Transporte Aéreo e Marítimo. Mestrado de Planeamento e Operação de Transportes, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa. Nota de Trabalho 16 / 20. Nota final 16 / 20 Air and Maritime Transport. MSc. Transport Planning and Operation, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon University. Project course grade 16 / 20. Final grade 16 / 20

2. 2
Scope
Unmanned Aircraft Systems - A new field for civil aerospace development and applications
The origin of this system
UAS - Unmanned Aircraft Systems
What does it mean?
What we are talking about?
Emerged at the earliest ages of aviation.
During the World War II were done a few tests.
For the last decades the system was developed only for
military proposes.
Possibilities:
Quick response
Low Risk (no crew inside)
Information and control on site …
Challenges: Reliable Equipment, All Weather Use, Regulation, Lower Cost …
Applications:
Search and Rescue Operations
Land & Sea Monitoring …

3. Introduction (I)
3
What’s an UAS ?
Source: Google pictures

4. 4
An Unmanned Aircraft
is a pilotless aircraft
which is flown without a
pilot-in-command-on-
board.
 Remotely and fully controlled from
another place (ground, another
aircraft or ship)
 Programmed and fully autonomous
Other designations: Drone, RPV (remotely piloted vehicle), UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle or
unmanned air vehicle), UAV system and many others
The term Unmanned Aircraft System is now preferred by the sector
because it covers the flying vehicle itself and all the components
necessary to accomplish the mission objectives.
Introduction (II)

5. 5
Origin & History
The concept of pilotless aircraft is not new it started in mid 1800’s when Austrians
launched pilotless balloons (mounted with bombs) against the city of Venice.
The innovation of UAS has we see today started in the early 1900’s used to train target
practice - on the military field.
Later on the World War I there were some
trials with remote-controlled airplanes
Technology rush during the World War II
to train antiaircraft gunners and to fly
attack missions.
Specially the Nazi German produced and
used various UAV aircraft
Later on with the concerned about loosing pilots over hostile territory U.S.
started planning the use of unmanned flights for aerial reconnaissance,
intelligence and surveillance work
On the last decades the UAS as been used as a weapon
Production of geographic knowledge and surveillance,
target acquisition and missile launching.

6. 6
Potential Applications:
Ground Traffic Surveillance
Motorway Road Traffic Collision
Land and Sea Search and Rescue Missions
Fire Fighting
and many more…
Could we give this technology a better propose ?
For sure we will!
Source: Google pictures

7. 7
Potential Advantages & Benefits
Worldwide people are being innovative, creative and using their imagination
to capitalize on what “can” UAS offer
Mobile – easy do move, deploy, launch and recover
Inexpensive - compared to other means
Quick response – faster and safety
Absence of human risk - no crew inside
Reduce human life exposure – long, dull, dirty or
dangerous missions
High degree of controllability – from operational
centres
Control and information - on real time
….
 Protection of the
environment
 Noise abatement
 Reduced fuel
consumption and CO2
emission

8. 8
Substitute or Complementary
Depending on the missions UAS could work
independently and they are costless and
even more efficient
After a forest fire the UAS could
work at night with thermic
sensors
Motorway accidents the traditional rescue
sources will provide better help. However the
UAS could operate also to assist the traffic
control and management
For starting first aid in case of
accidents traditional rescue
could operate faster
To help on Search & Rescue operation on
Land or sea UAS could get into places and
with details (zoom and time to look up) that
other means will not be able to.
In sea by the rocks
or in land on narrow
places

9. 9
Obstacles & Risks to UAS Development
Political Issues
 No harmonised rules and standards –
absence of legal framework
 Lack of training and licencing
requirements
 Lack of airspace access
 Common certification processes and
standards
 Need to rely heavily on communication,
navigation & surveillance technologies
 Ensure safety, efficiency, security,
reliability to integrate airspace
 Flight operations must be transparent to
other airspace users and air traffic
controllers - Detect, Sense & Avoid
Source: Warmerdam, J., Buuren, G ten. (2010)
Technical Issues
Ensure safety under lost link condition -
safely terminate flight when loss of
control occurs!

10. 10
Bibliography
Corner, A. (2011). Breaking down the barries to UAS deployment. London: UAS Forum.
European Commissiom TREN F2/LT/GF/gc D. (2009). Hearing on Light Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Directorate-
General for Energy and Transport - Directorate F - Air Transport.
Shaw, Ian G.R. (2013). The Rise of the Predator Empire: Tracing the History of U.S. Drones. Understanding Empire.
U.S. Department of Transportation - Federal Aviation Admnistration. (2013). Integration of Civil Unmanned Aircraft
Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS) Roadmap. U.S. Department of Transportation - Federal
Aviation Administration.
Valavanis, Kimon P. (2013). Special Issue on Current Developments and State-of-the-art in Unmanned Aircraft Systems.
Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, Volume 69, Issue 1-4, pp 3-4.
VOLPE - National Transportation Systems Center. (2013). Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) - Service Demand 2015-
2035, literature Review & Projections of Future Usage. U.S. Department of Transportation - Research an
Innovative Technology Administration.
Warmerdam, J., Buuren, G ten. (2010). Use of UAS within the Duth police. Presentation on European High Level UAS
Conference. Brussels.

11. 11
Questions & Answers
Thank you for your attention