Get Band 4 on TKT with this Powerful Practice Tool

Tired of not getting band 4 on TKT?
“I finally found a
powerful tool to
The purpose of this book is to serve as a tool to help TKT practice and be
candidates to prepare in a better way to sit the TKT test
from Cambridge ESOL.
confident enough to
It is divided into three chapters, each covering a
module from the standard TKT test; it contains tasks
get the best at TKT.”
specifically designed to help candidates know the George Thompson
structure and learn important tips to really get band 4
on this teaching knowledge qualification. English Teacher
Chelsea NY

LIBARDO IELTS TOEFL TKT TOEIC FACEBOOK VERSION

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this book is to be a helping tool in the process of training
candidates to take the Teaching Knowledge Test TKT.

The Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) is a test from Cambridge ESOL about
teaching English to speakers of other languages. It aims to increase teachers'
confidence and enhance job prospects by focusing on the core teaching
knowledge needed by teachers of primary, secondary or adult learners,
anywhere in the world. This flexible and accessible award will help you to
understand:

differentmethodologiesforteaching
the 'language of teaching'
the ways in which resources can be used
the key aspects of lesson planning
classroom management methods for different needs

TKT gives teachers a strong foundation in the core areas of teaching
knowledge needed in the English language teaching classroom. It is ideal for
all teachers, whatever their background and teaching experience, and is
also suitable for people who would like to teach English but do not yet have
a teaching position.
There are no formal entry requirements. However, anyone wishing to take TKT
is strongly advised to have at least an intermediate level of English — Level B1
of the Council of Europe's Common European Framework of Reference for
Languages (CEFR) — e.g. PET, IELTS band score of 4

Each unit consists of plenty of practice exercises and TKT tasks that are very
similar in format to what is evaluated in the real TKT test.

LIBARDO GONZALEZ ALVAREZ
SIT-TESOL

MASTER IN APPLIED LINGUSTICS CANDIDATE

TEACHER TRAINER

Leyenda que describe una
imagen o un gráfico.


TKT Module 1: Describing language: Unit 1 Grammar – Participant‟s
Activity 1

Complete the puzzle with parts of speech.

Across
3. A word used to show an action, state, event or process, e.g. „I like cheese.‟; „He speaks Italian.‟
8. A word used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences, e.g. „I like tea but I don‟t like coffee
Because it‟s too strong for me.‟
9. A word that describes or gives more information about how, when, where or to what degree
something is done, e.g. „He worked quickly and well.‟
10. A word that replaces or refers to a noun or a noun phrase just mentioned, e.g. „I saw John
yesterday. He looked very well.‟

Down
1. An expression used to show a strong feeling, e.g. Oh! Wow!
2. A word which makes clear which noun is referred to or to give information about quantity, e.g. this,
that, some, any, my, that car is mine.
4. „On‟ „under‟ „over,‟ for example
5. A word that describes or gives more information about a noun or pronoun, e.g. a cold day.
6. „The‟, „a‟, „an‟, for example
7. A person, place or thing, e.g. elephant, girl, grass, school


Activity 2

Exercise 1
Look at the underlined words in the sentences below and match them with the words
Participant‟s worksheet 1, given in the box.
from

exclamation determiner verb preposition adjective article

noun conjunction adverb pronoun

A. (1) She(2) alwaysmoves the (3) furniture when she does the (4) housework.

B. (5) Robert is (6) taller than James and (7) his hair is longer.

C. (8) Can you buy a (9) good (10) book for Jim?

D. I‟ll give it to (11) him for his birthday (12) tomorrow?

E. (13) Ouch! You‟re (14) standing on (15) my foot.

F. John (16) saw Fred last week (17) in town. I (18) didn‟t see him myself but he
(19)saidhe was carrying (20) a suitcase.

Exercise 2
Group A: Look at the underlined words 1ˆ in the sentences again.
Group B: Look at the underlined words 11• in the sentences again.
Both groups: Match your words with a more specific term from the box below. Some
of the words may have more than one term.

modal verb possessive pronoun countable noun adjective
possessive adjective indefinite article collective noun determiner
reporting verb auxiliary verb adverb of time compound noun
object pronoun proper noun personal pronoun
uncountable noun modal auxiliary transitive verb
subject pronoun exclamation uncountable noun
preposition of place comparative adjective intransitive verb


Activity 3, fill in1: Describing language: Unit 1 Grammar – Sample Task 1
TKT Module the gaps with

Grammatical structure match the example sentences with the What it means/how it listed A-F
For questions 1- 5 How it is made and example grammatical terms is used
Mark the correct letter (A–F) on your answer sheet.
Present continuous subject + present tenseof the to talk aboutan action
There is one extra option which you do not need to e.g.I happeningat the time of
verbtobe+ingformof verb, use.
amworking at the moment. speaking.
Example sentences Grammatical terms
A gerund
1)
1 Then I realised what had happened. tense of the
subject + past to talk aboutan action
verb, e.g.I went to France last completedat a specific
year. B time on the past.
present perfect simple
2 Many old houses are made of wood.

C present perfect continuous
PresentWe‟ve never seen a whale before.
3 simple 2) to talk abouta routine orhabit.

D reported speech
4 He doesn‟t like playing chess.

