Human Geog Chapter 3

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Chapter 3:
Geographies
of Population
and Migration
Chapter 3 Lecture
Katie Pratt
Macalester College
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

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• Demographics
– Census
• Population distribution and composition
– Population cohorts
• Population dynamics
– Demographic transition
• Movement and migration
• Debates and policies
– Millennium development goals
Key Concepts
Figure 3.1 Gay marriage registration,
San Francisco.

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• Characteristics of a human population
– Births, deaths, marriages, migration, etc.
– Use a variety of instruments and institutions to measure
populations
• Census
– Vital records
– Limitations
Demography
Figure 3.2 Biometric census taking in India.
Apply your knowledge: Give an example, other than from the United States, of
how the census provides more than just a straightforward counting of a population.

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Population Distribution and Composition
Figure 3.3 World population density, 2013.

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• Geographic reasons
– Environmental and
physical factors
– Political and economic
experiences
– Cultural characteristics
• Examine at many scales
– Global, national, regional,
metropolitan
Distribution and Composition (cont'd)
Figure 3.4 Population density, Australia, 2013.

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• Crude (arithmetic) density
• Nutritional density
• Agricultural density
• Health density
Population Density
Figure 3.5 Bangkok’s population density.

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Population Density (cont’d)
Figure 3.6 Health care density.

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Population Composition
• Subgroups that constitute population
– For example, proportion male versus female, or active in
the workforce compared to seniors and children
• Helps us understand how the population behaves
now and in the future

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• Population segregation in the United States appears
to be declining in most metropolitan areas
Population Segregation in the United States
Figure 3.A Black-white segregation in the
U.S. 1970–2010.
Figure 3.B Declining segregation in U.S.
cities.

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• If we look more carefully, we see a more complex
story about segregation, as the example of Atlanta
illustrates
Population Segregation in the United States
(cont’d)
Figure 3.C The trend of declining segregation is hidden by urban blacks who are becoming
more isolated as Latinos and Asians are occupying historically white neighborhoods.

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• Shape of pyramid is dependent on proportion of
people in each age cohort
Age–Sex Pyramids
Figure 3.7 Population of Germany by age and sex, 2007.

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Figure 3.8 Population pyramids of peripheral and core Countries.
Age–Sex Pyramids (cont'd)
Apply your knowledge: Why do researchers divide the population of a
country into youth, middle, and old-age cohorts? What do these categories
indicate about the potential of a country's population?

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• Common temporal demographic experience
• Dependency ratio
Population Cohorts
Figure 3.9 Population pyramid for Tompkins County, New York (home
of Cornell University, 2010).

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Population Cohorts (cont’d)
Figure 3.10 U.S. baby boomers, 1960–2040.

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G = B – D + (I – E)
Population Dynamics and Processes
What does this equation mean?

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• Crude birthrate (CBR)
• Total fertility rate (TFR)
• Doubling time
Birth (or Fertility) Rates
Table 3.3 TFR provides more insight
into the potential of a population.
Figure 3.11 World crude birthrates, 2013.

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• Crude death rate (CDR)
• Natural increase and natural decrease
• Infant mortality rate
• Life expectancy
Death (or Mortality) Rates
Figure 3.12 World crude death rates, 2013.

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Death (or Mortality) Rates (cont'd)
Figure 3.14 World infant mortality rates, 2013.

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Figure 3.13
World Rates of Natural Increase, 2013

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Figure 3.16 HIV infection, 2012.
Medical and Health Geography
Apply your knowledge: Describe some of the ways life expectancy is shaped by
geography, that is, how does where a person is born, lives, or works shape how
long they are likely to live?

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• The “demographic trap”
• Critiques of the demographic transition model
Demographic Transition Theory
Figure 3.17 Demographic
transition model.
Apply your knowledge: Why would a country be concerned about its population being
too small? What might a country gain by increasing or decreasing the birthrate?

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Education, Women, and Demographic
Transformation
Figure 3.18 The connection between women’s fertility and education.

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• Mobility
• Migration
– International migration
• Emigration
• Immigration
– Internal migration
• Permanent and temporary
• Gross and net migration
• Push and pull factors
• Voluntary or forced
Population Movement and Migration
Figure 3.19 The U.K. expatriate
journey, 2013.
Apply your knowledge: What distinguishes migration from mobility?

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• International voluntary migration
– Labor migration
• Guest workers
• Undocumented workers
– Amenity migration
International Migration
Figure 3.22 Marching for immigration
reform in Texas.
Figure 3.23 San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, is
home to many U.S. retirement migrants.

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International Migration (cont’d)
Figure 3.20 International Voluntary Migration, 2005-2010.

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• International forced migration
– Refugees
International Migration (cont’d)
Figure 3.24 Refugee-sending and receiving countries.

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International Migration (cont’d)
Figure 3.25 Syrian refugees crossing into Turkey.

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International Migration (cont’d)
Figure 3.26 Palestinian refugees in the Middle East.

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• Internal voluntary migration
– First, second, and third waves
Internal Migration
Table 3.5 U.S. urban to rural population change, 1860-2010.

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• Internal forced migration
– Trail of tears
– Climate-induced changes
Internal Migration (cont’d)
Figure 3.27 Low-lying coastal Native Alaskan villages are in danger of inundation as
climate change is causing sea level rise.

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• War and conflict
• Disaster and climate-induced
Window on the World: Internal Displacement
Figure 3.G Internally displaced and refugee Syrians, 2013.

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• Population and resources
– Malthusian Theory
– Critiques of Malthus
– Neo-Malthusians
• Population policy
Population Debates and Policies
Figure 3.28 World population growth, 1750 –2050.

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• The UN Millennium Development Goals
International Population Policies
Table 3.7 Millennium Development Goals.
Apply your knowledge: What are key issues in global population policies today?

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• 2014 population: about
7.28 billion
• Projected to increase
– 1.2% annual until
mid-century
– Core vs. periphery growth
• What will happen in the
future?
– What will be the quality
of our lives?
Future Geographies
Figure 3.29 Longevity factors in Loma Linda,
CA, Okinawa, Japan, and Sardinia, Italy.