands to intercept and reduce nitrogen loads in tile drained landscapes.
  • 28. Organic N Soil bound NH4 + NH4 + N transformation in wetlands W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 29. NO3 - Organic N Soil bound NH4 + NH4 + N transformation in wetlands W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 30. NO3 - Organic N Soil bound NH4 + NH4 + N2 N transformation in wetlands W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 31. NO3 - External NO3 - Loading Organic N Soil bound NH4 + NH4 + Fate of NPS nitrate loads in wetlands W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 32. NO3 - External NO3 - Loading DenitrificationOrganic N Soil bound NH4 + NH4 + N2 Fate of NPS nitrate loads in wetlands W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 33. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Wetlands were chosen to ensure a broad range in factors expected to affect N loss rates, including: Nitrate concentration Hydraulic loading rate Nitrate loading rate Sites for Wetland Performance Monitoring
  • 34. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Wetlands were chosen to ensure a broad range in factors expected to affect N loss rates, including: 0 5 10 15 20 FWAnitrate-Nconc.(mg/L) Rank order: Low to high Nitrate concentration Hydraulic loading rate Nitrate loading rate
  • 35. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Wetlands were chosen to ensure a broad range in factors expected to affect N loss rates, including: 0 5 10 15 20 FWAnitrate-Nconc.(mg/L) Rank order: Low to high 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Hydraulicloadingrate (averagem/day) Rank order: Low to high Nitrate concentration Hydraulic loading rate Nitrate loading rate
  • 36. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Wetlands were chosen to ensure a broad range in factors expected to affect N loss rates, including: 0 5 10 15 20 FWAnitrate-Nconc.(mg/L) Rank order: Low to high 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Hydraulicloadingrate (averagem/day) Rank order: Low to high 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Nitrate-Nload(kg/ha) Rank order: Low to high Nitrate concentration Hydraulic loading rate Nitrate loading rate
  • 37. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Field sites instrumented for automated sampling and flow measurement Monitoring of Wetland Performance
  • 38. 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1 ) 0 10000 20000 30000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AL Wetland 2007 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 Inflow(m3d-1) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1 ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec BG Wetland 2007 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1 ) 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec DJ Wetland 2007 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1 ) 0 40000 80000 120000 160000 Inflow(m3 d-1 ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ND Wetland 2007 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1 ) 0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000 Inflow(m3 d-1 ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec JR Wetland 2007 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1 ) 0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec VH Wetland 2007 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1 ) 0 40000 80000 120000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec HS North Wetland 2007 0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000 Inflow(m3d-1) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mg/L) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec HM Wetland 2006 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Inflow(m3d-1) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1) UML Wetland 2004 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Inflow(m3d-1) 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TI Wetland 2006 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1 ) 0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec KS Wetland 2008 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1 ) 0 10000 20000 30000 Inflow(m3d-1)Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec DS Wetland 2008 Examples from 2007 to 2009 monitoring W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 39. 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1) 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 40. 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1) 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Residence time Longer Shorter W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 41. 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1) 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Residence time Longer Shorter Hydraulic Loading Rate Lower Greater W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 42. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 43. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 44. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 45. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 46. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 47. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Mass loss kg ha-1 yr-1
  • 48. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 49.  Performance of in-field practices  NPS N & P loads delivered to streams  Wetlands intercepting NPS loads  Watershed scale outcomes Linking Agricultural Practices to Water Quality Improvement:
  • 50.  Wetland Siting and Design for Watershed Scale Endpoints  Potential Load Reductions from Wetland Restoration and N Management in Iowa Targeting Wetland Restorations to Reduce NPS N loads W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 51. Wetland Siting and Design for Watershed Scale Endpoints W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Tile Upland Depression Upland Non-hydric Upland Swale Lowland Drainageway Soils by Landscape Position Legend