3) subject + present of the to talk aboutthings youhave
5 verbto have+ past participle, present simple passive
She said she was really upset. E experiencedon your life
e.g.I‟ve been toFrance many
times.
F past perfect simple

Modal verb - must subject + base form of the 4)
verb e.g.You must be home
by 10.00.

Future withgoing to 5) to expressintention

6)
If + subject+ present simple to talk aboutsomething that is
+subject +will+ bare infinitive, possible in the future and the
e.g.If Isee him I‟ll tell him action thatwill be taken
.


TKT Module 1: Describing language: Unit 1 Grammar – Sample Task 2

For questions 1-5, match the example language with the grammatical terms listed A-
F. Mark the correct letter (A-F) on your answer sheet.
There is one extra option which you do not need to use.

Example language Grammatical items
1. Break in A. Tag Questions

2. My brother is a pilot, is he? B. Echo Questions

3. If it's sunny, we'll go to the park C. Phrasal verb

4. The exam should have been given to everyone. D. Passive voice

5. This, that, these, those E. Determiners

F. Conditional

TKT Module 1: Describing language: Unit 1 Grammar – Sample
Task 3
For questions 1-7, choose the correct option (a, b or c) to complete each definition
of grammatical items. Mark the correct letter on your answer sheet.

1. An interjection is

a. an exclamation which shows thoughts or feelings
b. a meaningless string of sounds
c. the same as an adjective

2. A verb that has a subject but no object is.

a. Transitive
b. Intransitive
c. Passive

3. The subject does the action and receives the action is.

a. Reflexive
b. Possessive
c. Relative


4. A group of words that includes a subject and a finite verb is.

a. A clause
b. A statement
c. An idiom

5. A word that describes or gives more information about a noun or pronoun
is.

a. An adjective
b. An adverb
c. An article

6. The words someone uses when they are telling someone what somebody
else said or asked are,

a. The past tense
b. Past conditional
c. Indirect speech

7. A verb that does not take an auxiliary to negate or ask questions is called.

a. Active
b. Modal
c. Intransitive


TKT Module 1: Describing language: Unit 1 Grammar – Answer Keys

Key to activity 1
1E

X
C
2D L
3VE R B 4P A
T R M
5A E 6A E A
D R R P T
J M 7N T O I
E I O I S O
8C O N J U N C T I O N
T E N L T
I R E I
V O
9A D V E R B 10P R O N O U N
Across:
3: verb; 8: conjunction; 9: adverb; 10: pronoun
Down:
1: exclamation; 2: determiner; 4:preposition; 5: adjective; 6: article; 7: noun

Key to activity 2
Question Exercise 1 Exercise 2
1. She pronoun subject pronoun, personal pronoun
2. always adverb adverb of frequency
3. furniture noun uncountable noun, collective noun
4. housework noun uncountable noun, compound noun
5. Robert noun proper noun
6. taller adjective comparative adjective
7. his pronoun; determiner possessive pronoun, determiner
8. Can verb modal verb, modal auxiliary
9. good adjectiveadjective
10. book noun countable noun
11. him pronoun; determiner object pronoun
12. tomorrow adverb adverb of time


13. Ouch! exclamationexclamation
14. standing verb intransitive verb
15. my adjective possessive adjective
16. saw verb transitive verb
17. in prepositionpreposition of place
18. didn‟t verb auxiliary verb
19. said verb reporting verb
20. a article indefinite article

Key to activity 3
1) Past simple
2) subject + present of the verb, e.g. I get up at 7.00 every day.
3) Present perfect simple
4) To talk about an obligation, something that is necessary
5) subject + present tense of the verb to be + going to + base form, e.g. I‟m going to
take
the train.
6) First conditional

Key to Sample Task 1
1 F 2 E 3 B 4 A 5 D

1.C 2.A 3.F 4.D 5.E

1.A 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.B


TKT UNIT 1 GRAMMAR; GLOSSARY,
Taken from www.cambridgeesol.org

Active voice
In an activesentence, the subject of the verb usually does or causes the action, e.g.
The car hit the tree.

Adjective
An adjective describes or gives more information about a noun or pronoun, e.g. a
cold day.

Adverb
An adverb describes or gives more information about how, when, where, or to what
degree etc something is done, e.g. he worked quickly and well.

Apostrophe
A punctuation mark (‟).The ‟ is added to a singular noun before an s to show that
something belongs to someone, e.g. John‟s house.

Article
An article can be definite (the), indefinite (a/an) or zero (-), e.g. I was at(-)home in
the sitting room when I heard a noise.

Aspect
A way of looking at verb forms not purely in relation to time. Aspect relates to the
type of event, e.g. whether it is long or short, whether it is complete or not, whether it
is repetitive or not, whether it is connected to the time of speaking or not. There are
two aspects in English, the continuous/progressive and the perfect. The continuous
aspect, for example, suggests that something is happening temporarily.

‘At’ symbol
A punctuation mark (@) used instead of „at‟ in email addresses, e.g.
john@yahoo.com

Auxiliary verb
An auxiliary verb is a verb used with other verbs to make questions, negatives,
tenses, etc e.g. be, do, have.

Base form of a verb
Thebase form of a verbisthe infinitive form of a verb without „to‟, e.g. go.

