2. NAME ROLL NO.
ANURAG MITTAL 204011
ARIHANT JAIN 204012
ARUN KUMAR CHOUDHARY 204013
ASHUTOSH PRATAP SINGH 204014
SUMIT GAUR 204055
3. Drones are Remotely Controlled Vehicles which are guided by Computers and
other instruments they incorporate [1]. Drones were initially created for Military
purposes but have seen a rapid growth since then due to their uses in other
multiple fields like Research, Photography, Surveillance etc.
Drones date back to mid-1850s when unmanned balloons were used to drop
bombs and the technology is since advancing in the field of Unmanned Aviation
[2]. Today there are different types of drones from small to large and with
capabilities extending from Delivering goods to weaponry and space exploration.
Drones
Working of Drones
The Technology behind drones has existed long time but constant technological
improvements has made them popular. Drones are Made with composite light
material to improve manoeuvrability and reduce weight; these objects can fly at
extremely High altitudes for longer period of times [3]. They contain a whole lot of
sensors and equipment to facilitate ground control and surveillance which
include Cameras, Image Intensifiers, radar, GPS, Laser etc.,
4.
5. Drones are fitted with number of equipment and are different according to the type
of drone, but some of the common equipment are:
1.) GPS
2.) Flight Controller etc.
Drones are used for a number of purposes which may be good or bad.
1.)Malicious Purposes 2.) Beneficial purposes
a.) Hacking a.) Cinematography
b.)Privacy-Breach b.) Disaster manage.
c.)Surveillance c.) Research
d.)cyber-attacks d.) Search and Rescue
e.)Smuggling etc.
Uses and Technology
6. # As we advance in life, we learn the limits of our abilities.
# The continuous evolution of technology has created invention like
drones which have multiple benefits but benefits come up with some
costs like:
1. Air Safety Issues
2. Agricultural Issues
Technological Complexities
8. Other Important Issues- Let us look at a result of survey conducted by Clutch
Logistics ( Sample Size - 528 people)
9. Need to formulate new rules and regulations and reforms in DGCA policy.
Government support for companies developing drones and its accessories.
Strict quality control and airworthiness of drones either imported or manufactured in
India.
Proper mapping of fly zone and no fly zone.
Relaxing norms for industries trying to use drone for their operating activities.
Finally lots n lots of investment from private companies(FDI) and Govt. support for
R&D.
Policy reforms required
10. Limited flight endurance and payload capacity
Competition among companies
Strict Government laws related to aviation industry
Lack of proper air traffic management system
Concern related to (privacy, security, safety)
Training , licensing and environmental problems
Lack of technological capacity and capabilities.
Approval from various ministries( home ministry,
roadways,defense, environment & wildlife)
Developmental and implementation challenges
11. Why drones when you have GPS on your mobile which is more reliable and also has
remedies for the disadvantages of the drones?
There are mainly four classifications for drone communication:
•Drone to Drone(D2D)
•Drone to network (D2N)
•Drone to satellite ( D2S)
•Drone to ground station (D2GS)
Drones GPS/Satellites
Amount of data required Small Huge
Area covered Small Large
Spatial resolution of air borne
data
Finer, for example:
Sub centimeter level
Not very fine, for example:
at 30 meter level
Cost of usage Cheaper, depending upon area covered Costlier, depending upon area covered
Rate of data collection Faster Comparatively Slower
Frequency of imagery As per the demand Fixed intervals
Weather impact Obtains accurate NDVI with cloud coverage
but mostly cannot operate during the rain,
but it depends upon the drone used
Cannot capture NDVI during rain or cloud
coverage.
Figure 1 Satellite NDVI Sample Imagery (False color Map:
Red corresponds to low NDVI values, Green corresponds to
high NDVI values
Figure 2 UAV NDVI Sample Imagery (False color map
corresponds to high NDVI values and Black corresponds
to low NDVI values.
NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (used to determine the density of green on a patch of land).
12. For example, in case of agriculture sector, drones can get a faster and more accurate data, than GPS imagery for
timely crop health assessment and this early detection and diagnosis can provide farmer with sufficient time to
take corrective measures when the problem is at an initial stage. Also, drones can provide NDVI despite cloud
coverage, where as for satellite imageries it is not possible. But, the data gathered by a satellite, at a very large
scale or area, say at global level can be used for trend analysis, forecasting and anomaly detection.
How to increase the volume of drones so that it can transform the shipping industry?
Goods transported in the
World (by Volume)-World
Shipping Council
Container Ships
Others
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2018 2027 (Expected)
Global drone
logistics and
transportation
market (revenue
in $ million) -
The Insight
Partners
Drones have the potential to positively disrupt the global supply chain that has been fairly stagnant for almost
past 50 years.
13. Anticipated growth opportunities
Mapping and surveys
Inspections
Security, surveillance, or monitoring
Data / analytics
Solutions, i.e. bringing together elements of
drone HW, SW, infrastructure, and services
Commercial photos/video
Emergency services
Military-related services
Managed services / Drones-as-a-Service
Delivery of goods
Expertise and competencies that business
customers increasingly seek in drone providers
1) Data / analytics (including AI and ML)
2) Broad-based IT expertise
3) Cyber security expertise
4) Software development expertise
5) Managed services
Some other measures:
1) Customization to enhance the volume for cargo, such as, uniquely shaped vehicle designed
specifically for cargo handling and not passengers, unlike other air freight carriers.
2) Using Pilots more effectively, such as, instead of having two pilots for a single flight, one pilot
can be used for managing multiple flights remotely. This can also, alleviate some of the
worker shortage that the shipping industry is facing, like, high Pilot shortages.
3) Regulations can be improved to enhance the drone delivery industry.
14. With a increase in the use of drones the number of currently registered drones
stand at more than 1.3 million and there are a total of 6,117 near misses between
drones and planes. In UK itself the mean number of annual near encounter stands
at 54.5 with n=327 and Standard deviation of 49.38, with the increase in number of
drones, the number of near encounters also increased. Can we say that Drones
pose a serious threat to aviation (both Military and Civil)?
Null Hypothesis : Drones do not pose any risk to general aviation
Alternative Hypothesis : Drones are a risk to general aviation
Significance Level : The significance level is 0.05
P-Value : The p-value is approximately 0.3304
Conclusion : The p-value is 0.3304 at the significance level of 0.05 and
therefore there is no significant reason to reject the null hypothesis. The Z-value
is at -0.9733 and the lower and upper bounds are 49.1 to 59.9. Drones are
allowed a maximum altitude of 400 feet and there are very low occurrences of
near misses. The population mean is higher than 5 and the samples are taken
of size 6.
Statistical Calculation
