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HISTORY OF INSECT TOXICOLOGY_Lec1.2.pptx
- 1. HISTORY OF INSECT TOXICOLOGY MICAH PORCAL ARELLADO Course Instructor
- 3. Early History of Pesticides 1550 B.C 1000 B. C Sulfur is used by the Greeks " ••• to purge the hall and the house and the court“ (Odyssey XXII, 492-494 23 to 79 A.D. Pliny the Elder collected in his Natural History many anecdotes on the use of pesticides in the previous three or four centuries (Shepard, 1939) ARELLADO, M. 2023 The Ebers Papyrus recorded lists of preparations to expel fleas from the house
- 4. Early History of Pesticides 40 to 90 A.D 900 A.D Chinese were using arsenic sulfides to control garden insect 23 to 79 A.D. Romans use Veratrum album and nigrum, two species of false hellebore as rodenticide (Shepard, 1939) Dioscorides, a Greek physician (40 to 90 A.D.) knew of the toxic properties of sulfur and of arsenic ARELLADO, M. 2023
- 6. Early History of Pesticides 1669 1763 Use of tobacco as contact insecticide for plant lice was mentioned later in the same century 1807 Copper compounds were known since 1807 to have fungicidal value the earliest known record of arsenic as an insecticide in the Western World mentioned its use with honey as an ant 1883 ARELLADO, M. 2023 Hydrocyanic acid, known to the Egyptians and the Romans as a poison, was used as a fumigant to kill museum pests in insect collections (Shepard, 1939)
- 8. Early History of Pesticides 1854 1883 Carbon disulfide has been used as an insect fumigant WW2 pesticides were mainly of natural origin or inorganic compounds 1990’s Pest Control was revolutionized ARELLADO, M. 2023 Bordeaux mixture (hydrated lime and copper sulfate) was first used in France
- 9. Year Discoveries 1930’s to 1940’s DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) synthesized by a German graduate student 1873 Paul Muller, (Swiss) discovers insecticidal activity saves many soldiers' lives during WWII (body lice - typhus) control insect vectors of human disease in the tropics such an impact on human health that Muller wins 1948 Nobel prize in medicine During WWII both the Germans and the Allies working on the development of organophosphates as nerve gases. They discover the insecticidal properties of these chemicals. After WWII development of other chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphates as pesticides. Modern History of Pesticides ARELLADO, M. 2023
- 10. Year Discoveries 1930’s to 1940’s The first organic selective herbicides were being developed, originally as a result of work on chemicals to regulate plant growth: 1. 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 2. 4,6 dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC). The immediate impact was on cereal crops and, to a much lesser extent, on peas and grassland 1946 onwards Age of Pesticides', divided by Metcalf (1980) into three phases: the Era of Optimism (1946-1962), the Era of Doubt (1962-1976) and the Era of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (1976-). Modern History of Pesticides ARELLADO, M. 2023
- 11. Year Discoveries 1940’s and the early 1950’s believed that generous doses of simple organics could entirely eradicate pests and the problems they caused 1950’s early 60’s "The Green Revolution" Synthetic pesticides and fertilizers "the answer to world hunger" Trend away from understanding pest phenology, density or damage potential and toward pure chemical approach. 1962 "The Silent Spring" Rachel Carson publishes the book "Silent Spring" and brings the issue of pesticide safety to the attention of the public: 1. Adverse effects on wildlife, water quality, human health? Modern History of Pesticides ARELLADO, M. 2023
- 12. Year Discoveries 1962 2. DDT found in milk and foods (biomagnification) 3. Resistance of pests to pesticides ("super bugs" & weeds) 4. Response to book leads eventually to public policy changes in 1970s. 1970s Serious beginning of research on IPM approaches to pest control USDA creates nationwide IPM Program in Land Grant Universities EPA created & given jurisdiction over pesticide registration & regulation Institutes Pesticide Education Programs in Land Grant Universities Modern History of Pesticides ARELLADO, M. 2023
- 13. Year Discoveries 1976 XVth International Congress of Entomology firmly rejected the widespread use of broad-spectrum and persistent pesticides in favor of an IPM approach. 1980s Increase in IPM research Beginning of genetic engineering applications in agriculture 1990s New genetically engineered Bt crops (corn, potatoes) come into use How will these fit into IPM programs? Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) brings changes to pesticide laws in US New emphasis on softer, and/or more specifically targeted, low-volume chemicals Issues of children's health emphasized Modern History of Pesticides ARELLADO, M. 2023
- 14. Year Discoveries 2000 and beyond Pest management is always changing and we cannot predict the future. In fact, even in the same time period, people have different ideas about how pest management should be carried out. Modern History of Pesticides ARELLADO, M. 2023
- 15. References ARELLADO, M. 2023 A Short History of Pest Management. 2022. Pennstate Extension. College of Agricultural Sciences. The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved from: https://extension.psu.edu/a-short-history-of-pest- management?fbclid=IwAR23J0OmlNaRnRqpM9kTEy- SZdONDbH6TvjltPU688VEsyovlrZEqs8TJrg Costa, L.G. 1bxicology of Pesticides: A Brief History. Department of Environmental Health, SC-34 University of Washington Handley, J. 2019. Pesticides - A brief history and analysis. Retrieved from: https://www.pitchcare.com/news-media/pesticides-a-brief-history-and- analysis.html?fbclid=IwAR0- B92ynsNYop82y2qllft2E3NxsDLDxMK4D7HxdLVR_9RojZiGI0ggD0I