Capital letter
A letter of the form and size used at the beginning of a sentence or a name, e.g.
They went to Spain last year.

Clause
A clause generally consists of a subject and a finite verb relating to the subject and
any other elements, e.g. object. A clause can be a full sentence or a part of a
sentence.

Main clause


When the teacher arrived, the learners stopped talking.

Subordinate clause
When the teacher arrived, the learners stopped talking.

Relative clause
The learners who were sitting near the front stood up.

Collective noun
A collective noun is a noun that refers to a group of people or things, e.g. the police,
the government.

Comma
A punctuation mark (,) used to separate items in a list or to show where there is a
pause in a sentence, e.g. I bought some apples, oranges, bananas and lemons.
When I went to the market, I met my friend.

Comparative adjective
A comparative adjectivecompares two things, e.g. He is taller than she is.

Complex sentence
A sentence containing a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

Compound noun
A compound noun is a combination of two or more words, which are used as a
single word, e.g. a flower shop,a headache.

Conditional (forms)
A verb form that refers to a possible or imagined situation. Grammar books often
mention four kinds of conditionals:

First conditional –refers to present or future possible or likely situations, e.g. I will
come if I can.

Second conditional – refers to present or future situations which the speaker thinks
are impossible or unlikely, e.g. I would go if they asked me.

Third conditional – refers to past situations that cannot be changed, e.g. I would
have seen her if I hadarrived earlier (but I didn‟t so I couldn‟t).

Mixed conditional – is used when the speaker wants to refer to different time
frames in one sentence, e.g. If I‟d arrived on time, I wouldn‟t have to wait now. If I‟d
arrived refers to the past and I wouldn‟t have towait refers to the present.

Conjunction
A conjunction (or connector) is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or
sentences, e.g. I like tea but I don‟t like coffee because it‟s too strong for me.

Countable noun
A countable noun has a singular and plural form, e.g. book, books.

Demonstrative adjective


A demonstrative adjective shows whether something is near or far from the speaker,
e.g. this (near), that (far).

Demonstrative pronoun
A demonstrative pronoun is a word which refers to a noun (phrase) and shows
whether it is near or far from the speaker, e.g. this, that, these, those.

Dependent preposition
Adependent preposition is a word that is always used with a particular noun, verb or
adjective before another word,e.g. interested in, depend on, bored with.

Determiner
A determiner is used to make clear which noun is referred to, or to give information
about quantity, and includes words such as the, a, this, that, my, some, e.g. That car
is mine.

Direct speech, question
The actual words someone says, e.g. He said, „My name is Ron.‟,„What do you
mean, Sue?‟, asked Peter.

Exclamation mark
A punctuation mark (!) written after an exclamation, e.g. Be careful!

Exponent
An example of a grammar point, function or lexical set.

Full stop
A punctuation mark (.) used at the end of a sentence, e.g. I like chocolate.

Future with going to
I‟m going to visit my aunt on Sunday. It‟s going to rain.

Future with present continuous
He is meeting John for dinner at eight tomorrow.

Future with present simple
The plane leaves at 9.00 next Saturday.

Future with will or shall
I‟ll help with the cleaning. It will be lovely and sunny tomorrow.

Gerund, -ing form
A form of a verb functioning as a noun, which ends in -ing, e.g. I hate shopping.

(Grammatical) structure, form
A grammatical structure is a grammatical language pattern, e.g. present perfect
simple, and the parts which combine to make it, e.g. have + past participle.

Imperative
The form of a verb that gives an order or instruction, e.g. Turn to page 10.

Indirect speech, question

The words someone uses when they are telling someone what somebody else said
or asked, e.g. He told me his name was Ron. Peter asked Sue what she meant.

An indirect question can also be used when someone wants to ask something in a
more polite way, e.g. „I was wondering if you could help me.‟ (indirect question)
instead of „Could you help me?‟ (direct question).

Infinitive
The infinitiveform is the base form of a verb with „to‟. It is used after another verb,
after an adjective or noun or as the subject or object of a sentence, e.g. 'I want to
study.‟, „It‟s difficult to understand. ‟

Infinitive of purpose
This is used to express why something is done, e.g. I went to the lesson to learn
English.

-ing/-ed adjective
An-ing/-ed adjective describes things or feelings. An -ing adjective describes things
or people, e.g. The book is very interesting.
An-ed adjective describes feelings, e.g. I am very interested in the book.

Intensifier
A word used to make the meaning of another word stronger, e.g. He‟s much taller
than his brother. I‟m very tired.

Interrogative
A question form.

Intransitive
Is used to describe a verb which does not take a direct object, e.g. She never cried.

Irregular verb
Anirregular verbdoes not follow the same pattern as regular verbs. Each irregular
verb has its own way of forming the past simple and past participle, e.g. go went
(past simple) gone (past participle).

Modal verb
A modal verb is a verb used with other verbs to show ideas such as ability or
obligationor possibility. They include can, must, will, should, e.g. I can speak
French, but I should study even harder.

Noun
A person, place or thing, e.g. elephant, girl, grass, school.

Object
This is a noun or phrase that describes the thing or person that is affected by the
action of a verb, e.g. I saw Mary in the classroom.

A direct object is the main object of a transitive verb.