  • 52. Total Load 50 metric tons Annual Nitrate Budget W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Tile Upland Depression Upland Non-hydric Upland Swale Lowland Drainageway Soils by Landscape Position Legend
  • 53. Loss in Ditch and Stream 1.6 metric tons Exported 48.4 metric tons Annual Nitrate Budget W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Tile Upland Depression Upland Non-hydric Upland Swale Lowland Drainageway Soils by Landscape Position Legend
  • 54. Upslope sites Loss in Ditch and Stream 1.6 metric tons Exported 48.4 metric tons Annual Nitrate Budget W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Tile Upland Depression Upland Non-hydric Upland Swale Lowland Drainageway Soils by Landscape Position Legend
  • 55. Loss in Ditch and Stream 1.6 metric tons Exported 46.5 metric tons Loss in Wetlands 1.9 metric tons Annual Nitrate Budget W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Upslope sites Tile Upland Depression Upland Non-hydric Upland Swale Lowland Drainageway Soils by Landscape Position Legend
  • 56. Downslope sites Loss in Ditch and Stream 1.6 metric tons Exported 46.5 metric tons Loss in Wetlands 1.9 metric tons Annual Nitrate Budget W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Upslope sites Tile Upland Depression Upland Non-hydric Upland Swale Lowland Drainageway Soils by Landscape Position Legend
  • 57. Loss in Ditch and Stream 1.6 metric tons Loss in Wetlands 17 metric tons Exported 29.8 metric tons Loss in Ditch and Stream 1.6 metric tons Exported 46.5 metric tons Loss in Wetlands 1.9 metric tons Annual Nitrate Budget W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Upslope sites Tile Upland Depression Upland Non-hydric Upland Swale Lowland Drainageway Soils by Landscape Position Legend Downslope sites
  • 58.  Wetland Siting and Design for Watershed Scale Endpoints  Potential Load Reductions from Wetland Restoration and N Management in Iowa Targeting Wetland Restorations to Reduce NPS N loads W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 59.  Nitrate concentration and loads  Potential load reductions from improved N management  Potential load reductions from targeted wetland restoration Potential Load Reductions from Wetland Restoration and N Management in Iowa W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 60. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Nitrate Concentrations and Loads with Existing N Management
  • 61. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Nitrate Concentrations and Loads with Existing N Management Nitrate Concentrations and Loads with MRTN Based N Management
  • 62. Water yield grid Nitrate yield grid and loss function Nitrate loss gridgenerate W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Estimating Potential Nitrate Loss in Wetlands
  • 63. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Nitrate Loads & Potential Loss in Wetlands with Existing N Management
  • 64. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Nitrate Loads & Potential Loss in Wetlands with Existing N Management Nitrate Load & Potential Loss in Wetlands with MRTN Based N Management
  • 65. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University 45% mass reduction Potential N Reduction in Wetlands with Existing N Management
  • 66. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University 45% mass reduction Reduction due to Fertilizer Management Potential N Reduction in Wetlands with MRTN based N Management
  • 67. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University 45% mass reduction Reduction due to Fertilizer Management Potential N Reduction in Wetlands with MRTN based N Management
  • 68. [N] N Response Curves N Application Rate ( function of practices) Practices by field Water Yield by field (also yield, for economic analyses) Established based on experimental field studies Established based on GIS coverages and survey data Estimated based on observed flows, precipitation, etc. and semi-empirical models N yield by field [N] by field Predicted load at watershed outlet Observed load at watershed outlet Estimated as  𝑵 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅𝒔 Calculated based on close interval monitoring of flows and concentrations Comparison of predicted and observed load for 1) Validation and error estimation 2) Iterative improvement of approach/tool 3) Establishing capabilities and limitations of approach/tool (IDALS and INRC) (Iowa Corn Promotion Board and USDA) (IDALS and USDA NIFA) (IDALS and INRC) (IDALS, INRC, and USDA-NRCS) Conceptual Framework
  • 69. Iowa State University Wetlands Research Lab: W. Crumpton, A. van der Valk, T. Jurik G. Stenback, J. Stenback, S. Fisher, D. Green, I. Ellickson, C. Judge, S. McDeid, H. Hoglund, K. Halpin, A. Albertson, M. Baalman, J. Eeling Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship Iowa Department of Natural Resources US Department of Agriculture US Environmental Protection Agency W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 70.
  • 71. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 72. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University
  • 73. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Observed Nitrate concentrations and flow rates for Van Horn Wetland in 2004 Van Horn Wetland Monitoring of Wetland Performance 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-N(mgL-1 ) 0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000 Inflow(m3d-1) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec VH Wetland 2007
  • 74. W.G. Crumpton, Iowa State University Flow Observed inflow nitrate-N concentration Observed outflow nitrate-N concentration Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Van Horn 2004 0 5 10 15 20 25 Nitrate-Nconcentrationmgl-1 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 flowm3day-1 Observed Nitrate concentrations and flow rates for Van Horn Wetland in 2004 Van Horn Wetland Monitoring of Wetland Performance
  • 75. Wetland Monitoring Sites Plot Scale Research Facilities