September 1 - 0130 - Vinayak Shedekar
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11th International Drainage Symposium August 30-September 2, 2022 Des Moines, Iowa
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September 1 - 0130 - Vinayak Shedekar
- 1. Water and Nutrient Losses from long-term soil health systems Vinayak Shedekar Research Scientist, Dept. of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Will Osterholz Research Soil Scientist, USDA-ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit, Columbus, Ohio Michael Brooker, Nathan Stoltzfus, Chris McNabb, Will Osterholz, Margaret Kalcic, Jay Martin, Jed Stinner, Kevin King, Greg LaBarge
- 2. Michalak et al. 2013 NOAA Phosphorus Nitrogen SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT
- 3. Cover crops and no-till can improve soil health SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT
- 4. Cover crops and no-till can improve soil health? 2.3 2.7 3.7 3.0 4.3 0 1 2 3 4 5 CT noCC 2Yr CC 10Yr Hay LT CC LT CC SOM (%) WardLab A&Llab Biological Indicators 30 yr 45+ yr 30 yr 45+ yr Transitional Mature Transitional Mature SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT
- 5. 5 THEOHIOSTATEUNIVERSITYCOLLEGEOFFOOD,AGRICULTURAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALSCIENCES 3. Soil health, cover crops and water quality We know how soil health practices can improve soil health and profitability. But… “Good soil health” = “Good water quality”? How do cover crops affect water and P loss? Does it matter if the soil health systems are… • Mature vs Transitional? Can we scale-up soil health benefits to water quality at watershed scales?
- 6. Soil health and water quality nexus in sustainable agroecosystems OSU Vinayak Shedekar Nathan Stoltzfus Chris McNabb Mike Brooker Jay Martin Greg LaBarge Alan Sundermeier (Retired) Margaret Kalcic (University of Wisconsin) USDA-ARS Will Osterholz Kevin King Jed Stinner NCR SARE funded Research & Extension Grant (LNC20-439) SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT
- 7. 20 acres 31-37 ppm 28 acres STP 44-84ppm 68 acres STP 30-50ppm 30 acres STP 10-15ppm SJ DM MH DB SC Ohio NW Ohio Mermill/Haskins loam soil Bennington/Cardington silt loam soil Rawson/Haskins sandy loam and loam
- 8. Soil health assessment • Organic matter • C and N enzyme activity • Wet aggregate stability • POX-C • Soil Protein • Respiration • Haney soil health test • PLFA (microbes) SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT
- 9. SC Ohio – Organic matter (%) SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT DB MH
- 10. SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT NW Ohio – Organic matter (%) DM SJ
- 11. SC Ohio – Water stable aggregates SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT DB-T MH DB
- 12. Edge-of-field water quantity and quality monitoring Flow meter Automated water sampler Battery and heater H-flume V-notch weir Solar panel Rain gauge SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT
- 13. SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT Tile Drainage Surface Runoff DB MH
- 14. Total water discharge Jan. 2021 – Dec. 2021
- 15. THEOHIOSTATEUNIVERSITYCOLLEGEOFFOOD,AGRICULTURAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALSCIENCES Research About me NCR SARE funded Research & Extension Grant (LNC20-439) ~2 in./yr (~15% ) less water discharge 12 lb/acre/yr (~50%) less nitrate loss 0.05 lb/acre/yr (~25%) less dissolved P loss SH No SH SH No SH SH No SH Mature SH vs No SH Preliminary Results (2021) Does it matter if the soil health systems are… Mature vs Transitional vs under No SH Practices? 1 in = 2.54 cm 1lb/ac = 1.12 kg/ha
- 16. Total water discharge Jan. 2021 – Dec. 2021 LT Soil Health No SH practices LT Soil Health No SH practices 30 20 10 0 Water discharge (cm)
- 17. Tile Flow after 1.6 cm(0.6) in rainfall event (Mar. 12, 2021) 1,173 m3 945 m3 = 0.78 cm = 50% = 0.43 cm = 28% Flow rate (cfs) Rainfall (in)
- 18. Snowmelt-driven Surface Runoff (Feb 23-25, 2021) Feb. 23 Feb. 24 Feb. 25 Flow rate (ft3/s)
- 19. SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT Nitrate Concentrations Jan. 2021 – Dec. 2021 LT Soil Health Conventional LT Soil Health Conventional LT Soil Health Conventional LT Soil Health Conventional Nitrate Load (lbs/ac) 1lb/ac = 1.12 kg/ha
- 20. SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT Nitrate loads compared to USDA-ARS edge-of-field sites 1lb/ac = 1.12 kg/ha
- 21. SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT DRP Concentrations Jan. 2021 – Dec. 2021 LT Soil Health Conventional LT SH Conventional LT SH Conv. LT SH Conv. DRP Load (lbs/ac) 1lb/ac = 1.12 kg/ha
- 22. SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT DRP loads compared to USDA-ARS edge-of-field sites 1lb/ac = 1.12 kg/ha
- 23. SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT Total P Concentrations Jan. 2021 – Dec. 2021 LT Soil Health Conventional LT SH Conventional LT SH Conv. LT SH Conv. Total P Load (lbs/ac) 1lb/ac = 1.12 kg/ha
- 25. SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT Thanks to the cooperating farmers and OSU and ARS technicians!