An indirect object is an object affected by a verb but not directly acted on, e.g. He
gave the book to me. In this sentence, the book is the direct object and me is an
indirect object.

Object pronoun
An object pronoun is a word which replaces an object noun or an object noun
phrase, e.g. him, her.

Participle (past and present)
–ed and –ing forms of the verb, they are often used to make tenses or adjectives,
e.g. an interesting film(present participle); I haven‟t seen him today. (past participle)

Particle
A small grammatical word, often an adverb or preposition which does not change its
form when used in a sentence, e.g. look after, after is a particle.

Passive voice, progressive
In a passive sentence, something is done to or happens to the subject of the verb,
e.g. The tree was hit by the car.

Past continuous, progressive
I was watching TV all evening.

Past perfect continuous, progressive
I had been studying for three hours so I felt tired.

Past perfect simple
After I had phoned Mary, I went out.

Past simple
I went on holiday to France last year.

Person

First person – the person speaking, e.g. I, we.

Second person – the person spoken to, e.g. you.

Third person – the person spoken about, e.g. he, she, they.

Personal pronoun
Personal pronounsare words, which are used instead of the name of that person,
e.g. I (subject pronoun), me (object pronoun).

Phonology noun, phonological adjective The study of sounds in a language or
languages.

Phrase
A group of words often without a finite verb that do not form a sentence, e.g. the
green car, on Friday morning are phrases. Also a group of words that together have
a particular meaning.

Plural noun

A plural noun is more than one person, place or thing and can be regular or
irregular, e.g. boys, women.

Possessive adjective
Apossessive adjectiveshows who something belongs to, e.g. my, our.

Possessive pronoun
A possessive pronoun is used to replace a noun and shows something belongs to
someone, e.g. the house is mine.

Possessive ‘s’ and whose
Ways of showing or asking who something belongs to, e.g. „Whose book is it?‟ „It‟s
Sue‟s‟.

Preposition
A word used before a noun, pronoun or gerund to connect it to another word, e.g. He
was in the garden.

Present continuous, progressive
I am working in London now.

Present continuous, progressive for future
He is meeting John for dinner at eight tomorrow.

Present perfect continuous, progressive
I have been studying for three years.

Present perfect simple
I have known him for a long time.

Pronoun
A word that replaces or refers to a noun or noun phrase just mentioned.

Proper noun
A proper noun is the name of a person or place, e.g. Robert, London.

Punctuation
The symbols or marks used to organise writing into clauses, phrasesand sentences
to make the meaning clear, e.g. full stop (.), capital letter (A), apostrophe („),
comma (,), question mark (?), exclamation mark (!),
‘at’ symbol (@) and speech marks (“ ”).

Quantifier
A word or phrase such as much, few or a lotof which is used with a noun to show an
amount, e.g. I don‟t have much time; I have a lot of books.

Question mark
A punctuation mark (?) used in writing after a question, e.g. How are you?

Question tag
A phrase such as isn‟t it?ordoesn‟t he?that is added to the end of a sentence to
make it a question, or to check that someone agrees with the statement just made,
e.g. It‟s very cold, isn‟t it?

Reflexive pronoun
A reflexive pronoun is used when the object of a sentence refers to the same person
or thing as the subject of the sentence, e.g. He cut himself.

Regular verb
Aregular verbchanges its forms by adding -edin the past simple and past participle,
e.g. walk, walked.

Relative pronoun
A relative pronounintroduces a relative clause, e.g. the book which I‟m reading is
interesting.

Reported speech, statement, question
When someone‟s words are reported by another person, e.g. She said she was
sorry.

Reporting verb
A verb such as tell, advise, suggest used in indirect, reported speech to report what
someone has said, e.g. Jane advised John to study harder.

Singular noun
A singular noun is one person, place or thing, e.g. boy, park, bicycle.

Speech marks
Punctuation mark (“ ”) They are written before and after a word or a sentence to
show that it is what someone said, e.g. John said “Hello, Sarah”.

Subject
This is the noun or phrase that goes before the verb to show who is doing the action
in an active sentence, e.g. Johnplays tennis every Saturday, or who the action is
done to in a passive sentence, e.g. the food was cookedyesterday.

Subject-verb agreement
When the form of the verb matches the person doing the action of the verb, e.g. I
walk, he walks. If a learner writes, I walks, then it is wrong because there is no
subject-verb agreement.

Superlative adjective
A superlative adjectivecompares more than two things, e.g. He is the tallest boy in
the class.

Tense
A form of the verb that shows whether something happens in the past, present or
future.

Time expression
A word or phrase that indicates time, such as after, last weekend, e.g. I will meet you
after the lesson.

Transitive

Is used to describe a verb which takes a direct object, e.g. She wrote a letter.

Uncountable noun
An uncountable noun does not have a plural form, e.g. information.

Used to
A structure that shows something happened in the past but does not happen now,
e.g. I used to live in London, but now I live in Paris.

Verb
A word used to show an action, state, event or process, e.g. I like cheese; He
speaks Italian.

Verb pattern
The form of the words following the verb, e.g. He advised me to get there early.
(advise + object pronoun + to + baseform).


TKTModule1:Describinglanguage: Unit 2Lexis – Activity 1

Completethepuzzlewithpartsofspeech.

