The document discusses interdisciplinary research using geographic information systems (GIS). It identifies challenges of interdisciplinary collaboration including collaborating with other disciplines, time constraints, and lack of opportunities. It provides solutions such as incentivizing research, establishing institutional structures, and building relationships. The document analyzes the top journals in various disciplines that discuss interdisciplinary GIS research. It finds emergency management and higher education have the most results, and interactions between groundwater and surface water is the most cited article. The document suggests non-formal and informal learning environments for adult learners from different disciplines learning GIS through interdisciplinary problems.