महाराष्ट्र कर्नाटक सीमाप्रश्न, बेळगाव कारवार निपाणी भालकी सीमाप्रश्न

1. qh;Mghhu,
f htuht, k[Ahhw`ld
pdwhmh[ihh fahr chj; ?

2. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
k'whzfa[r
yh;falhhj[ut[y fahMh nhgh
qh;Mghhu, pdwhmh[, Ghhdhw}t, f htuht, qh[zt, Qhhyf [kj rh'ihh qhhmhh pzYy[irh xh'n[s wht ghhtBs< jh chohutihh
k[AhhQhhghhsgh;Yrh49uLhh=whk}d QhMQhMscky;y[ohGhAhchohj[ k[Ahhuhpkrh'ihh puzhtf cd]Qhu chj;.
BkBkschj;. uKs]pKxhs[ihhku"Ku[puwrh"k f %dAhjhthLbPhyh pzYy[s CohUrh'whk}d nhUrh'wr=s chpmh d;AhKsh'whk}d
qh;khuZhghhBs1d<Uj;'qht1956t<oh[f; 'z`hd; AhthBAhh;Mhk[AhhQhhgh ohjhyh'wr=s ku"ihthohf [rpuihhth'd[k~hhUrupKxhsCwQh<ghy[,
Aj:k}tirh Hhlhhs Nf yyh™ f <mhs; k}!h, f <mhs; pdf Lh j<s; rh wmh k[Ahhuhpkrh'ih[ f mhu f] mhhyhih chy[ dhj[. f; Yrh ih]f [ih;
pdmh"rhAhhgh;ž AhthB[ QhhLhh u k'Kf_ s[ w`hmhwmhhd; ohwmhhTrh'dh, wptAhhoh"d f tmrhihh puihhtj[ k]ihmhht dhj[ clh[ f_ sHdsh
f DdnQhhLh;ih;k'uZh"d chpmhf Ddnk'Kf_ s[ihhpuf hkj[Cp‚LbR; pzYy[(uth'd[ wh'Hhty[ chj;. f; 'z`hirh rh pdpL• r f <ngh;wmhhAh]M;
kAh<tB;u}d pdpAh"y;YrhAj:k}t thorhsnh'qhmrhirhf_ s[ih; sf" k'ghs chohut kdzlh[t w`psf hthihh chgh`j ZhtmhhTrh'ih[ gh<ih[ Ohhy[
kAhxh"d cghz[ chohj[, 49 uLhh=d'st z;Gh[y k'qh'pZhsh'dh f tsh chj;. Ah<ih;", Ah;Mhu;, plhLbAh'nM;, Bthu chz['ihh puZh[AhhDr Ahhgh"
r;mhht dhj[. Ah]Mhs puf hu} u_~h[ih; kAhxh"d f tmhht st[ f k;ž f] ihf hAh[j<sh—f;' z`hyhghhugh]'nh'ih[pj'kf QhhLhhihcpZhf kAhohs;
Ahh!h rh Qhhupdf , d:psf w`(dhyh thohf htmhhihh t'gh ihNyh chpmh ck; AjmhmhhTrh'irh chuhohhyh choh k[AhhQhhghhs uohd yhQhs
AhNRhirhbhM}ut[yy<mrhirhgh<MRhkk<f huy;Yrhk~hhZh[lhh'd[ chj;. clhhih w`u_~h['dh ihih;"khB[ uhohsghhohs chAh'!hmh ‰hrih[
k[Ahhuhpkrh'dh c@htlh˜ f] ohuy;, knuy;. w`psf hthih[ QhhLhh, f; 'z`hih[chohutih[wt'wthchj;. OhhtGh'nwhk}d dhghhqh'nGh<th'wr=s
psirhku" cDurh'kjk[Ahhuhpkrh'dhkAhohs;. Ahh!hpzukhNuMRh ck'Gr Czhjtmh; z;sh r;s[y. k[AhhQhhghhsYrh AhthB[ Ahhmhkh'd[
chwy[kh'Kf_ psf chpmhQhhupdf y}bAhhtj<sckYrhih; whj}dj[ uKs]pKxhs[ihh puwrh"k f; yh dhj[. cYwAhshsYrh f Ddpnghh'dh
k[Ahhuhpkrh'd[ kdzlh[tih Ahhghh"d; w`psf ht f; yh. pj'kf , y@r f %d tFswhs Hhnuyh dhj[. Ahdghbhs tgh chpmh oh<lh
tFsyh'piIs w`psf hthih[ Qhhudh f; 'z`hyh chpmh f <ngrh ck}dj[ Ahz" AhthBRhd; lhK!h Cwky; dhj[ s; VuNRhkhB[ih f [,
k~hhZh[lhh'dhwbf dCAhghs; rhihhcd]Qhuck}dj[k[Ahhuhpkrh'd[ Ah}M yNhv"yhshpSuf qh:Bf j<s[.psirhAhhgh;puihhtj<sh,puf ht
s< Ahhgh" ih<GhhMy;yh dhj[. gh`hAhw'ihhrs, shy]f h w'ihhrs, pohYjh dUjsh. z]z:"uhd; f'; z`hirh qhSxhn f y]pLhs Ah;'z}s jh puihht gh;y[
w'ihhrs, Ahdwh, puZhhdkQhh rh d;AhKs Ahhghh=ihhih chohut cuy'qh 49 uLh;" plhty;yh dhj[.
f; yhr. z]z:"uhih[ qhhqh j[ f [, rh d;AhKswmhhyh thorf s;" Lh'NSu k[AhhQhhghhs[y ohds;irh jsqhys;ihh yhQh f dh"bf hsYrh
kAhoh}d ihhyy; chj;s— kdzlh[twmhhyh z]qhM;wmhh kAhohshj;s. thorf Srh=d[ UrupKxhs CBuy;yh chj;. vxhyh AhthB[ chuhoh
gh]ohths thorhih[ pdpAh"s[ f tshdh Gh]‚ qhhMhkhj;qh Gh;t u Ah<thtoh[ f hrAhihh pAhbuhrihhih, rh puf_ s yhyk;d; f Ddn[f tmhhihh Hhhb
z;khv" rh'd[ nh'gh[ QhhLhh j[ AhthB[yh ohuMih[ chj;, ckh cjuhy Hhhy}d gh;y[ pf Sr;f uLh;" wˆslh[t w`rSd k]% chj;s. kSr
pzyh ckshdh f; uM y<f y qh<nh"irh Bthuhut nh'gh, C'qhtghhu khsSrhd; dhf hty; st Srhih[ ghmhdh ckSrhs f tsh r;s; rh
jh Qhhgh gh]ohthsAhZr; Hhhymrhs chyh. Ahh!h k[AhhQhhghhyh jhih f] bd[s[yh cd]k%d k[AhhQhhgh jh f dh"bf hihhih ckYrhirh
pdf Lh nhuymrhs chyh. rh Hhbd;ih[ ohhmh[u thohf htmrh'ihh ntf hMRh f Ddn d;s; e <ns ckshs. pdunmh]f h chYrh f [
z]bWw[wmhh KwLb f tshdh pzYrhuhih}d thjus dhj[. AhthB[ cpKAhs;yh ohwmhhTrh Ah. V. kpAhs[s e} b whn}d AhthB[ Ahs'
uhKspuf AhthB[ cpKAhs;yh pdz`huKxh;s}d ohhghuy; s; f] ohumrhirh f} b f htKxhhdh'dh ghs[ r;s;. clhhu;M[ f dh"bf [
qh;Mghhuf th'd[ih. k'r]Fs AhjhthLbPhih; plhYwf ht ckYrhih[ lh;Gh[ d;s;ghmh w@h[r cpQhpdu;lh puk%d Vf !h r;shs. k]z:uhd; w`Sr;f
f] mh[j[, pf s[j[ pAhtuy[ cky[ st[ Ghth uDj[ 1946 khyirh u;M[ AhthB[ Ahhmhkh'd[ rh w`rSdh'dh Zh<qh[wIhn pzy[ chj;. Ahh!h
qh;Mghhuvxh; Qhty;Yrhc.Qhh.AhthB[khpjSrk'Ah;ydcpZhu;lhdhsih kSr vsFrh NMNM[swmh; w`f b j<C|dj[ f; 'z`hd; chpmh
ih;suyh gh;yh j; pd˜k'lhr. Ahh!h z]z:"uhih[ qhhqh j[ f [, AhthB[ f dh"bf hd; chwYrh n<MRh'ut qhh'Zhy;y[ w„[ c‰hw z}t khty;y[
thohf [r d;s_~u Ah]'qhv"ihh Ah'ghyf ylh AhjhthLbPhs chmhYrhirh dhj[.Cybf dh"bf hd; chwYrhlhf] d[u_~h[ihhpuKshtf thurhihh
chSAhk's]Lbgyhd[svsf; qh;khuZhthpjy;f [qh;Mghhu?f htuhtihh pdmh"r Hh;sy;yh pzks<. chohwhk}d Drhrhyr[d f hAhf hohhs
ghMh Hh<bYrhih[ ohhmh[uj[ Srhyh Ohhy[ dhj[. d'stihh vpsjhk jh f DdnQhhLh;ihhuhwtkFs[ihhj<mhhtchj;. z]kt[f n; f dh"bf hirh
k<r[irhthohf htmhhihhj<sh.f] 'wmhhutih; thohf htmhf tmhhTrh'd[ ckSruhz[ Qh}pAhf; ihh wzh"e hlh f tmhht[ qh;Mghhu Ahdwh qhtGhhKs
pzYy[(uth'irh AhhohHhths AhthB[ cpKAhsh d;C|d qhh'Zhy[ j<s[. f %d chuhoh znwmrhirh w`rSdh''d[j[ Cihy GhhYy[ chj;.
s<'nz;Ghy;wmhhkhB[ k[Ahhuhpkrh'dh kjhd]Qh}s[ zhGhuhrih[ chpmh kdzlh[t Ahhghh"d;, kSrhgh`jhd; cDrhrhih; wptAhhoh"d f tsh r;s; rh
gh…hAhsh'ih[qh;ghAh[f thrih[.cghz[ihyf nhyhuyhstplhLbAh'nM; pu(uhkhw<b[chohutZhghZhghsB;uy;y; j; ch'z<ydpj'k;irhc'ghhd;
ugh:t;ih; gh]TjhMHhhysk[Ahhd;Srh'ih[qh<Mumhf thrih[.d'stqh;Mghhu ohhC|dr; rhkhB[f; 'z`, f dh"bf hqht<qhtAhjhthLbPhirhd;s_Suhutj[
ghhB}d ohds;irh Qhhudh'dh jhs Hhhymhht[ QhhLhmh; f ts œr'u f %' s;uN[ih ohqhhqhzht[ chj;. Qhhts[r y<f lhhj[ut[y jh f hMh nhgh
Sr'u f %• Ajmhs z'n xh<wbhrih;, j[ih AhjhthLbPhsYrh AhthB[ ku<"iihDrhrhyrhsw]kyhohhC|dk[Ahhuhpkrh'dhDrhrpAhMhuh,
d;Srh'ih[ chohutih[ d[s[ thpjy[ chj;. k[AhhQhhghhs sthty;yh j[ih thKs cw;@hh™
2

3. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
qh;Mghhu lhjthihh fadh"bfahs kAhhu;lh fatmrhs chyh Srhu;Mihh
AhthB[ k'Kf_as[ihh Bkh
z:us; u k'Kf_as[ AhjhthLbP[r lh;fan;uht[ 70 bFf;a jh;s.; j[ ghh;Lb ZhnZhn[s pzks
qh;Mghhuihh AhthB[ Qhhgh kh'Kf_apsfa, khAhhpohfa, uh^- cksh thor w]dt"ihdh? kpAhs[d; nh;MRh'ut fahsn; ch;N}d
Ahr[d, ZhhpAh"fa chpmh V;psjhpkfa clhh khTrh z_Lb['d[ qh;Mghhuyh fadh"bfahihh Qhhgh Btuy; chj;.
AhjhthLbPhlh[ pdghn[s chj;. r;xh[y johhth; yh;fa #hd;lut,
dhAhz;u, s]fahthAh, Vfadhxh, thAhzhk chz[ AhthB[ k'sh'ih; qh;Mghhu dghtwhpyf;aih[ Kxhhwdh
QhFs chj;s. fah;Yjhw}tihh orh;psqhh, oh;oh]t[ihh Gh'nh;qhh, qh;Mghhu dghtwhpyf;aih[ Kxhhwdh 1852 khy[ w'ihfapAhb[
s]Mohhw}tih[ Qhuhd[, w'Ntw}tihh puBh;qhh j[ r;xh[y yh;fah'ih[ Ajmh}d Ohhy[. s;Ujhwhk}d chohshghhrs dghtwhpyf;aih;
CwhKr z:us; chj;s. ztkhy r;C|d ck'Gr uhtfat[ u zWst AhthB[s ck}d psd; u;Mh;uM[ Bthu fa%d k'r]Fs
;
Cwhkfa w'Ntw}tirh rh!h;k ohhshs. yh;fah'irh ihhy[t[s[ AhjhthLbPhs kAhhpuLb jh;mrhih[ viIh UrFs f;ay[ chj;.
u %N[ AhjhthLbP[rih chj;s. s;Ujh Srh'dh AhjhthLbPhwhk}d rh yh;fapdr]Fs Kxhhpdfa Kuthor k'Kxh;s[y kzKrh'ih[
fah;mhSrhj[ wptpKxhs[s cygh fahN} whjmh; Drh$r dhj[– k'Grh 44 ck}d Srhw:fa[ 33 kzKr AhthB[ QhhpLhfa
sh; f;auM oh]y}Ah chj;. chj;s. faDdn kzKrh'ih[ k'Grh cuHh[ 7 chj; u
thpjy;y; 4 Ah]Ky[Ah kzKr Cz}?AhthB[ QhhpLhfa chj;s.
"
qh;Mghhuih[ chfan;uht[
qh;Mghhu u lhjhw}t pAhM}d chsh Vfaih lhjt qhdy; Hht; u ghYYrh'ih[ dhu;
chj;. s;Ujh Srh'ihh Vfa!h puihht fa%d chfan;uht[ whj}. Ar]pDkwy j‚[s[y Vfa}mh 10,212 w:fa[ 5,507 Hht;
k'r]Fs qh;Mghhuih[ yh;fak'Grh 1 yhGh 1 johht 110 AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'ih[ st 1,966 Hht; faDdn QhhpLhfah'ih[
chj;. Srhsy; AhthB[ Ahhs_QhhLhh ckmhht; 55 johht 290 chj;s. Ah]Ky[Ah yh;fah'irh Hhth'ih[ k'Grh 1,452 u vst
Ajmhoh; 54.7 bFf;a chj;s. faDdn qhh;ymhht; cuHh; 24 QhhpLhfah'irh Hhth'ih[ k'Grh 287 chj;.
johht 132 Ajmhoh; 23.8 bFf;aih chj;s. lh;fan;uht[ih[ Ar]pdpkwhpyb[irh Ahszhth'irh rh‰h zh;Dj[ QhhLhh's
s]ydh fatshdh Vfa w`faht; jhsihyhGh[ f;ay[ ohhs CwyqZh chj;s. 1942 s; 1954 rh cuZh[s orh
cks;. oh;xh; œfaDdn fah AhthB[• ckh uhzhihh Ah]‚h rh‰h GhwYrh SrhAhZr; 964 rh‰h AhthB[ st cuHrh
CwpKxhs jh;sh; s;xh; vst QhhpLhfah'ih[ k'Grh faDdn 76 faDdn chj;s. lhh{w c{FbGhhy[ Ar]pDkwhpyb[s
qhh;ymhhTrh'irh whtnRhs bhf}ad s; uhohu[w;@hh ohn zhGhu} dh;zpumrhs chy;Yrh z]fahdh'wfa[ 80 bFf;a z]fahd; AhthB[
' :
whjmh; j; sf"alh]ˆ dUj;, sh; j;SuhQhhk chj;. qh;Mghhu QhhpLhfah'ih[ u thpjy;y[ faDdn QhhpLhfah'ih[, Ah]Ky[Ah u
AhthB[ fa[ fahdn[ j; Btpushdh AhthB[ QhhpLhfa 54.7 Ahhtuhn[ ugh:t;'ih[ chj;s. ihuhb, ghh;'ZhM[, whb[y, wh'gh]M,
bFf;a st faDdn QhhpLhfa 23.8 bFf;a Ajmhoh; AhthB[ qhhwb, fanh;yfat, f;aMfat, dhu;"fat, pqhih}, Ghn;qhhohht j[
QhhpLhfah'irh pdAArhj}dj[ faAh[ chj;s. j; w`Ahhmh y@hhs lhjths[y ghYYrh'ih[ dhu; u pGh'n, qhhgh, u;k, ghYy[, Gh}b,
Hh;sy; whpjoh;. vst kAhhohhs C|z}" pj'z[ qhh;ymhht; 15.5 ihh:fa j; ghYYrh'irh dhuhw]N[y lhqz. sk;ih BMfauhn[,
bFf;a u cuh'st QhhpLhfa 6 bFf;a cky; st[ Srh'ihh cd'slhrd, ghmhws[, fapwy;lut ugh:t; dhu; AhthB[ QhhLh;ih[
kAhhu;lh faDdnirh qhhoh}yh fah Ajmh}d fathurhihhž pdzlh"fa chj;s.
uKs]pKxhs[ st rhj}d cghz[ih Cyb chj;. oh; Ah]kyAhhd
chwy[ Ahhs_QhhLhh C|z}" ck; kh'ghshs s; chwYrh Ah]yh'dh us"Ahhdw!h;
z]kt[ QhhLhh Ajmh}d AhthB[ih plhfaushs, faDdn plhfapus lhjths kZrh cZh"khWshpjfa œst|mh Qhhts• ”27 uLh;"
dhj[s– chpmh rhih fahtmhhKsu Srh'irh lhhMh'dh œC|z}?AhthB[
" ihhy}• u khWshpjfa; œqh;Mghhu kAhhihht• ”93 uLh;•, "
lhhMh• ck; k'qhh;pZhy; ohhs;, œC|z"}?faDdn• ck; dhu œpihpfaSkfa• ”71 uLh;•, œthLbPu[t• ”35 uLh;•, œyh;faAhs•
" "
w`ihhths dhj[. cxhh"s C|z}" QhhpLhfah'ih; uohd AhthB[irhih ”3 uLh;•, chpmh whp@hfa œw`ghps• chpmh œpohdpuohr• ”53
"
whtnRhs bhfay; whpjoh; u sk; f;aYrhk AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'ih[ uLh;• clh[ 6 AhthB[ w!h; ihhy} chj;s. st faDdn w!h;
"
3

4. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
œk'zlh• ”17 uLh;• u œohdpohuhM• ”8 uLh;• clh[ zh;d
; " " faDdn u_~hw!hh'ihh Ghw 1,000 chj;.
chj;s. j]qhM[ih; œk'r]Fs fadh"bfa• j; faDdn z:pdfa lhjths Vf}amh 10 uhihdhyr; ck}d Srhw:fa[ 7
w`xhAh qh;Mghhuhsih k]% Ohhy; wt's] r;xh; chulrfa faDdn k'w}mh"srh AhthB[, 2 p‡QhhpLhfa chj;s. eaFs 1 uhihdhyr
uhshutmh d yhQhYrhd; Srhyh Kxhyh'st fathu; yhghy; j[ w}mh"wmh; faDdn chj;.
ghh;Lb r;xh; dAh}z fatmrhohh;gh[ chj;. ut[y ku" ghh;Lb['ihh puihht f;aYrhk qh;Mghhu lhjt
r;xh; ut[y Kxhhpdfa u_~hw!hh'Gh;t[oh qhhj;tirh AhthB[ AhjhthLbPhihh cpuQhhor Qhhgh chj; j[ ghh;Lb fah;mhshj[
z:pdfa u_~hw!hh'irh 5,000 w`s[ Ghwshs st qhhj;tirh pd—w@hwhs[ Ahd]Lr dhfah% lhfamhht dhj[.
qh;Mghhuihh kAhhu;lh AhjhthLbPhs f tmrhihh w`Kshu
1948irh whpyf h qh:Bf [s w`ih'n qhj]Ahshd; k'Ahs
kAhhu;lh k'r]Fs AhjhthLbPhs
fatmrhs rhuh.••
”qh• rh w`Kshuhirh w`s[
w]N[y ktfaht; u k'Kxhh'dh
Zhhnmrhs rhUrhs.
1. Qhhtshih; w'sw`Zhhd
2. Ah]'qhv" ktfaht.
3. cZr@h, Qhhts[r Hhbdh
kpAhs[.
4. k[Ahhchrh;gh.
qh;Mghhu qhth; dghtwhpyfah 5. AhjhthLbP Vfa[fatmh kpAhs[.
ku"khZhhtmh kQh;ihh w`Kshu f`aAhh'fa 92 sht[Gh 24?8? 6. fadh"bfa Vfa[fatmh kpAhs[.
1948 7. AhjhthLbP w`hs[r fah+gh;`k kpAhs[.
'
puLhr? qh;Mghhu lhjthihh AhjhthLbPhs kAhhu;lh 8. cpGhy Qhhts[r fah+gh`k kpAhs[.
;
fatmrhqhhqhs dghtk;ufah'ihh w`Kshu. Kxhghd w`Kshu
w`Kshu Ahh'nmhht;? cht. Vd. nh;ght;' Ahh'nmhht;? cht. Vk. Ah]dh;M[
cd]Ahh;zfa? Vy. n[. pfa~h}t cd]Ahh;zfa? Uj[. Vk. put|wh@h[
w`Kshu? jh puLhr puihhthxh" Hh;mrhihh cpZhfaht ktfahtd; k[Ahhchrh;ghhih[ Kxhhwdh fat;wr=s rh
dghtwhpyf;ayh chj; fahž ckh jtfas[ihh Ah]‚h Uj[. puLhrhut[y ihihh" w]N; Nfaymrhs rhu[, ckh w`Kshu
Vk. put|wh@h[ rh'd[ CwpKxhs f;ayh. Ahh'nmrhs chyh.
dghtwhpyf;ad; rh puLhrhut Ahsw`zlh"d fatmrhk Kxhghd w`Kshuhut Ahszhd Hh;mrhs chy;.
fah;mhs[j[ fahrz;lh[t chnfahB[ dhj[, ck; kQhhZr@hh'd[ w`Kshuhirh qhhoh}d; zh;d st puth;Zhhs 18 Ahs;
ohhj[t f;ay;. wny[.
”c• œœqh;Mghhu dghtwhpyfah pohYjh j‚[s[y qhj]kGr ' Kxhghd w`Kshu qhj]Ahshd; e;abhMmrhs chyh.
dhghptfah'ih[ Ahhs_QhhLhh AhthB[ih ckYrhd; sk;ih qhj]kGr
' rhd'st Ah}M w`Kshuhut[y Ahszhdhih[ dh;z fatmrhs
'
pu‰hxrh"irh plh@hmhhih; AhhZrAhj[ AhthB[ih ckYrhd;
' chy[.
sk;ih lhjths[y ku" Urujht u Urhukhprfa w!hUrujht Ah}M w`Kshuhirh qhhoh}d; 17 st puth;Zhhs 2 Ahs;
qhUj'lh[ AhthB[s}dih ihhys ckYrhd;, j[ dghtwhpyfah wny[.
Qhhts[r w`lhhkd, Qhhts[r Hhbdh kpAhs[ u k[Ahhchrh;gh clhh w`faht; Ah}M w`Kshu qhj]Ahshd; k'Ahs OhhYrhih;
rh'dh pud's[ fats; fa[, qh;Mghhu dghtwhpyfah Qhhghhihh ohhj[t fatmrhs chy;.
4

5. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
qh;Mghhu k[AhhQhhghhs
f hdn[ihh utu'bh
1956 khy[ QhhLhhuht w`hstihdh chrh;ghhirh plheahtlh[d]kht
' chpmh fadh"bfa lhhkdhd; Srh fahr‰hk'qh'Zh[ fahNy;y[ wptw!hf;a,
Aj:k}t ”fadh"bfa• thorhih[ pdpAh"s[ Ohhy[. rhu;M[ qh;Mghhu, chz;lh j; ku" QhhpLhfa cYwk'Grhfah'irh k'zQhh"s thLbP[r
fahtuht, pqhzt pohYjRh's[y cd;fa qhj]k'Gr AhthB[ QhhpLhfa Zhh;tmhhirh put|ˆ st chj;sih, plhuhr Hhbd;s[y 14, 16,
ghhu; Aj:k}t thorh's nh'qhmrhs chy[. rh u;M;whk}dih 19, 29, 30, 345 u 350 fayAhh's[y sts]z['ihh Qh'gh
k[AhhQhhghhs[y AhthB[ Ahhmhkh'irh z]z:"uhyh whthuht Ctyh fatmhht; chj;s.
dhj[. Kus'!h Qhhtshs gh;y[ 49 uLh;" r;xh[y ohdsh fadh"bfa ”Aj:k}t• thorhirh pdpAh"s[w}u[" ”1?11?1956
yh;falhhj[w`mh[s ku" Ahhghh=d[ AhjhthLbPhs khAh[y jh;mrhkhB[ w}u["• qh;Mghhu pohYjRhs faDdn u AhthB[ rh zh;Dj[ QhhLhh'dh
w`rSd fat[s chj;. wt's] ohds;yh Drhr pAhMs dhj[ j[ Vfa AhhDrsh jh;s[. wmh cy[fan; Ciih Drhrhyrhw;@hh fapdLB
lhh;fah'psfah chj;. f;'az` ktfaht, AhjhthLbP chpmh fadh"bfa Ksthut[y pzuhmh[ Drhrhyrhs pzuhmh[ zhUrhk'zQhh"s f;auM
ktfahtyhj[ yhpohtuhmh[ Btmhht[ Vfa ghh;Lb Ajmhoh; rh Qhhghhs[y faDdn j[ih UrujhtQhhLhh ck;y, ck; fadh"bfad; Btpuy;.
dhghptfah'ut jh;s cky;y[ faDdn kFs[ jh;r. AhjhthLbP? Srhw`Ahhmh; ku" k!h u Drhr z'nhpZhfahTrh'irh Drhrhyrhs
fadh"bfa k[Ahhw`zlhhs thjmhhTrh AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'dh fadh"bfahs
; faDdn j[ih cpZhf_as QhhLhh Ajmh}d Btpuy[. j[ f_aSr;
oht[ cYwk'Grh'fa Ajmhmrhs r;s cky; st[, k[AhhQhhghhs[y qh;fahrz;lh[t, cYwk'Grhfah'irh thLbP[r Zhh;tmhhput|ˆ, Hhbdhputh;Zh[
rh ghhuh's}d AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'ih[ k'Grh faDdn QhhpLhfah'w;@hh sk;ih pzuhmh[ u eah:ohzht[ fahr‰hs[y s~uh'dh jtshM eahkmhht[
pfas[st[ cpZhfa chj; j;, Zrhdhs Hh;mh; chulrfa chj;. wmh chj;s.
fadh"bfa ktfahtirh du[d QhhLhh? Zhh;tmhhirh cuy'qhdhAh]M; fadh"bfahs[y k'qh'pZhs AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'k'zQhh"s fadh"bfa
k[AhhQhhghhs[y AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'ih; pulh;Lhs— kAhhohhs[y z]qh"y ktfaht chf`aAhfa u znwlhhj[ih; Zhh;tmh cuy'pqhs chj;.
chpmh ght[qh yh;fah'ih; csh;dhs jhy jh;s chj;s. Srh'irhut AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'irh viI;put|ˆ Srh'irhut faDdn QhhLh;ih[ kFs[
Hhh;t cDrhr jh;s chj;. vsf;aih dUj; st fadh"bfa ktfaht fa%d jM}jM} Srh'ih[ pyw[, QhhLhh chpmh k'Kf_as[ dLb fatmrhihh
k'qh'pZhs AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'dh z]$rAh zohh"irh dhghptfah'khtGh[ kwhbhih yhuyh chj;. faDdn QhhLhh plhfamrhih[ viIh dkmhhTrh
uhghmh}fa z;s;. QhhpLhfa cYwk'Grhfah'ut s[ QhhLhh plhfamrhih[ kFs[ fatmh;,
fadh"bfa thorfahtQhht QhhLhh fahrzh 1963 d]kht, faDdn Srh'irh UrpFsKuhs'!rhut ghzh chmhmrhkhtGh; chj;. fadh"bfa
j[ fadh"bfahih[ thorQhhLhh Ajmh}d ohhj[t fatmrhs chy[. ktfahtirh d}sd QhhLhh Zhh;tmhhd]kht faDdn QhhpLhfa pu‰hxh["
wt's] fadh"bfahirh orh orh pohYjRh's 15 bFFrh'w;@hh cpZhfa faDdn, v'goh[, pj'z[ rh QhhLhh plhf}a lhfash;. wt's] faDdn;st
yh;fa faDdn;st Ahhs_QhhLhh cky;y; chj;s, Srh'irh QhhLh;w:fa[ QhhpLhfa pu‰hxrh=dh Ahhs_QhhLhh, v'goh[ pf'auh pj'z[ u faDdn
fah;mhSrhj[ QhhLh;ih[ thorfahtQhht QhhLhh Ajmh}d sts}z rh clhh QhhLhh plhfahUrh yhghshs. VGhh‰hyh Srhih[ Ahhs_QhhLhh
fahr‰hs f;ay[ dhj[. rh cxhh"d; thorfahtQhht QhhLhh, fahrzh plhfahurhih[ ck;y st Srhut faDdnkFs[ st chj;ih, wt's]
5

6. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
v'goh[ pf'auh pj'z[ rhw:fa[ Vfa QhhLhh kh;nhu[ yhghs; chpmh cohh"ih; dAh]d; qh;Mghhu lhjt cpQhu_ˆ[ Ah'nM vSrhz['ih;
kAhohh VGhh‰hyh v'goh[ u pj'z[ zh;Dj[ QhhLhh plhfahurhirh eah{Ak" AhthB[ QhhLh;s}d CwyqZh fa%d pzy; ohhs dhj[s.
cks[y st Srhyh Ahhs_QhhLh;s}d plh@hmh kh;nhu; yhghs;. clhh SrhAh]M; cd;fa gh:tkh;r['dh sh;'n ‰hu; yhghs;. pudhfahtmh
u;M[ pyw[, QhhLhh chpmh k'Kf_as[ pbfapumh;, khjpohfaih jhycw;Lbh kjd fathUrh yhghshs.
faB[mh ohhs; Ajmh}d j; lh:@hpmhfa Zhh;tmh AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'irh 4• ktfaht[ fahrh"yrhs AhthB[ QhhLh;s}d pzy;y; sf`ahtcoh"
fayAh 29 ‡ht; pAhMhy;Yrh HhbdhSAhfa Ah}yQh}s jFfah'ih; jtmh Ku[fahty; ohhs dhj[s. fahdn[s pyj}d chmhh ck;
fatmhht; chj;. fadh"bfa ktfahtih; du[d lh:@hpmhfa Zhh;tmh eaAhh"puy; ohhs;.
faDdn QhhpLhfa u faDdn;st pu‰hxrh=AhZr; Hhh;t Qh;zQhhu fatmhht; 5• wh;y[k Bhmrhs[y fahghzw!h;, qhj]k'Gr AhthB[ kQhhkz
ckYrhAh]M; Hhbd;irh 14 u 16 fayAhh's[y sts]z['ihh Qh'gh cky;Yrh u faDdn QhhLhh kAhohs dhj[, clhh Kxhhpdfa
fatmhht; chj;. Vfa lhsfahj}d cpZhfa fahMwr=s B;umrhs u khu"ohpdfa k'Kxhh, AhthB[ w`hxhpAhfa u AhhZrpAhfa lhhM;s[y
chy;Yrh ktfaht[ faih;Trh's[y fahghzw!h; s;xh[y ohds;irh plh@hfa, QhhpLhfa cYwk'Grhfah'irh plh@hmhk'Kxhh vSrhz['ihh
puth;Zhhyh d oh]Ahhdsh fahdn[ QhhLh;s qhzymrhs chy[ chj;s. ktfaht[ fahrh"yrhlh[ jh;mhhth w!hUrujht jh f;auM fahdn[
pfaSr;fa Kxhhpdfa k'Kxhh orhs Kxhhpdfa Kuthor k'Kxhhkpjs QhhLh;s}dih Ujhryh whpjoh;, ckh fadh"bfa ktfahtihh
fahr‰hd; pdpAh"y;Yrh vst k'Kxhh, kjfaht[ wsw;NRh, orh'ih[ z]thgj chj;. ku" Kxhhpdfa k'Kxhh's[y fahghzw!h;, pjlh;qhhih[
k'Kf_as[ u Ku%w w}mh"wmh; AhthB[ chj;, clhh k'Kxhh'utz;Gh[y w]Ksf;a ugh:t; clhh k'Kxhh's[y kQhhkzh'dh faDdn Ah]M[ih
kQhhkzh'irh viI;put|ˆ faDdn QhhLhh yhzy[ ohhs chj;. kAhohs dky;, st[j[ s[ fahdn[ QhhLh;s}dih B;uy[
yh;falhhj[ih[ j[ f`}at xh„h chj;. wmh w'ihhrs thors~uh'ih[ whpjoh;s, ckh ktfahtihh c„hjhk chj;.
whrAhYy[j[ chj;. k[AhhQhhghhs[y w`Ah]Gh lhjt; AhthB[ QhhLhh 6• ktfaht[ u pdAhktfaht[ faih;Trh, khu"ohpdfa k'Kxhh,
u k'Kf_as[ih[ Ahj~uhih[ f;'az`; chj;s. rh pBfahmh[ AhjhthLbPhs}d Kxhhpdfa k'Kxhh rh'irh dhuhih; eayfa AhthB[s yhuy;
dhbf;a u kh'Kf_apsfa fahr"fa` Ah khzt jh;s cks. wt's] fadh"bfa ohhs dhj[s. st khu"ohpdfa pBfahmh[ khu"ohpdfa pjshkhB[
ktfahtirh QhtAhkhB uhjdfath'Ah]M; j; fahr"f`aAh ohuMohuM cky;y[ Ahhpjs[, k}ihdheayfa f;auM fahdn[ QhhLh;sih
qh'z Ohhy; chj;s. qh;Mghhuhs[y dghtg'xhhyrhs}dj[ AhthB[ pypjy; ohhshs.
QhhLh;s[y g'xh, pdrsfahpyf;a, us"Ahhdw!h; rh'ih[ k'Grh 7• qhkut[y ku" whbRh rh f;auM faDdnAhZh}dih pypjy;Yrh
ZhFfahzhrfat[Srh dghmr chj;. r;xh[y lhhMh'sd AhthB[ plh@hfah'ih[
} chj;s.
k'Grh chpmh AhthB[ cYwk'Grhfah'irh AhhZrpAhfa lhhMh'dh d QhhpLhfa cYwk'Grhfa chrh;ghhirh chr]Fsh'd[ AhthB[
pzy; gh;y;y; cd]zhd, rhAh]M; lhhMh qh'z wnhrih[ u;M chy[ QhhpLhfah'irh k't@hmhhk'zQhh"s 1989 u 1995 AhZr; zh;d
chj;. 1981 khy[ fadh"bfa ktfahtd; fadh"bfa yh;fay u;ghu;ghM; cjuhy khzt fa%d pzy;Yrh kYYrh'ih[ u k}ihdh'ih[j[
cxhh{ptb[oh ”Kxhhpdfa Kuthor k'Kxhh• Urujht QhhLhh fahrzh fadh"bfa ktfahtd; zGhyz;Gh[y Hh;sy[ dhj[. fahtuhv" st
whk f;ayh. wmh rh fahr‰hs[y sts]z[ clhh Kxhhpdfa k'Kxhh z}tih. ktfahtd;ih fahNy;y; chz;lh fa;uM fahghzh;w!h[ ck}d,
ihhypumhhTrh cYwk'Grhfah'irh qhhqhs[s cSr's crh;gr, Srh'ih[ c'Ahyqhohhumh[ jh;s dkYrhih; whj}d kZrhih; chAhzht
ckpjLmh} chpmh cDrhrfahtfa chj;s. Ahdh;jt pfamh;fat u Ahhoh[ poh. w'. kzKr qhhqh]thu pw'ghb rh'd[
1981 irh fadh"bfa Kxhhpdfa k'Kxhh Urujht QhhLhh fahr‰hs 41977? 78Š1995 rh f`aAhhfah'ih[ Vfa rhpihfah qh;'ghM}t
cYwk'Grhfah'ih; pjs ohwmrhkhB[ fahj[ oh]ohqh[ sts]z[ f;auM Ciih Drhrhyrhs zhGhy fa%d fadh"bfa ktfahtih; kpihu,
fahghzh;w!h[ zhGhpumrhkhB[ ck}d, w`Sr@h c'Ahyhs chmhmrhkhB[ pohYjhpZhfaht[, poh. w'. cZr@hh'dh w`psuhz[ f;ay;. Qhhts[r
dkhUrhs. ck; Ajmhmrhih[ w`pihs[ w]N[y fahj[ Czhjtmhh'u%d Hhbd;irh 226 u 227 cDur; Ciih Drhrhyrhfan; w`hxh"dh
pzk}d r;s;. fa%d ut[y ku" w`psuhz['dh chz;lh, wptw!hf;a u vst w`fahtih;
1• fadh"bfahihh Vfaj[ fahrzh, pdrAh, pf'auh sts]z[ k'qh'pZhs Urujht fahr‰hd]kht AhthB[s fathurhk kh'ghhu;, clh[ pud's[
AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'dh AhthB[ QhhLh;s}d CwyqZh fa%d pzYrh fatmrhs chy[ jh;s[. Ciih Drhrhyrhd; 6 e;aq]uht[ 2001
gh;Yrh dhj[s. AhZr; Ahj~uw}mh" pdfahy pzyh. rh pdfahyhd]kht qh;Mghhuih;
2• f;auM fahj[ s]tMfa wptw!hf;a, chz;lh, k}ihdh AhthB[s puQhhgh[r cpZhfaht[ pf'auh k'qh'pZhs pohYjhpZhfaht[ rh'd[ fadh"bfa
QhhLhh'st[s fa%d uh Ihw[y Ku%whs k'qh'pZhs AhthB[ fahrh"yr[d QhhLhh fahrzh 1981 cDur; cpZhfahTrh'dh k}ihdh
QhhpLhfah'dh Ahhpjs[khB[ w]tpuYrh ohhshs. wt's] clh[ ‰hUrhs, clh[ ch#h f;ay[. wmh rhfan;j[ z]y"@h fatmrhs
QhhLhh'st[s w!hf;az;Gh[y Zhn cih}fa dkshs. Srhs}d chy;. 2002 khy[ w]Djh pfamh;fat u pw'ghb rh'd[ pohYjhpZhfaht[,
fahj[j[ cxh"qhh;Zh jh;s dhj[. ktfahtih; kpihu rh'irhput|ˆ fah;bh"ihh cuAhhd f;aYrhih[ sf`aht
3• AhhyAh~h;ih; zhGhy; ”w`hwb[" VFKbPFb•, jFfaw!hf;a ”t;fah{n"
{ { f;ay[. rhu;M[ qh;Mghhu pohYjRhih; w`Qhht[ pohYjhpZhfaht[ rh'd[
ch{ea thv"b-k• w`hwb[" fahn"-k, u[ohpqhy, t;lhd fahn-"k, 19 e;aq]uht[ 2003 th;oh[ Ciih Drhrhyrhs Vfa w`ps#hw!h
qhk u t;Yu; cht@hmh eah{Ak"-, wh;Kb, qh+fah, ktfaht[ u khzt fa%d chz;lhhih[ fahr"uhj[ fat[s ckYrhih; pyj}d
Kxhhpdfa Kuthor faih;Trhs[y eah{Ak", pu‰hxrh=dh yhghmhht; pzy; u qh;Mghhu chpmh Ghhdhw}t shy]fah w'ihhrs['dh QhhLhh
6

7. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
fahrzh 1981 ih; whyd fathu;, ck; faMpuYrhih; zhGhpuy;. f_aSrhAh]M; AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'ih; oh[mh; Ah]Lfa[y Ohhy; chj;. rhAh]M;
wt's] s; f;auM Vfa dhbfaih jh;s;. Drhrhyrhd; u uptLB kuh;"iih Drhrhyrhd; rh qhhqhs[s k[AhhQhhghhs[y dhghptfah'dh
cpZhfahTrh'd[ chz;lh fahN}dj[ qh;Mghhukj k[AhhQhhghhs AhthB[ih[ Drhr z;mrhih[ ghtoh chj;.
ghMih;w[ jh;s chj;. fadh"bfa ktfaht u ktfaht[ cpZhfaht[ ? Ahhyh;oh[ lhh'shthAh cLb;fat
rh'irh rh cDrhr[, chf`aAhfa khwSdQhhuhirh u Hhbdh'puth;Zh[ Ahhoh[ Ahjhwh:t
Ahdwhut[y Qhghuh Zuoh 1958whk}d
2 oh]y: 1958 irh whpyfah qh:Bfa[s[y w`Kshu w`ih'n AhshpZhFrhd; k'Ahs cd- shsn[d;
fahr"uhj[
qh;Mghhu lhjthihh kAhhu;lh AhjhthLbPhs f tmrhs rhuh ckh Bthuh f; Yrhqh‚y qh;Mghhu Ahjhdghtwhpyf h
21 dh;Uj;'qht 2005 rh pzulh[ qhtGhhKs f %d f dh"bf ktf htd; chwy[ j]f} Ahlhhj[ zhGhu}d pzy[ih
chj;. chsh f Ddpnghh'ihh nh;Mh chj; sh; Ahjhwhpyf; ut nh:yhd; e nf mhhTrh QhghUrh Zuohhut. jh Zuoh
f hN}d bhf huh rh khB[ f DDhn[ghh'ih; jtsTj;d; w`rSd ihhy} chj;s. Ahjhwhpyf; ut[y Zuoh jh 1958
whKh}d AhthB[ Ahdhihh Ahhdpqh'z} Ajmh}d e nf s chj; Srhih[ xhh;nFrhs wh(u"Qh}Ah[.
ku"khZhhtmh kpAhs[d; k'Ahs f;ay;yh Bthu f`aAhh'fa Ahhgh; Hh;syh.
12, sht[Gh 3?7?1958 Srhd'st Ah}M w`Kshu Ahshyh bhfamrhs chyh.
ztth;oh fahAhfahohhirh u;M;s dghtwhpyf;airh w`Kshuhirh qhhoh}d; 31 st puth;Zhhs 6 Ahs; wny[.
fahrh"yrhut Qhghuh Zuoh eanfapumrhs rhuh, ckh w`Kshu qhj]Ahshd; k'Ahs OhhYrhih; Hhh;pLhs fatmrhs
w`Kshu dghtk;ufa f;a. Vk. z;lhwh'n; rh'd[ Ahh'nyh. chy;. rhu;M[ cht. qh[. whb[y, b[. b[. Qhh;ky;,
Srhyh w[. n[. f]an]ihfat u qh[. Vk. ch;C|Mfat rh'd[ cht. qh[. wh;szht u w[. n[. f]an]ihfat rh'd[ w`Kshuhut
cd]Ahh;zd pzy;. AhspuQhhghmh[ih[ Ahhghmh[ f;ay[.
w`Kshuhs? AhspuQhhghmh[ihh wptmhhAh w]N[yw`Ahhmh;?
c• dghtwhpyfah fahrh"yrhirh C~ht ‡hthut Qhghuh 1. qh[. Vd. plh'z; 2. V. w[. ohhZhu.
Zuoh eanfapumrhs rhuh. 3. Uj[. Vk. Ah]ih'n[ 4. Vd. qh[. t;nfat
qh• Qhghuh Zuoh fahrh"yr[d u;M;s eanfapumrhs 5. Vih. Uj[. j;tuhnfat 6. Vk. cht. dhv"fa 7.
rhuh. nh{. V. oh[. rhMgh[ 8. ([Ahs[ Uj[. V. rhMgh[ 9.
fa• rhkhB[ jh;mhhth Ghih" QhhghpumrhkhB[ 51 t|wrh'ih[ ([Ahs[ Vy. Vd. fanu;fat 10. cht. qh[. w:. 11.
sts}z fatmrhs rhu[. oh;. oh;. Qhh;ky; 12. n[. oh[. dhugh;fat 13. f;a. Vk.
n• chohwhk}dih kQh;ih; fahAhfahoh k'wshih rh z;lhwh'n; 14. f;a. Uj[. Qhh;ky; 15. Vk. f;a. fahAhs
w`Kshuhih[ c'Ahyqhohhumh[ fatmrhs rhu[. 16. V. cht. fahuM; 17. w[. n[. chBy;. 18. w[.
rhut, thLbPZuoh ughMsh cDr Zuoh khu"ohpdfa n[. f]an]ihfat 19. cht. oh[. whbmh;fat 20. w[. uhr.
vAhhts[ut eanfapush r;sh; fahž ckh jtfas[ihh uhbu; 21. f;a. uhr. Ah]ih'n[ 22. qh[. oh[. fahyf]a'z`[
Ah]‚h thAhQhhC| qh[. wh;szht rh'd[ CwpKxhs f;ayh. 23. oh;. f;a. yghhn; 24. qh[. Vk. ch;C|Mfat 25.
rhut w`xhAh thLbPZuoh eanfapuYrhd'st fah;mhshj[ oh[. Uj[. fayHhbgh[ 26. oh[. VAh. Qhhsfah'n; 27.
cDr Zuoh dghtwhpyfah vAhhts['khtGrh khu"ohpdfa ([Ahs[ chr. uhr. Ghhn; 28. f]aAhht[ oh[. cht.
vAhhts['ut eanfapumrhs r;C| lhfash;, ck; cZr@hh'd[ ihUjhmh 29. w[. qh[. zMu[ 30. qh[. lh'fathd'z 31.
Hhh;pLhs f;ay;. SrhAh]M; cht. qh[. wh;szht rh'd[ Vk. Vih. fazAh rh'd[ w`Kshuhirh qhhoh}d; Ahszhd f;ay;.
w`Kshuhyh w]N[y k]Zhhtmhh k]ihpuy[. st 1. Vk. qh[. famhqhgh[" 2. oh[. n[. zh;nmmhut
œœQhghuh Zuoh eanfauhrhihhih ck;y st sh; 3. VAh. oh;. f]ayfamh[" 4. Uj[. Vk. put|wh@h[ 5.
ktfahtih[ cd]Ahs[ Hh;sYrhd'stih eanfauhuh.•• rh cht. qh[. wh;szht 6. w[. f;a. uhgh]fat rh'd[ puth;Zhhs
k]Zhhtmh;ut xhh;n[lh[ ihihh" OhhYrhd'st cZr@hh'irh Ahszhd f;ay;. SrhAh]M; w`Kshu qhj]Ahshd; k'Ahs OhhYrhih;
wtuhdgh[d'st cht. qh[. wh;szht rh'd[ k]Zhhtmhh w`Kshu w]Djh Vfazh ohhj[t fatmrhs chy;.
7

8. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
qhh. t'. k]'Bmhfat qh[. qh[. khrdhfa thohhQhhC| Ahhd; qhhw}khj;qh Ahjhghh'ufat coh]"dthu pjlhh;qhfat dhthrmhthu stM;
pAhMhy;y[ Ahs; u bFf;auht[
qh;Mghhulhjthih; 1957 qhh. t'. k]'Bmhfat ”Ah. V. kpAhs[• 22179 ”58.23•
VAh. Vd. fahOh[ ”fah+g;k• 15915 ”41.77•
chAhzht 1962 qhh. t'. k]'Bmhfat ”kpAhs[• 27642 ”67Ÿ•
Vk. qh[. famhqhgh[" ”fah+g;k• 13614 ”33Ÿ•
1957 whk}d 1967 qh[. qh[. khrdhfa ”kpAhs[• 27818 ”52.64•
qh[. qh[. whb[y ”fah+g;k• 24224 ”45.84•
kpAhs[ih;ih 1972 qh[. qh[. khrdhfa ”kpAhs[• 24814 ”45.11•
kd 1956 yh thAhQhhC| wh;szht ”fah+g;k• 13783 ”25.06•
k[AhhyNRhih[ k]t|uhs Ohhy[ u f_aLmhh Ah;mhk; ”faAr]pdKb• 12646 ”22.99•
Srhd'st w]N[y uLh[" Ajmhoh;ih 1978 qh[. qh[. khrdhfa ”kpAhs[• 39736 ”56.96•
1957 AhZr; fadh"bfa VAh. Vd. dhghd}t ”fah+g;k• 27720 ”39.74•
puZhhdkQh;ih[ pdunmh}fa ohhj[t 1983 thohhQhhC| Ahhd; ”kpAhs[• 42763 ”54.06•
Ohhy[. k[AhhQhhghhAhZr; Ah. V. Vk. cht. zh;Œmmhut ”fah+g;k• 30159 ”38.12•
kpAhs[d; j[ pdunmh}fa 1985 thohhQhhC| Ahhd; ”kpAhs[• 33139 ”54.30•
yNpumrhihh pdmh"r Hh;syh. plhuhoh[thu fahfasfat ”fah+g;k• 21982 ”35.94•
k'w}mh" k[AhhQhhghhih; ”rh pdunmh]fa[s cDr 301 CAh;zuht jh;s;•
AhjhthLbPhAhZr; puy[d[fatmh 1989 qhhw}khj;qh Ahjhghh'ufat ”kpAhs[• 35196 ”38.95•
fatmrhs rhu;, rh Vfahih cpdy wh;szht ”fah+g;k• 29809 ”32.99•
Ah]‰hut rh pdunmh]fah yNu}d 1992 coh]"dthu pjlhh;qhfat ”kpAhs[• 46770 ”61.51•
HhuHhu[s rlh k'whzd f;ay;. pk‚dghh:nh whb[y ”fah+g;k• 27797 ”36.55•
Srhd]kht k[AhhQhhghhAhZr; 1994 dhthrmhthu stM; ”kpAhs[• 35513
1957 whk}d 1999 wr=s cpdy wh;szht ”fah+g;k• 24689
Ah. V. kpAhs[d; chwy[ j[ 1999 tAh;lh f]anih[ ”fah+gh`;k• 37664
Ahhyh;oh[ cLb;fat ”kpAhs[• 30004 ([. f]anih[ j;
puohr[ wt'wth fahrAh thGhy[ Ah}Mih; Ah.V.
j; pulh;Lh. 2004 tAh;lh f]anih[
z[wfa zMu[
”fah+gh`;k•
”kpAhs[•
32198
29051 “
kpAhs[ih; CAh;zuht,
w@hh'st fa%d
fah+gh`kAhZr;
zhGhy.
1. k]QhhLh thAhih'z` ohhZhu 11. ghh;pu'z thC|s
2. Ahhyh;oh[ lhh'shthAh cLb;fat 12. chWwhkhj;qh w]ohht[
1984 whkdih; qh;Mghhu
} 3. lhtz thAhih'z` ohh;lh[
4. dhgh;lh dhghhWwh khs;t[
13. k'Qhhoh[ whb[y
14. plhuhoh[ k]'Bfat
Ahjhdghtwhpyf;aih; Ahjhwh:t 5. dhgh;z` qhhMhthAh j:qh~h[
' 15. u'zdh qh;Mgh]'zfat
AhthB[ih
6. k'Qhhoh[ whb[y 16. d[pyAhh ihUjhmh
7. pk‚dghh:nh whb[y ”cwuhz• 17. k'Qhhoh[ whb[y
8. k'Qhhoh[ whb[y 18. u'zdh qh;Mgh]'zfat
9. tAh;lh f]anih[ 19. puohr Ahh;t;.
10. puohrhy@Ah[ ihh;wn;
8

9. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
k'r]Fs AhjhthLbPhih[ Ahhghmh[ qh;MghhuAhZh[y
1946 irh AhthB[ khpjSr k'Ah;ydhs
1946 khyirh Ah; AhpjDrhs qh;Mghhuirh cht.w[.n[. chz[ yN; rlhKu[t[Srh yNu}d k'w}mh" AhjhthLbPhs ohhgh_s[
Ahjhpu‰hyrhirh wbh'ghmhhut khpjpSrfa gh. !r'. AhhnGhh;yfat Hhnu}d chmhy[ chpmh rhAhZh}dih Ah]'qhv"AhZr; œk'w}mh" AhjhthLbP
rh'irh cZr@hs;Ghhy[ wht wny;Yrh c. Qhh. AhthB[ khpjSr kpAhs[ih[ pdpAh"s[ fatmrhk Qhhgh whny;.•
k'Ah;ydhAhZr; œqh;Mghhu, fahtuht, qh[zt, Qhhyfa[, Ah]'qhv"kj clhh w`fahtirh ohhouYr yNRhAh]M; cGh;t 1 Ah; 1960
k'rFs AhjhthLbPhih[ Kus'!ht[Srh pdpAh"s[ fatmrhs rhu[• clhh
] th;oh[ Ah]'qhv"kj AhjhthLbP rh Kus'!h AhjhthLbP thorhih[ pdpAh"s[
chlhrhihh Bthu cghz[ wpjYrh'zhih œwhk• fatmrhs chyh Ohhy[ u yufatih k'wmh" AhjhthLbP kpAhs[ih; pukoh"dj[ fatmrhs
}
u clhh t[s[d; k' r ] F s AhjhthLbP ihMuM[ih; chy;.
tmhplh'gh qh;Mghhuirh Qh}Ah[u%dih w`xhAhs— e]'apfay; gh;y;. wmh orh qh;Mghhud; k'r]Fs AhjhthLbP pdpAh"s[ih[ Ah]j}s"Ah;N
chpmh rh Bthuhih[ w}s"sh fatmrhirh VfaAh;u C‚;lhhd; th;uy[ Srh ku" k[Ahhuhpkrh'dh chohj[ Ah.V. kpAhs[irh
qh; M ghhuAhZr; pz. d; s _ S uhGhhy[ œk[Ahh
29?10?1946 th;oh[ nh{. Qhhghhihh AhjhthLbP h s
ghh; lhh'. fah;uhnfat rh'd[ kAhhu;lh fath.• Ajmh}d bhjh;
AhjhthLbP Vfa[fatmh eah;n}d AhjhthLbP ktfaht
kpAhs[ih[ Kxhhwdh f;ay[. u f;a' z` ktfahtyh puduhu;
rh kpAhs[irh d;sSuhGhhy[
_ yhghhu; , rhkhtGh;
jtshM, Ah]'qhv"? pzYy[ k[Ahhuhpkrh'ih; z]z:"u s;
Ahh;ih;", kSrhgj, khthqh'z[ fah;mhs;ž
9

10. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
qh;Mghhu lhjthqhhqhs
Ahjhohd rh'ih[ ih]fa[ih[
œœqh;Mghhu lhjt s[d qhhoh'}d[ fahdn[ w`zlhhd; u;Ny; chj;.
;
s; eaFs wplihAh;fan[y oh'ghyhs[y fahj[ AhthB[ ghhuhlh[
kygd chj;. qh;Mghhuhs AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'ih; KwLb qhj]Ahs
chj; j; 1961 irh plhtghmhs[u%d KwLb jh;s dhj[.
khAhhpohfa u kh'Kf_apsfa k'qh'Zh AhjhthLbPhlh[ chj;s. rhihh
puZhhd;
AhhOrh pdmh"rhlh[ k'qh'Zh wh;ihs dhj[. AhthB[ QhhpLhfa ghb ghhu u w}uk cky;y; f]anih[ j; ghhu fahdn[ qhj]QhhpLhfa jh;s.;
";
Ahh;Bh ckYrhd; Srh'ih; khAhhpohfa u kh'Kf_apsfa k'qh'Zh Kxhhpdfa yh;fah'd[ rh chfan;uht[k chUjhd pzy;. 1961 irh
AhjhthLbPhs[y AhthB[ yh;fah'lh[ ckmh; KuhQhhpufa chj;. plhtghmhs[w`Ahhmh; famhqhgh["AhZr; AhthB[ QhhpLhfa 50.4 bFf;a u
w`hxhpAhfa u AhhZrpAhfa lhhMh, pu‰hxh[" rh Ahhpjs[ihh AhhOrh f]anih[s AhthB[ u fahdn[ kAhkAhhd Ajmhoh; 49.2, 49.2
pdmh"rhlh[ k'qh'Zh wh;ihs dhj[. chpxh"fa k'qh'Zhj[ AhjhthLbPhlh[ih bFf;a chj;s. qh;Mghhu lhjthirh 10 Ah:yhirh ku" qhhoh}irh '
chj;s j;j[ Ght; dhj[. puZhhdkQh;irh, Ar]pdpkwhpyb[irh, bhw}s qhkt[fa„[, shptjhM, faAhGhhtj„[, fah;M[fah;w, ZhhAhmh;,
pqhd ktfaht[ k'Kxhh'irh pdunmh]fa[s UrFs Ohhy;y; Ahs j; r;MMt, AhiI;, dhugh;, j'gh[tgh;, Ah'nh;M[, khughhu, qh;fadjM-M[,
- }
AhjhthLbPhirh qhhoh}d; jh;s; ck; pzk}d r;s dhj[. Ajmh}d pj'nyghh, Cihghhu, Ahmmh}t, ch'qh;uhn[, cysgh;, f'aghM[ Gh]z,"
qh;Mghhu lhjt u wptkths[y 5 ghhu;j[ u 2 C‰Ah dght; f'aghM[ qh]z`]fa, ghh:'nuhn, fanh;y[, jh;dgh;, fahfas[, plh'zh;M[,
Ah[ AhjhthLbPhyh z;mrhih[ plheahtk fa% lhfas dhj[•• ck; AhhKsAhn[", lhghdj„[, cyhtuhn j[ ghhu;ih fahdn[ QhhpLhfa
Ahjhohd rh'd[ Ajby; chj;. chj;s. qh;Mghhuirh wplihAh;yh oh'ghy chj; j; j[ Ghh;b; chj;.
thorw]dt"ihdh fahrzh 1956 Ah]M; k[Ahhw`ld pdAhh"mh s;Ujh qh;Mghhu j; ku"ih qhhoh'}d[ AhthB[ ghhuh'd[ u;Ny;y; chj;
Ohhyh. Ajmh}d 1951 ih[ plhtghmhs[ chZhhtQh}s Zhtmh; j; KwLb chj;.
Drhrhih; ckshdh Ahjhohd rh'd[ 1961 ih[ plhtghmhs[ qh;Mghhu lhjths 1951 khy[ AhthB[ QhhpLhfa 51.2 bFf;a
chZhhtQh}s Ahhdy[. AhjhthLbPhd; 1961 irh plhtghmhs[ut st fahdn[ QhhpLhfa 28.8 bFf;a jh;s.;
chZhhpts dfahlh; khzt f;ay;. Srhs qh;Mghhu lhjt j; ku" w`hxhpAhfa lhhMhs[y pu‰hxrh=irh k'Gr;lh[ AhhOrh
qhhoh'}d[ AhthB[ w`zlhhd; u;Ny; chj; j; KwLb jh;s.; 1951
; pdmh"rhlh[ fas"Ur dhj[ ck; Ahjhohd qh;Mghhuqhhqhs
irh plhtghmhs[w`Ahhmh; v"lhhDk pzlh;yh cky;y; famhqhgh[" j; Ajmhshs, s;ih Ahjhohd fahktghh;nqhhqhs qhh;yshdh Ajmhshs
1951 irh plhtghmhs[d]kht QhhpLhfa bFf;auht[
bFf;auht[
Qhhgh yh;fak'Grh AhthB[ fahdn[ vst QhhpLhfa AhthB[ fahdn[ vst
1. qh;Mghhu 82,423 43,279 21,047 18,097 52.5 25.5 22.0
Ar]pdpkwy
@h;!h
2. lhjhw}t
Ar]pdpkwy 17,616 10,687 4,112 2,817 67.0 23.2 15.8
@h;!h
3. qh;Mghhu
f{aDbh;DAh;'b 16,676 7,269 1,733 7,674 43.6 10.6 45.8
4. Cwdght; 2,505 775 526 1,204 30.9 21.8 47.3
Vf}amh 1,19,220 62,010 27,419 29,792 52.0 23.0 25.0
10

11. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
qh;Mghhulhjt u chkwhkih;
qh'z[jhM AhthB[ QhhpLhfa @h;!h;
gh'gh[djhM
ih'zghn
Phyh Ah]ih'n[' Ghdghhu
hthLb
h;ghh d; Ahj ;y; @h;!h famhqhgh[" fayGhh'qh
chr ]ihpuy
jhohdrhkhB[ k
Ah ;m cLb;
pdyoh[kh'qhth
z
Ah]sgh;
gh`hAh[mh f]anih[
lhjhw}t qh;Mghhu qhkt[fa„[
AhhZhuw}t
oh:sdAhhM unghhu jhyghh
thfakfah;w cdghh;M shptjhM
pwtduhn[ Ahohghhu
Ahjhohd chrh;ghhd; pdZhh"pts ZhhAhmh; shAhmhfah;„[
f;ay;y[ k[Ahht;Lhh
qh;Mghhu, 46.3 bFf;a AhthB[ QhhpLhfa
lhjhw}t, dghtwhpyfah 26.7 bFf;a faDdn QhhpLhfa
yLfat @h;!h 27 bFf;a Cz}", gh]ohthxh[, shpAhM[ QhhpLhfa k'fa[djfadfah;w
60 bFf;a u Srhw;@hh cpZhfa yh;fak'Grh cky;y[ ghhu;
50 s; 60 bFf;a AhthB[ QhhpLhfa yh;fak'Grh cky;y[ ghhu;
yh;f k'Grhuyh;f k'Gh;ih;chf n;
AhthB[ u faDdn QhhpLhfa yh;fak'Grh 49.3 bFf;a bFf; uht[Ahjhohdchrh;ghhirhzWsths}d
qh;Mghhugh`hAh[mh@h;!h 41.2 bFf;a aAhthB[ QhhpLhfa
AhhZhuw}t
18.8 bFf; faDdn QhhpLhfa
48 bFf;a AhthB[ QhhpLhfa”1951 AhZr; 52 bFf;a•
Hh;sy;chj;s.
48.6 faDdn QhhpLhfa
Cohhn Š uKs[j[d ghhu;
fa[, fahktghh;nAhZr; fahdn[ lhhMh u pu‰hxh[" rh'ih[ k'Grh chAhzht f;a. AhjhqhM Qh'nht[ j; fahktghh;nirh Ah'oh;lut[
y@hmh[r chj;. AhYrhM[ QhhpLhfa lhhMh'irh u pu‰hxrh=irh puZhhdkQhh Ahszhtk'Hhhs}d pskTrh'zh pdun}d chy; chj;s.
k'Gr;w@hh fahdn[ lhhMh'ih[ u pu‰hxrh=ih[ k'Grh cpZhfa s; fahktghh;n fadh"bfa w`hp' sfahtmh kpAhs[ih; CAh;zuht ck}d
;
chj;. rhu%d Ahjhohd rh'ihh w@hwhs[wmhh KwLb jh;sh;. fahktghh;nihh kAhhu;lh fadh"bfahs Ujhuh rh Ah]zzRhut s; -
qh;Mghhu lhjthih; chpxh"fa k'qh'Zh f;auM AhjhthLbPhlh[ dk}d pdun}d chy; chj;s. wmh qh;MghhupuZhhdkQhh Ahszhtk'Hhhs
s; rh wptkths[y fahdn[ w`zlhhlh[ chj;s j;
;
Ahjhohd rh'ih; Ajmhmh; qh;Mghhu Ar]pdpkwh{pyb[d;
chrh;ghhyh w]tpuy;Yrh ch{FbPhrirh CSwDdhu%d
{ Ahjhohd rh'd[ AhjhthLbPhyh dhfahty;y[ ghhu;
shy]fah ghhu; QhhpLhfa bFf;auht[
Ghh;b; Btpuy; chj;. fah;famhhs}d chpmh AhjhthLbPhs}d AhthB[ fahdn[ vst
r;mhhTrh Ahhyhut[y ch{FbPh{rih; CSwDd 87 qh;Mghhu lhjt 52.0 23.0 25.0
bFf;a st fahdn[ Qhhghhs}d r;mhhTrh Ahhyhut[y qh;Mghhu sh. 9 96.16 .... .....
ch{FbPh{rih; CSwDd eaFs 13 bFf;a chj;. cxhmh[ 10 61.00 33.0 6.0
puZhhdkQhh, Ar]pkpdwh{pybRh pdAhktfaht[ u Ghhdhw}t 50 86.7 .... ...
pqhdktfaht[ k'Kxhh'irh pdunmh]fa[s[y yh;fa; iIh fahtuht 50 78.00 15.0 7.0
k]wh 131 84.00 6.00 10.00
j[ AhjhthLbPhs rh w`zlhhih; pupyd[fatmh fathu;
; jYrhM 120 62.00 32.00 6.00
ck; KwLb zlh"pus dhj[, ck; Ahjhohd j]Ahdhqhhz 28 63.00 16.00 21.00
Ajmhshs, wmh s;ih Ahjhohd fahktghh;nAhZh[y Qhhyfa[ 49 59.00 30.00 11.00
puZhhdkQh;irh pdunmh]fa[qhhqhs Ajmhshs fa[ k'sw}t 62 60.00 26.00 14.00
chM'z 10 68.00 24.00 8.00
11

12. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
kpAhs[ih; CAh;zuht kss s[d u;Mh fahdn[ CAh;zuhthihh Hh;mrhs chy[. Srhu;M[ qh;Mghhu lhjths fahdn[ QhhpLhfa
zmhzmh[s wthQhu fa%d pdun}d chy;, Srh qhhqhs s; qhj]k'Gr jh;s;, Ajmh}d qh;Mghhu lhjt fadh"bfahk pzy;.
Ajmhshs fa[ kpAhs[d; qh;Mghhuih; AhjhthLbPhs pupyd[fatmh lhjhw}t j; AhthB[ ghhu qh;Mghhu Ar]pdpkwh{pyb[AhZr; puy[d
rh Ah]zzRhut pdunmh}fa yNpuy[ wmh fah+g;k w@hhd; chwYrh
- f;aYrhd'st qh;Mghhu lhjt AhthB[ QhhpLhfa qhj]kGr Ohhy;,
'
pdunmh}fa ohhj[tdhArhut pdunmh}fa yNpuy[. fah+g;kd; Ajmh}d chsh s; qh;Mghhuih[ Ahhghmh[ fat[s chj;s•• ck;
qh;Mghhuih; AhjhthLbPhs pupyd[fatmh jh;C| dr; rh Ah]z-zRhut pzlhhQh}y fatmhht; Ghh;b; puZhhd Qhhtshih; Ahhoh[ w'sw`Zhhd
pdunmh}fa yNpuy[ dhj[. Ahjhohd rh'irh z]sh';n[ sf"abhyh Ahh;thtoh[ z;khv" rh'd[ fah;Yjhw}t Ah]FfahAh[ 1983 irh
fahr Ajmhhu;. w`ht'Qh[ f;ay;. 1951 ih[ Ghhd;k]Ahht[ Ohhy[ Srhu;M[ AhthB[,
qh;Mghhu lhjt— k[Ahhw`ldhihh f;a'z`pqh'z} fahdn[, gh]ohths[ clhh p!hQhhpLhfa Ah]'qhv" thorhih; gh_jAh'!h[
qh;Mghhu lhjt j; k[Ahhuhzhihh f;az`pqh'z} ckYrhd; rh
' Ahh;thtoh[ z;khv" jh;s.; Srhu;M[ Srh'irh lhhkdhd; rh Qhhghhih[
lhjthyh cDhDrkhZhhtmh Ahj~u w`hWs Ohhy; chj;. Ghhd;k]Ahht[ f;ay[, j; z;khv" kh;r[Kfatt[Srh pukty;y;
Qhh:ghh;pyfaz_LbRh AhjhthLbPhlh[ kygh cky;Yrh, AhthB[ pzkshs.
QhhpLhfah'ih; KwLb qhj]Ahs cky;Yrh, lh:@hpmhfa, khAhhpohfa, qh;Mghhu dghtwhpyfah Kxhhwd;whk}d AhthB[ih
kh'Kf_apsfa, thohfa[r u chpxh"faz_LbRh AhjhthLbPh'lh[ w'ih fapAhb[ Ajmh}d 1 pnk'qht 1891 th;oh[ Kxhhwd
;
k'qh'pZhs cky;Yrh rh lhjthut AhjhthLbPhihh w}mh" cpZhfaht Ohhy;Yrh u chsh Ahjhdghtwhpyf;as %wh'st Ohhy;Yrh
ckshdh thor w]dt"ihdh kpAhs[d; pohYjh jh Hhbfa qh;Mghhu lhjthirh rh 135 uLhh"irh w`hpspdpZhfa k'Kxh;irh
AhhdYrhd; qh;Mghhu lhjt, pdwhmh[, qh;Mghhu shy]fah, k]t|uhs[whk}dihh fahtQhht AhthB[ QhhLh;s}dih jh;s chyh
Ghhdhw}t shy]fah, rh AhthB[ w`zlhhkj fadh"bfahs
; chj;. ku" t;fah{n" AhthB[ QhhLh;s B;umrhs chy; chj;.
B;umrhih[ plheahtk f;ay[. jh rh Qhhghhut Ahh;Bh cDrhr rhu%d rh lhjthih; AhthB[ Ku%w f]amhhj[ k}# UrpFsk
chj;. qh;Mghhu lhjths AhthB[ QhhpLhfa fahdn[ QhhpLhfah'irh kAhohYrhplhuhr thjmhht dhj[.
z]Wwb[j}d cpZhfa ckYrhih; Ghhy[y sFSrhu%d KwLb
jh;vy.
"
œœthor w]dt"ihd;irh u;M[ 1951 ih[ plhtghmhs[ puihhths
Ahjhohd cjuhy
wtKwtputh;Zh[ puZhhdh'ih[ wh;sn[
qh;Mghhu, fahtuht, Zhhtuhn chpmh puohhw}t j; ihht pohYj; chpmh Ahhghhj}d k[Ahh pdplihs fatmrhih; fahr" Oh<dy
1956 wr=s Ah]qhv" thorh'sgh"s j<s;. rh ihht pohYjRh'wfa[
' : fah:pDkyfan; k<wpumrhs rhu;, clh[ sts}z thor
qh;Mghhu pohYjRhs[y ih'zghn shy]fah ughMsh vst ku" w]dt"ihdh fahr‰hsih fatmrhs chy[. Oh<dy fah:pDkyirh
Qh}wzlh Aj:kt thorhs kAhhpuLb fatmrhih[ plheahtk thor
`; } pdpAh"s[yh AhhDrsh Ajmhoh;ih k[Ahh pdplihs Ohhy[
w]dt"ihdh Ah'nMhd; f;ay[. wptmhhAhs— Ah]'qhv" chpmh Ahz`hk dkYrhih[ faqh]y[ih j<r. wmh cw;@h;w`Ahhmh; Oh<dy
thorhs[y Qh}wzlh chpmh j:zh` qhhz k'Kxhhdhs[y w`zlh rh'ih[
`; ; fah:pDkyd; s; fahAh w}mh" f;ay;ih dhj[.
kh'ghn Qh}sw}u" f}agh" chpmh Aj:kt k'Kxhhdhlh[ Hhhy}d dUrh
} Srhd'st rh thorh'irh k[Ahh chGhmh[ih[ fahAhpght[
Aj:kt thorhih[ pdpAh"s[ fatmrhs chy[. rh Hhhv"s qhthih
} ihh:kzKr kpAhs[ut k<wpumrhs chy[. rh kpAhs[s
Ah<Bh AhthB[ QhhpLhfa Qh}w`zlh Aj:k}tAhZr; kAhhpuLb Ohhyh.
; z<d AhjhthLbP ktfahtih; w`pspdZh[ chpmh z<d Aj:k}t
Srhihw`Ahhmh; fahj[ faDdn QhhpLhfa w`zlh AhjhthLbPhsih thpjyh
; ktfahtih; w`pspdZh[ j<s;. w`Sr;fa Ah]‰hut Srh'ih; AhsQh;z
gh;yh. Ohhy;. Ahh!h Qhh:gh<pyfa kyghsh rh Vfahih Ah]‰hut Srh'ih;
Qhhtshs[y k'w}mh" thorh'ih[ w]dt"ihdh fatmrhih[ chpmh VfaAhs Ohhy;.
Aj:k}tkhtGh; du[d thor pdAhh"mh fatmrhih[ y<fakQh;yh w`xhAhwhk}d AhjhthLbP ktfahtd; Ghhy[y Ah]‰h'ut oh<t
pdfan j<s[. rh thorhirh k[Ahh pdplihs fatmrhs pzyh.
u;M HhhypumrhV;uoh[ chZh[ thorhih[ pdpAh"s[ fathurhih[ 1. Gh;n; j; Hhbfa.
12

13. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
2. Qhh:gh<pyfa kyghsh. th;oh[ Drh. Ahjhohd rh'irh VfakzKr chrh;ghhih[ d;Ahmh}fa
3. ”c• AhthB[ pf'auh faDdn QhhpLhfah'ih[ khw;@h f;ay[. Srh chrh;ghhd; chwyh cjuhy pz. 25 ch{ghKb
qhj]k'Grh, ”ch• c<khn Gh;nRh'irh w`fatmh[, Srh 1967 th;oh[ f;az` ktfahtyh khzt f;ayh.
'
Gh;nRhs[y qhj]kGr ohAh[dAhhyfa orh thorhs thjshs
' z]ghhmrh chpmh cuj;ydh
Srh thorhs s[ Gh;n[ kAhhpuLb f;ay[ ohhu[. œk[Ahhuhz j; thohfa[r w`ld chj;s chpmh s; thohfa[r
4. y<f;aiIh. whsM[utih kh;npuy; whpjoh;s. pupuZh Ah]‰h'ihh kh'ghh;wh'gh
AhjhthLbP ktfahtd; ckhj[ chgj Zhtyh fa[, k[Ahh puihht fatmrhkhB[ u ck; pupuZh w`ld kh;npumrhkhB[
Btpushdh 1951 khyih[ plhtghmhs[ chZhhtQh}s Ahhdy[ fah'j[ ku"khAhhDr sh;ngh; k]ihpumrhk Ahyh kh'ghmrhs
ohhu[. chy;y; chj;. fah;mhs;j[ k}!h fahb;fah;twmh; thqhpush r;mh; ;
AhjhthLbP ktfahtd; j; k}!h?”1• Aj:ktAhZh[y ku" AhthB[
} lhFr dhj[ chpmh clhh gh]shgh]s[irh w`ldh'ih[ Cfay
' '
QhhpLhfa Gh;n[ yjhd chpmh Ah<B[ lhjt; rh'dh kAhhd fatmhht; fah;mhSrhj[ w`fahtih; lhhK!h[r z'nfa CwyqZh
z_Lb[fa<dhs}d yhgh} fa%d chwYrh Ahhghmh[s Srh'ihh c's— dhj[s, ck; pdmh"r thohfa[r whsM[ut Hh;sy; ohhshs.
Qhh"u f;ayh. 2• AhjhthLbPhs[y oh[ Gh;n[ ut[y k}!hhd]kht chpmh s; thohfa[r zqhhuhGhhy[ Hh;sy; ohhshs•.
faDdn QhhpLhfa Bts[y s[ chwmhj}d Aj:k}t ktfahtyh chwYrh Ahhghmh[khB[ chAhtmh Cwh;Lhmh fatmhhTrh fah;mhh
z;mrhih; AhhDr f;ay;. Vfahihh Ah_Sr} Srhyh fahtmh[Qh}s ck;y cxhuh z]kTrh
AhjhthLbPhd; Vf}amh 814 Gh;nRh'ih[ Ahhghmh[ f;ay[, st fah;mhhih[ st[ chAhtmh Cwh;Lhmhhih[ ZhAhfa[ pdpAh~h Bts
260 Gh;n[ Aj:k}tyh z;mrhih; AhhDr f;ay;. ”Ahhghhj}d ck;y. thohfa[r whsM[ut[y ck; thohfa[r w;ihw`kgh '
Ahjhohd cjuhyhd; chwmh 1961 khyih[ plhtghmhs[ kh;npumrhkhB[ thohfa[r w]Nht[ sh;ngh; lhh;Zh}d fahNshs
w`Ahhpmhs Ahhdmhht ckYrhih; ohhj[t f;aYrhut chwYrh chpmh VGhh‰h k[Ahh chrh;ghhyh Srh'irh thohfa[r
Ah}M Ahhghmh[s chpmh z;mrhs r;mhhTrh Gh;nRhs e;ateaht pdmh"rhw`Ahhmh; k[Ahh pdplihs fatmrhk kh'ghmrhs r;s.;
f;ayh•. rh zh;d wptiI;zhs chrh;ghhd; ku"w`xhAh chwy[
Aj:k}td; fa<mhs;j[ k}!h w]N; Ahh'ny; dhj[. wmh œoh:k; d;Ahmh}fa fatmhhTrh thorfaSrh'ut z]ghhmrh OhhnYrh chpmh
"
xh;• rh Qh}pAhf;ayh pihfab}d thpjy;. Srhd'st Srh'd[ chwYrh f:a. (h`[thAh wh;„y} rh'd[ ch'Zh` thorhih[ w`Kxhhwdh Ujhu[
Zh<tmhhs pf'apihs qhzy fa%d, AhjhthLbP?Aj:kt k[Ah;whk}d
} Ajmh}d wSfaty;y; jh:shSAr chpmh w. w}. k;dhws[ qhhwb
Aj:k}t thorh's 10 Ah:ywr""'s wh;ihmhhTrh Qh}wbRhs[y rh'irh ckhAhhDr Srhghhih[ cuj;ydh f;ay[. clhh
w`zlhhihh puihht fatmrhih[ srht[ zlh"puy[. thor w]dt"ihdh
; w}u"gh`jh'ih[ plhzh;t[ whB[lh[ qhh'Zh}d chrh;ghhd; chwy[
cjuhy chpmh fahrzh jh c'psAh pdmh"r chj;, ck; pstfak uhbihhy ihhy} B;uy[.
Aj:k}td; w`pswhzd f;ay;. ghh:WrKeah;b
ihh:kzKr kpAhs[irh cwrlhhd'st k[AhhQhhghh's[y chwYrh pkˆh'shihh whBw]thuh fatshdh DrhrAh}s["
ch'zh;yd w`Ght Ohhy;. rh k'zQhh"s 1957 whk}dirh Ah;jtih'z Ahjhohd Vfa ghh:WrKeah;b fatshs. œAhjhthLbPhs[y
puZh[Ah'nMhirh, dghtwhpyf;airh chpmh gh`hAhw'ihhrs['irh w`Qhhu[ fah+gh`;kohdh'ih; plhLbAh'nM w'sw`Zhhd, fah+gh`;khZr@h
ku" pdunmh]fah AhjhthLbP Vfa[fatmh kpAhs[d; yNpuYrh chpmh gh_jAh'!h[ rh'dh Qh;by;. AhjhthLbP w`z;lh fah+gh`;k
chpmh poh'faYrh. k[Ahh w`zlhhih; pupyd[fatmh jh VfaAh;u
; kpAhs[ih; cZr@h rh'd[ Srh plhLbAh'nMhih; d;s_Su f;ay;.
Ah]‚h Ahszhth'kAhh;t Ahh'n}d Srh'ihh fah:y Ahhghmrhs chyh k[Ahhw`ldhih[ Cfay fatmrhkhB[ shSfahM Vfa chrh;gh
chpmh Srhyh Ahszhth'd[ pdpu"uhzwmh; AhhDrsh pzy[. d;Ahyh ohhuh chpmh Srhih[ fahr"wˆs[ fah+gh`;k ufa[=gh
ztArhd, AhjhthLbP chpmh f;'az` ktfahtkAhh;t cd;fa fapAhb[d; Btu}d ‰hu[, dw;@hh AhjhthLbPhs[y puth;Zh[ w@h
pdzlh"d; Ohhy[. AhjhthLbP puZhhdkQh;d; jh uhz yufat Srhihh eahrzh Hh;vy chpmh AhjhthLbPhs[y fah+gh`kk~hh
" ;
pAhbuhuh Ajmh}d Bthu f;ay;. j; w`rSd pdLeaM BtYrhd'st dhAhlh;Lh jh;vy. w`fatmh vsf;a shmhy; gh;y; fa[, AhjhthLbPhih;
"
pz. 22 Ah; 1966 th;oh[ k;dhws[ qhhwb, (h`[ qhh. t'. Ah]GrAh'!h[ (h`[. uk'sthu dhv"fa rh'dh Srh'irh kjfaht[
k]Bmhfat, ([. khrdhfa chpmh (h`[. w']npyfaoh[ fahsghn;
' Ah'!rh'd[ Ah'!h[wzhihh thoh[dhAhh khzt fatmrhih; cpZhfaht
rh'd[ Ah']qhv"yh Ah]GrAh'!h[ (h`[. uk'sthu dhv"fa rh'irh pzy; jh;s.; rh Hhbdh puth;Zh[ w@hh'irh ch'zh;ydhAh]M; s[u`
pduhkKxhhdhirh w`ulh‡hths chAhtmh Cwh;Lhmh cht'pQhy;.
; ' qhdYrh. rh ku" smhhuhAh]M; f;a'z` ktfahtd; Vfa kzKr
rh gh'Qh[t Hhbd;s}d orh uhbhHhhb[ OhhYrh Srhihh chrh;gh d;Ahmrhihh pdmh"r Hh;syh, ck; Gh]‚ DrhrAh}s["
wptmhhAh Ajmh}d f;az` ktfahtd; pz. 25 ch{Fbh;qht 1966
' Ah;jtih'z Ahjhohd rh'd[ chwYrh cjuhyhs dAh}z f;ay;y;
;
13

14. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
chj;. fak; Gh;ih}d d;C| lhfashs, rhih; KwLb[fatmh z;C| lhfas
uhKspufaptSrh rh ohb[y kAhKr;ut Drh$r sh;nghh dhj[s.
lhh;Zh}d fahNhuh, rh lh]ˆ j;s}d; Qhhtshirh Qh}sw}u" Ah]Gr qh;Mghhuihh z]—Kuhk st
DrhrhpZhlhh'ih[ d;Ahmh}fa fatmrhs chy;y[ jh;s[. wmh Srh'd[ fahktgh<nih; fa<nfah:sfa
]
w`Sr;fa Hhbd;yh thohfa[r t'gh eahk}d s; thohfahtmh Gh;My; AhjhthLbPhd; f;ay;Yrh qh;Mghhuirh Ahhghmh[yh C‚;lh}d
chpmh Srh Gh;Mhs z'gh jh;C|d Srh'd[ k'w}mh" k[Ahhw`ldhihh chr<ghhih; w`pswhzd fab]sAh chj;. œAhhOrh Ahs; khAhhDr
thohfa[r Gh;MGh'nh;qhh f;ayh. Srh'd[ ku"wxhAh fahj[ chnhGh;
` dhghptfa QhhpLhfa ‡;Lhhd; wIhny;yh dhj[. s< Cwz-Urhw
qhh'Zhy;, Srhs qh;Mghhu AhjhthLbPhwhk}d pjthu}d Hh;mh; chpmh eaFs thohfahtmrh'ihh, pulh;Lhs— kpAhs[ fahr"faSrh=ihh chj;.
fahktghh;n shy]Frhih; zhd Aj:k}tirh w@hhs whnmh; j; fahj[ Qh}w`zlh AhjhthLbPhs Gh;ih}d Drhuh rhih VfaAh;u
;
Ah]Gr Zhh;tmh jh;s.; Srhyh cd]k%d chrh;ghhd; Kus—yh j;s}d; AhjhthLbP Vfa[fatmh kpAhs[ih[ Kxhhwdh Ohhy;y[
kh;vKfat clhh sf"az]Lb puZhhdh'ih[ Ahhpyfah pdAhh"mh f;ay[.
" chj; chpmh qh;Mghhu lhjthihh kAhhu;lh AhjhthLbPhs Ujhuh
Srh Ahhpyf;as puk'ghs[ chpmh wtKwt puth;Zh[ puZhhdh'ih[ Ajmh}d s[ ch'z<ydhAhhgh}d ch'z<yd; CQhht[s chj;, ck;
t;yih;y OhhYrhAh]M; sh; cjuhy Ajmhoh; wtKwtputh;Zh[ Ahjhohd Ajmhshs.
puZhhdh'ih[ Vfa wh;sn[ Ohhy[ chj;. AhjhthLbPhirh k'zQhh"s œuohzpw faB<thpmh• Ku%w Zhhtmh
pdunmh}fa pdfahy yh;f;aiI;ih; fatmhht; DrhrAh}s[" Ahjhohd fahktgh<nirh k'zQhh"s Ah_z]d[
‰h;sfa dUj;s f]ak]Ahhzw[ fak; qhdshs, rhihh Ahhghh;uh Hh;mh; pih~hu;Zhfa
chrh;ghhd; ku"w`xhAh pdunmh]fa[ih; pdfahy cxh"lh}Dr chj;. Aj:k}t?f;atM k[Ah;ut[y fahktghh;n jh qhj]k'Gr
Btpuy;. pdunmh]fa['ih; pdfahy j; yh;fa; iI;ih; ‰h;sfa chj;s, faDdn QhhpLhfa Qhhgh f;atM thorhs chj;. qh;Mghhu chz[
ck; Ghh!h[yhrfat[Srh Ahhdsh r; s dhj[. j[ih k[Ahh w`z;lhhs[y AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'ih; ch'zh;yd Ah}BQht
puihhtktmh[ dghtwhpyfah chpmh shy]fah qhh;nh"'irh thohfahtmrh'ihh Gh;M chj;, ck; AjmhmhhTrh Ahjhohd rh'd[
pdunmh]fa[ k'qh'Zhhd;j[ Ajmhsh r;s dhj[. Srhu%d s; fahktghh;nirh ohds;d; ihhypuy;y; ch'zh;yd kAhxh"d[r
yh;faAhs qh;Mghhuih; AhjhthLbPhs pupyd[fatmh Ujhu; rhyh fak; fahr Btpuy;ž fahktghh;n r;xh[y ohds;irh Ahdhs
BhAhwmh; w]Lb[ z;mhht; dUj;, ck; DrhrAh}s[" Ahjhohd eaht Ahh;BRh w`Ahhmhhs ckAhhZhhd chpmh ck'sh;Lh uks
Ajmhshs. AhjhthLbP ktfahtih[ QhhpLhfa qhj]k'Grh j[ chj;, ckh pduhnh z;C|d chrh;gh Ahh;faMh jh;sh;.
1951 irh chfanRh'dh cd]k%d Ku[fahty[ ohhu[ j[ Srhd'st k[AhhQhhghhs[y AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'd[ yNpuy;Yrh
Ahhghmh[ Ajmhoh; Vfa Hhh;t gh]Djh ck; Ahhd}d chrh;ghhd; chpmh poh'fay;Yrh pdunmh]fah'ih; pdfahy pdtxh"fa chj;s
ck; w`pswhzd f;ay; fa[, rh Ahhghmh[Ahhgh[y Ah]Gr j;s} Ajmh}d ghhn}d bhfay;yh w`ld fahktghh;nirh k'zQhh"s w]Djh
Ajmhoh; 1951 irh plhtghmhs[w`Ahhmh; qh;MghhuAhZr; AhthB[ Cfa%d fahNmrhs r;sh;. rh puQhhghhs Hh;mrhs chy;Yrh
QhhpLhfah'ih[ k'Grh cpZhfa jh;s[. 51.1 bFf;a chpmh pdunmh]fah'irh pdfahyhAhZh}d ohds;ih; Ahs w`pspqh'pqhs jh;s˜;
faDdn 22.8 bFf;aa st['k]ˆh w]dt"ihdh Ah'nMhd; Srhihh Srhihw`Ahhmh; s; w`hAhhpmhfa ck}d Srhihh chzt f;ayh
c'sQhh"u AhjhthLbPhs fatmrhk dfaht pzyh. rh pdmh"rhyh ohhuh˜ ckh pdLfaLh" chrh;gh fahNsh;.
AhhOhh k'w}mh" whpB'qhh chj;, ck;j[ Ahjhohd rh'd[ w]N;
; chmhGh[ Vfah w`kgh[ fahktghh;nut[y Aj:k}t jFfahirh
'
Ajby; chj;. k'zQhh"s Ahjhohd chrh;ghhyh chy;y[ ch:zhrh"ih[
rhd'st Srh'd[ Vfa du[d puZhhd w]N; chmhy;. Srhihw`Ahhmh; w@hwhshih[ Qhts[ KwLbwmh; doht;s Qhts;.
83,672 AhthB[ QhhpLhfah'irh k<r[khB[ 90,000 Aj:k}t ktfahtd; 1951 khyirh plhtghmhs[irh chZhht;
cAhthB[ dhghptfah'dh VfaQhhpLhfa AhthB[ thorhs nh'qhmh; chwyh jFfa w`Kxhhpws f;ay;yh chj;, ck; dAh}z fa%d
Ahyh Drh$r chpmh kAhs<ywmhhih; uhbs dhj[. wmh f;atMirh Ah]GrAh'!rh'd[ pzy;y; chfan; Cz-Zh_s f;ay;y;
46,793 faDdn QhhpLhfah'irh k<r[khB[ 1,27,000 chj;s. Srhih[ ugh"uht[ r;mh;wAhhmh; 55.8 bFf;a AhYrhMAh,
`
pqhght faDdn dhghptfah'dh VfaQhhpLhfa Aj:k}t thorhs 22.7 s]M}, 12.3 faDdn 5.3 AhthB[ chpmh 2.9
nh'qhmh; Srh'dh Drh$r chpmh kAhs<ywmhhih; uhby;. fah;famh[ rh chfan;uht[irh put|ˆ chrh;ghhih[ AhpYydhxh[
'
œqh;MghhuAhZh[y 46 bFf;a ”1961 AhZh[y chfan;• Vfah clh[ fa[ psxh; 50 bFFrhj}d cpZhfa ohdsh AhYrhMAh
QhhpLhfa ghbhih; y<fa ”AhthB[• Kus—qht<qht 54 bFf;a qhh;ys cky[ st[ s[ QhhLhh ih'zp` ght[ dz[irh zp@hmh;fan;
cDr QhhpLhfa y<fa Gh;ih}d d;C| lhfas dhj[s st faDdn qhh; y mrhs r; m hhTrh AhYrhMAhwhk} d pQhDd chj; .
ghbhih; 26 bFf;a y<fa Kus—qht<qht vst 74 bFFrh'dh QhhLhhpQhDdsh jh oht pdfaLh Ahhdyh st qh;Mghhu lhjths
14

15. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
gh;Yrh 95 uLhh"whk}d qh;Mghhuih;
qhh;ymrhs r;s cky;Yrh faDdn QhhLh;ih;
Aj:k}tirh wptkths qhh;ymrhs r;mhhTrh
dghthZr@h cd- Srhd'stih;
faDdnlh[ pfas[k; khAr chj;. chrh;ghhd;
chwYrh AhpYydhxh[d'st pdmh"r pzyh.
Ahjhwh:tj[ AhthB[ QhhpLhf ih
AhhOrhAhs; ih'z`pght[ dz[irh C~ht;fan[y
w`zlh ”Aj:k}td; Ahhghmh[ f;ay;yh• Ah]GrSu;
;
fa%d faDdn w`z;lh chj;. psxh; oht[
qhj]kGr dhghptfa AhYrhM[ QhhLhh qhh;ys
' qh;Mghhu dghtwhpyf;aih; dghthZr@h
cky; st[ Srh'ih[ AhYrhM[ QhhLhh utwh'gh[ f`a. dghthZr@hhih; dhu whk}d wr=s
chj;. 1. Uj[. cht. dhs} 15?06?1909 04?04?1910
fahktghh;nih[ z;mhgh[ Aj:k}tirh w@hhs 2. cht. oh[. Ghh;s 04?04?1910 31?03?1913
whnhryh chrh;ghhyh ut[y r]pFsuhz 3. V. oh[. pAhyt 01?04?1913 12?05?1914
4. czlh[t duth;oh 13?05?1914 30?07?1916
w]tkh uhbyh dhj[. Srhd; Srhyh w]Ks[
; 5. n[. Uj[. qh;Mu[ 18?10?1916 30?09?1919
ohh;ny[. s]M} QhhpLhfa, fah;'famh[ QhhpLhfa 6. czlh[t duth;oh 15?10?1919 30?09?1922
chpmh AhthB[ QhhpLhfa y;Ghd Urujhths 7. V. w[. ihh:gh]y; 12?10?1922 01?04?1926
faDdn pyw[ chpmh QhhLhh uhwtshs. 8. qh[. f;a. zMu[ 12?04?1926 30?03?1928
9. qh[. f;a. zMu[ 30?03?1928 31?03?1929
f;auM 12.3 bFf;a faDdn QhhpLhfah'irh 10. qh[. f;a. zMu[ 10?06?1929 04?06?1931
kh;vkhB[ 87 bFf;a cDr QhhpLhfah'dh
" 11. qh[. qh[. wh;szht 05?06?1931 12?08?1932
Aj:k}tAhZr; nh'qhmrhk chrh;ghhyh fahj[ih 12. qh[.f;a. zMu[ 12?08?1932 whk}d 1 uLh"
gh:t uhbs dhj[. 13. qh[.qh[.wh;szht 05?12?1933 qhhfa[ih[ Ah]zs
14. V. V. Hh[uhy: 01?11?1935 Vfa uLhh"khB[
15. Vd. oh;. fahM; 31?10?1936 Vfa uLhh"khB[
16. VAh. VAh. yhn 01?11?1937 04?11?1938
17. qh[.qh[.wh;szht 05?11?1938 03?04?1939
18. qh[.qh[.wh;szht 03?04?1939 Vfa uLhh"khB[
ohkh whrh 19.
20.
VAh. VAh. yhn
qh[.qh[. wh;szht
27?04?1939
06?05?1942
whk}d qhhfa[ih[ Ah]zs
Vfa uLhh"faptsh
skh uhnh... 21.
22.
chr. V. Zhhtuhnfat
Uj[. Vd. pAhkhM
16?05?1943
22?05?1944
Vfa uLhh"faptsh
Vfa uLhh"faptsh
v. k. 1836 khy[ qh;Mghhu 23. w[.n[. psMu; 06?06?1945 01?08?1946
pohYjh cpKsSuhs chyh. 24. oh[. VAh. Qhhsfah'n; 01?08?1946 11?12?1947
Srhu;Mwhk}dih rh pohYjRhih;
; 25. qh[. qh[. wh;szht 11?12?1947 23?07?1949
26. Vih. V. khu's 23?07?1949 11?08?1952
kht; zWst, Ahh;n[ chpmh AhthB[ 27. lhh'shqhhv" dtgh]'zfat 11?08?1952 20?08?1953
rh zh;d QhhLh;sih ihhys chy;y; 28. Vd.w[. khM]'f;a 20?08?1953 10?09?1954
chj;. pohYjRhih; pBfahmh 29. f;a. VAh. GhDd]fat 11?09?1954 13?10?1956
cky;Yrh qh;Mghhu lhjths oh[ 30. oh[. VAh. Qhhsfah'n; 13?10?1956 23?01?1958
wpjy[ lhhMh v.k. 1930 31. oh[. VAh. Qhhsfah'n; 24?01?1958 06?02?1959
32. V.oh[. rhMgh[ 06?02?1959 23?02?1960
khy[ Czrhk chy[. s[ 33. oh;. f;a. yghhn; 23?02?1960 14?03?1961
AhthB[ jh;s[. Srhd'st 1938 34. plhuhoh[thu fazAh 14?03?1961 12?12?1964
khy[ fahdn[ lhhMh k]% 35. w`lhhkfa 12?12?1964 28?02?1969
fatmrhs chy[. w}uh"wht ihhys 36. v'pzthqhhv" Ghhn; 01?03?1969 21?04?1970
chy;yh. AhthB'[ QhhLh;ihh chpmh 37. plhuhoh[thu fahfasfat 22?04?1970 28?02?1974
AhthB[ k'Kf_as[ihhih wghnh
c‰hw qh;Mghhuut chj;. 38. w`lhhkfa 01?03?1974 09?06?1976
39. w`lhhkfa 09?06?1976 02?08?1976
40. w`lhhkfa 02?08?1976
41. w`lhhkfa 11?01?1984
15

16. qh;Mghhu, f htuht, pdwhmh[ihh k[Ahhw`ld f hr chj; ?
gh;Yrh 50 uLhh"s[y k[Ahhw`(dhut[y uhbhHhhb[ih; pih!h
B[f chj; st, Qh;b} chwmh w]Nirh u;M[ ˜
AhjhthLbP f dh"bf
k[Ahh
f;' z` ktf ht Ajmhs;, œœzh;Dj[ thorhirh Ah]GrAh'!rhd[ Vf !h
r;C|d rh w`(dhut sh;nghh f hNhuh.
16