1. 5.
T M R P
A Y E I
N NO X F

2. 6.
F A C U
I X D P
F O N
M O

3. 7.
O L M Y
L O N NC
O T SY

CO A I N
4. 8.
M O X F
H P F US I
H N
E
O O
M. Root word, base word
friend

G.Homophone

J.Phrasal verb
Collocation
Compound

P.Word family
F. Homonym

I. Lexical set
Antonym

O. Synonym
L. Register
B.
C.
D.
Affix A.

FalseE.

H. Idiom

K.Prefix

N.Suffix


TKTModule1:Describinglanguage:Unit 2 Lexis – Activity 2a
Matchthedefinitionsbelowwiththetermsforthelexicalitems in activity 2b.
1. awordwhichhasthesameornearlythesamemeaningasanotherword

2. ameaningfulgroupoflettersaddedtothebeginningofarootorbasewordto
makeanewword,whichcanbeadifferentpartofspeechfromtheoriginalword

3. awordinthetargetlanguagewhichlooksorsoundsasifit hasthesame
meaningasasimilarwordinthelearners‟firstlanguage butdoesnot

4. ameaningfulgroupoflettersaddedtothebeginningorendofawordtomakea
newword,whichcanbeadifferentpartofspeechfromtheoriginalword

5. averbwhichismadeupofmorethanoneword(e.g.averb+adverbparticleor
preposition)whichhasadifferentmeaningfromeachindividualword

6. awordwiththesamespellingas anotherword,butwhichhasadifferentmeaning

7. agroupofwordsthatarerelatedtoeachotherbytheirrootorbaseword

8. ameaningfulgroupoflettersaddedtotheendofarootorbasewordtomakea
newword,whichcanbeadifferentpartofspeechfromtheoriginalword

9. theoppositeofanotherword

10. agroupofwordsorphrasesthatareaboutthesamecontenttopicorsubject

11. nouns,verbs,adjectivesorprepositionsthataremadeupoftwoormorewords
withoneunitofmeaning

12. abasicwordorpartofawordfromwhichotherwordscanbemadebyaddinga
prefixorsuffixorinsomeotherway

13. wordswhichareregularlyusedtogether.Therelationbetweenthewordsmaybe
grammaticalorlexical.

14. agroupofwordsthatareusedtogether,inwhichthemeaningofthewholeword
groupisdifferentfromthemeaningofeachindividualword

15. awordwhichsoundsthesameasanotherword,buthasadifferentmeaningor
spelling

16. theformalityorinformalityofthelanguageusedinaparticularsituation


TKTModule1:Describinglanguage: Unit 2Lexis – Activity2b,
now match these definitions with examples from 2c

Affix
Antonym
Collocation
Compound

False friend
Homonym

Homophone
Idiom
Lexicalset
Phrasalverb
Prefix
Register
Rootword, base word
Suffix
Synonym
Word family


TKTModule1:Describinglanguage:Unit 2 Lexis – Activity 2c

A. interview,interviewer;tidyuntidy

B. hotis theopposite ofcold

C. whencertainverbsgowithparticularprepositions,e.g.dependon,goodatorwhen a
verblikemakeordogoeswithanoun,e.g.dotheshopping,makeaplan

D. assistantofficemanager, long-legged

E. InFrench„librairie‟ isaplacewherepeoplecanbuybooks.Ina libraryinEnglish,you do
notbuybooksbutborrowtheminstead.

F. bit(pasttenseof„bite‟)anda bit(alittle)

G. Iknew hehadwon;I boughtanew book

H. Shefeltunder theweathermeansthatshefeltill

I. weather– storm,torain,wind,cloudy

J. look after–Amotherlooks afterherchildren

K. appear–disappear

L. Formallanguageusedinajobapplications,informallanguageusedwithfriends.

M. photographistherootorbaseofphotographerandphotographic

N. care–careful

O. niceissimilarinmeaningtopleasant

P. economy,economist, economic

TKTModule1:Describinglanguage: Unit 2Lexis–SampleTask 1


ExamplesofvocabularyCategories
A synonyms
1 colour,color;realise,realize;theatre,theater

B lexicalset
2 trafficlights;alarmclock;seatbelt

C collocations
3 childish;successfully;dependable

D word+suffix
4 turnup;turnoff; turninto

E prefix+word
5 catcha cold;catcha bus;catcha thief

F compounds
6 sad;miserable;unhappy

7 ankle;stomach;knee;heart G phrasalverbs

H AmericanandBritish
English


TKTModule1:Describinglanguage: Unit 2Lexis–SampleTask 2

For questions 1-4, choose the correct Word(s) to complete each definition of lexical
terms, mark the correct letter (A, B or C) on your answer sheet.

1 ……….Any pair or group of words commonly found together or near one another.