- 26. Preliminary findings suggest that long-term soil health practices improve water quality: • Less volume of water discharge through both tile drainage and surface runoff • Lower DRP and TP losses, despite greater DRP and TP concentrations in surface runoff • Lower concentrations and losses of nitrate • For conclusive evidence … long-term monitoring is crucial SOIL DRAINAGE RESEARCH UNIT
- 27. THEOHIOSTATEUNIVERSITYCOLLEGEOFFOOD,AGRICULTURAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALSCIENCES Research About me NCR SARE funded Research & Extension Grant (LNC20-439) ~5 cm/yr (~15% ) less water discharge 13 kg/ha/yr (~50%) less nitrate loss 0.06 kg/ha/yr (~25%) less dissolved P loss SH No SH SH No SH SH No SH Mature SH vs No SH Preliminary Results (2021) Does it matter if the soil health systems are… Mature vs Transitional vs under No SH Practices?
- 28. Soil Health and Water Quality For more information contact Vinayak at: shedekar.1@osu.edu Will at: will.osterholz@usda.gov Funding support North Central Region SARE Research & Extension Grant Program North Central Region SARE Partnership Grant Program Healthy Soil Healthy Environment Extension Signature Program USDA-NIFA AFRI Foundational Science Program
Editor's Notes
- In Ohio the water quality conversation is dominated by phosphorus, and rightly so because P runoff from farms causes massive algae blooms in Lake Erie. However, the area we’re at today drains to the Gulf of Mexico, where the bigger concern is nitrate. So I’ll cover our bases and touch on both phosphorus and nitrogen losses today.
- There has been more and more research coming out showing that cover crops and no-till can improve soil health, especially when they’re combined. These practices are the core of regenerative ag systems
- These are some results from an earlier project (SARE partnership grant project with Alan Sundermeier, Vinayak Shedekar and Rafiq Islam) looking at a few indicators of soil health across a spectrum of soil health practices. Soil organic matter, the number soil property we look at when thinking about soil health. May take 10+ years to realize these benefits!
- Rainfall at DB = 0.59 inches DB1: Event samples start at <arch 11, 19 or 20hour, end at midnight – 5hour flow event Total Flow at DB1 = 6047.4 DB3: No runoff MH1: Event samples start at March 11, 19hour, end at midnight MH3:No runoff
- DB1 flows Feb. 22 to Feb. 23 MH1 (Tile): Flow starts Feb 22, 7AM and ends Feb. 23, 7pm DB3 flows from Feb. 23 at 9pm to Feb 23 at 1am MH3: Shows bottles – but no flow on Feb. 22 and 23. Starts flowing on Feb. 24, at 12noon, ends at Feb. 24, 10pm
- Cover crops are very effective for reducing nitrate concentrations and loads – we’ve seen this at other locations in Ohio, and researchers in other states have also found the same. While the concentration difference is important, it’s really the reduction in drainage that is the big driver of the load difference 10 ppm is the EPA drinking water advisory limit
- I wanted to put these losses in a bit of context, and luckily my ARS unit has a huge dataset of edge-of-field data from 40 fields in Ohio These USDA fields are all located in the northwest quadrant of the state, so there are some soils differences Point out these are averages of 4 to 9 years of monitoring, not an ideal comparison with one year of data but I think it’s still informative. We lucked out a bit in that 2021 was not an extreme high or low precipitation year. Now the layout of this graph is a little different, instead of having the surface and tile stacked they’re side-by-side Subsurface drainage accounts for about 90% of the annual NO3-N loss, similar to what we saw from DB and MH So based on just this one year of data DB would be right at the low end of what we see across this network, MH is more middle of the pack.
- We’ve seen in other sites that cover crops are associated with marginal increase in DRP concentrations in tile drainage It’s the reduction in discharge really driving the effect The line is at 0.05 ppm, the GLWQ Agreement target
- Subsurface drainage accounts for about 70% of the annual DRP loss Greatest P losses from fields have history of applying manure at N rates and have built up STP concentrations >300ppm and have applied P prior to large rain events