A. phrasal verbs
B. collocations,
C. chunks

2 A word with the same spelling and pronunciation as another word, but which has
a different meaning,

A. Homonym
B. Antonym
C. homophone

3 A group of words or phrases that are about the same content topic or
subject,

A. Lexical set
B. Synonym
C. Word family

4 A meaningful group of letters added to the end of a root or base word to
make a new word which can be a different part of speech from the original
word,

A. Prefix
B. Particle
C. Suffix


TKTModule1:Describinglanguage: Unit 2Lexis–AnswerKeys

KeytoParticipant’sWorksheet1
1. antonym
2. affix
3. collocation
4. homophone
5. prefix
6. compound
7. synonym
8. suffix

KeytoParticipant’sWorksheet2
1. synonym
2. prefix
3. falsefriend/(cognate)
4. affix
5. phrasalverb
6. homonym
7. wordfamily
8. suffix

9. antonym

10.lexicalset
11.compound
12.rootword,baseword
13.collocation
14.idiom
15.homophone
16.register

KeytoSampleTask 1

1.H 2.F 3.D 4.G 5.C 6.A 7.B

KeytoSampleTask 1

1.B 2.A 3.A 4.C


TKT UNIT 2 LEXIS; GLOSSARY,

Affix verb, affixation noun
A meaningful group of letters added to the beginning or end of a word to
make a new word, which can be a different part of speech from the
original word, e.g. interview, interviewer. Affixation is the process of
adding a prefix or suffix to a word.

Antonym
The opposite of another word, e.g. hot is an antonym of cold.Base word:
see root word.

Chunk
Any pair or group of words commonly found together or near one
another, e.g. phrasal verbs, idioms, collocations, fixed expressions.

Collocation
Words which are regularly used together. The relation between the
words may be grammatical, e.g when certain verbs collocate with
particular prepositions, e.g. depend on, good at or when a verb like
make or do collocates with a noun, e.g. do the shopping, make a plan.
Collocations may also be lexical when two content words are regularly
used together, e.g. We went the wrong way NOT We went the incorrect
way

Compound
Nouns, verbs, adjectives or prepositions that are made up of two or
more words and have one unit of meaning, e.g. assistant office
manager, long-legged.

False friend
A word in the target language which looks or sounds as if it has the
same meaning as a similar word in the learners‟ first language but does
not, e.g. In French „librairie‟ is a place where people can buy books. In a
library in English, you do not buy books but borrow them instead.

Homonym
A word with the same spelling and pronunciation as another word, but
which has a different meaning, e.g. bit (past tense of „bite‟) and a bit (a
little).

Homophone


A word which sounds the same as another word, but has a different
meaning or spelling, e.g. I knew he had won; I bought a new book.

Idiom noun, idiomatic adjective
A group of words that are used together, in which the meaning of the
whole word group is different from the meaning of each individual word,
e.g. She felt under the weather means that she felt ill.

Lexical set
A group of words or phrases that are about the same content topic or
subject, e.g. weather – storm, to rain, wind, cloudy.

Lexis, vocabulary
Individual words or sets of words, e.g. homework, study, whiteboard, get
dressed, be on time.

Part of speech
A way of categorising words according to their grammatical function and
meaning, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, adverb, preposition,
conjunction.

Phrasal verb, multi-word verb/unit
A verb/any part of speech which is made up of more than one word (e.g.
a verb + adverb particle or preposition) which has a different meaning
from each individual word, e.g. look after – A mother looks after her
children.

Prefix
A prefix is a meaningful group of letters added to the beginning of a
root/base word to make a new word which can be a different part of
speech from the original word, e.g. appear – disappear.

Root word, base word
The basic word or part of a word from which other words can be made
by adding a prefix or suffix, e.g. photograph is the root or base word of
photographer and photographic.

Suffix
A suffix is a meaningful group of letters added to the end of a root or
base word to make a new word which can be a different part of speech
from the original word, e.g. care – careful.

Synonym


A word which has the same or nearly the same meaning as another
word, e.g. nice is a synonym of pleasant.

Word family
A group of words that come from the same root or base word, e.g.
economy, economist, economic or by topic


TKT Module 1: Describing language: Unit 3Phonology – Participant‟s
Activity 1

Phonemic Chart

Match the symbols you have been given with the underlined letters in the words in
the
table.


For questions 7 - 10 choose the correct Word(s) to complete each definition of
phonology, mark the correct letter (A, B or C) on your answer sheet.

7. Two words which are different from each other by only one meaningful
sound are.

A. Minimal pairs
B. Homophones
C. Consonants

8. In the sentence “She gave the ring to John” it can be implied that.

A. She only gave the ring to John
B. John was the person she gave the ring to.
C. She could have given the ring to somebody else.

9. The way the level of a speaker‟s voice changes, to show meaning such as
how they feel about something is.

A. Linking
B. Stress
C. Intonation

10. Words that sound similar because they have the same ending.

A. Rhyme
B. Rhythm
C. Contraction

For questions 11-15, match the minimal pairs with the phonemic symbols listed A-F.
mark the correct letter (A-F) on your answer sheet.

11. darling/dialling A. /

12. cart/cut B. /

13. tile/toil C. /

14. pull/bull D. /

15. worse/worth E. /

F. /


Key to Sample Task


7. A 8. B 9.C 10.A 11.E 12. C 13.B 14.D 15.A

TKT UNIT 3 PHONOLOGY; GLOSSARY,


TKT Module 1: Describing language: Unit 4 Functions

1. Find ten functions in this word puzzle


TKT Module 1: Describing language: Unit 4 Functions
2. Read this functions list then match them to the exponents on the next
page

Are they formal (F), informal (I), or neutral (N)? write down on in front of the
exponent

Asking for an opinion

Introducing yourself

Introducing someone else

Clarifying

Praising

Requesting

Advising

Agreeing

Inviting

Thanking

Refusing

Suggesting

Complaining

Greeting


1. Thanks a lot

2. Do you think you could possibly open the window?

3. Come round to my house for a bite to eat?

4. Can you open the window, please?

5. No way! I‟m not doing that.

6. I agreewiththat.

7. Hello, I‟mJosephine.

8. I‟m sorry but I‟m afraid I can‟t.

9. Would you like to come to dinner?

10. I don‟t believe we‟ve met. Myname‟s James Sanders.

11. Open the window, will you?

12. Mr and Mrs Smith request the pleasure of your company for dinner.

13. Yeah. You‟rerightthere.

14. Thank you very much indeed.


TKT Module 1: Describing language: Functions –
Sample Task

Exercise 3
For questions 1–7 match the example sentences with the functions

listed A–H. Mark the correct letter (A–H) on your answer sheet.


Examplesentences Functions
A describingability
1 Let‟s go to that new restaurant.

B describingpossibilit
2 They might win – you never know in cup
y
matches!

C askingforpermissio
3 Watchout! That‟sdangerous.
n

4 My son can speak three languages fluently.
D requesting

5 Is it OK if I open the window?
E askingforadvice

6 Shall I show you how the camera works?
F suggesting

7 Could you pass me my bag?
G offering

H warning


Key to Participant’s exercise 1

1. words from the puzzle.
Praising, requesting, advising, agreeing, inviting , thanking, refusing,
suggesting, apologizing, greeting.

Key toParticipant’sexercise 2
1. thanking neutral
2. requesting formal
3. inviting informal
4. requesting neutral
5. refusing informal
6. agreeing neutral
7. introducingyourself neutral
8. refusing formal
9. inviting neutral
10. introducingyourself formal
11. requesting informal
12. inviting formal
13. agreeing informal
14. thanking formal

Key toSampleTask
1 F 2 B 3 H 4 A
5 C 6 G 7 D


FUNCTIONS GLOSSARY

Candidates should already be familiar with common functions such as asking, telling, replying, thanking
and suggesting.

Appropriacynoun, appropriate/inappropriate adjective
Language which is suitable in a particular situation. See register.

Colloquial
Language normally used in informal conversation but not in formal speech or writing, e.g. Give Gran a ring, OK?

Decline, refuse an invitation
To say that you will not accept an invitation, e.g. I‟m sorry but I can‟t.

Enquire
To ask for information, e.g. What time does the train leave?

Express
To show or make known a feeling or an opinion in words.

Express ability, e.g.Icanswim.

Express intention, e.g.I‟m planning tovisit him next year.

Express necessity, e.g.Heneedsto get a new passport.

Express obligation, e.g.Youmustwear a seatbelt.

______________________________________________________________________________________________


Express permission, e.g.Youcanhave a look at my book.

Express preference, e.g.I‟d ratherhave coffee than tea.

Express probability, e.g.Heshould bein later.

Express prohibition, e.g.Youmustn‟tuse your mobile phone while driving.

Formal language
Language used in formal conversations or writing, e.g. Yours faithfully. See register.

Formality (level of): see register.

Function
The reason or purpose for communication, e.g. making a suggestion; giving advice.

Functional exponent
A phrase which is an example of a function and shows the purpose of what the speaker is
communicating, e.g. Let‟s ... This phrase is one way to make a suggestion. It is an example (or
exponent) of the function of suggesting. See function.

Greet
To welcome someone, often with words, e.g. Hello, how are you?

Inappropriate
Language which is not suitable in a particular situation. See appropriacy.

Informal language
Language used in informal conversations or writing, e.g. Hi John. See register.

Informality (level of): see register.

Instruct
To order or tell someone to do something, e.g. Please turn to page 12 and do exercise 1.

Negotiate
To discuss with someone to reach an agreement, e.g. If you help me now, I‟ll help you next week.

Neutral
A style of speaking or writing that is neither formal nor informal, but in between. It is appropriate for most
situations. See formal language, informal language.

Predict
To guess or say what you think may happen, e.g. I think the story will end happily.

Register
The formality or informality of the language used in a particular situation. Formal register or language is
used in serious or important situations, e.g. in a job application. Informal register or language is used in
relaxed or friendly situations, e.g. with family or friends.

Request, make a (polite) request
To ask someone politely to do something, e.g. Please could you open the window?

Speculate
To guess something based on information you have, e.g. I think it might be an easy test.


TKT Module 1: Units 5-8 Describing language skills and
subskills – Exercise 1, express your opinion.

Teachers can help students read a text by reading it aloud while they follow
in their books.

There are no major differences between how we read in our mother tongue and
how we read in a foreign language.

To understand a reading text, you have to read and understand every word in it.

When doing listening comprehension in class, I prefer to read the transcript to
students rather than use a recording. This way I can speak slowly and
pronounce words carefully.

I always give the students a copy of the transcript I‟m going to read so they can
follow it while I‟m reading.

I never use passages for listening comprehension which have unknown words.

Writing is more or less the same as speaking. I don‟t think there are any
particular things to teach students.

I always give my students a model or example text to copy from when we
are doing writing in class.

Writing lessons are boring – just sitting and watching students write is not
interesting.

Doing a speaking lesson is easy. You don‟t even have to prepare!

I don‟t think there is much value in doing speaking activities in class. Students
can talk to each other in breaks or at lunchtime.

Students don‟t like talking to other students because their English isn‟t very
good. They prefer talking to the teacher.



subskills, match the following definitions to the wordlist


subskills, WORD LIST

editing

paraphrasing

note-taking

intensive listening/reading

listening/reading for gist/global understanding

using interactive strategies

deducing meaning from context

skimming

predicting

scanning

summarising

listening/reading for detail

inferring attitude/feeling/mood

proofreading


subskills

Which of the subskills are connected to each of the main skills (reading, listening,
speaking, writing) in the table below? Some of the subskills may be connected to
more than one main skill.

Main skill Subskill

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing


TKT Module 1: Unit 5 Describing language skills and subskills –
Sample Task

For questions 1–5, look at the following terms for language skills and three
possible descriptions of the terms.
Choose the correct option A, B or C

Mark the correct term (A, B or C) on your answer sheet.
1 Summarising is

A explaining a text in detail.
B writing the last sentence of a text.
C giving the main points of a text.

2 Oral fluency is

A speaking without making any mistakes.
B speaking naturally without hesitating too much.
C speaking without considering the listener.

3 Paraphrasing is

A using phrases to say something instead of using complete sentences.
B connecting sentences together in speech or writing by using conjunctions.
C finding another way to say something when you cannot think of the right
language.

4 Scanning is

A reading a text quickly to get the general idea.

B reading a text quickly to find specific information.

C reading a text quickly to identify the writer‟s attitude.

5 Oral fluency is

A speaking without making any mistakes.
B speaking naturally without hesitating too much.
C speaking without considering the listener.


TKT Module 1: Units 5- 8 Describing language skills – Answers
1. Listening/reading for detail
2. Deducing meaning from context
3. Note-taking
4. Skimming
5. Proofreading
6. Intensivelistening/reading
7. Editing
8. Listening/reading for gist, global understanding
9. Inferringattitude, feeling, mood
10. Predicting
11. Scanning
12. Usinginteractivestrategies
13. Summarising
14. Paraphrasing

Main skill Subskill
Listening/readingfordetail Listening/reading for gist, global
Deducingmeaning from context understanding
Note-taking Inferringattitude, feeling, mood
Reading
Skimming Predicting
Proofreading Scanning
Editing
Listening/readingfordetail
Deducingmeaning from context
Intensivelistening/reading
Listening
Listening/reading for gist, global understanding
Inferringattitude, feeling, mood
Predicting
Inferringattitude, feeling, mood
Usinginteractivestrategies
Speaking Summarising
Paraphrasing
Proofreading
Editing
Writing
Summarising
Paraphrasing

Key to sample task

1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.B


Concepts and terminology for describing language skills
GLOSSARY

Abstract
Relating to complex thoughts and ideas rather than simple, basic, concrete concepts. A text or
language can be abstract, e.g. words to express thoughts or feelings are often abstract words.
Seeconcrete.

Accuracy
The use of correct forms of grammar, vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation. In an accuracy activity,
teachers and learners typically focus on using and producing language, spelling correctly. See oral
fluency.

Authenticity: see authentic material.

Coherence noun, coherent adjective
When ideas in a spoken or written text fit together clearly and smoothly, and so are logical and make
sense to the listener or reader.

Cohesion noun, cohesive adjective
The way spoken or written texts are joined together with logical grammar or lexis, e.g. conjunctions (Firstly,
secondly), lexical sets, referring words (it, them, this).

Cohesive device
A feature in a text which provides cohesion, e.g. use of topic-related vocabulary throughout a text, of
sequencing words (then, next, after that etc.), of referencing words (pronouns – he, him, etc.), of
conjunctions (however, although etc.).

Coherence noun, coherent adjective
When ideas in a spoken or written text fit together clearly and smoothly, and so are logical and make
sense to the listener or reader.

Complex
Complicated, not simple.

Comprehension
Understanding a spoken or written text.

Concrete
Relating to real or specific ideas or concepts. Lexis can be concrete, e.g. words for real objects like
clothes, food, animals that can be seen or touched, or abstract, e.g. words to express thoughts, feelings,
complex ideas, which cannot be seen or touched.

Context
1. The situation in which language is used or presented, e.g. a story about a holiday experience could be
used as the context to present past tenses.
2. The words or phrases before or after a word in discourse which help someone to understand
that word. Seededuce meaning from context.

Discourse
Spoken or written language in texts or groups of sentences.

Deduce meaning from context
To guess the meaning of an unknown word by using the information in a situation and/or around the word to help,
e.g.
I drove my van to the town centre and parked it in the central car park. Van must be some kind of vehicle
becauseyou drive it and park it.

Develop skills
To help learners to improve their listening, reading, writing and speaking ability. Teachers do this in
class by providing activities which focus on skills development.


Draft noun + verb
A draft is a piece of writing that is not yet finished, and may be changed. A writer drafts a piece of writing.
That is, they write it for the first time but not exactly as it will be when it is finished. See re-draft.

Edit
To shorten or change or correct the words or content of some parts of a written text to make it clearer or
easier to understand.

Extensive listening/reading
Listening to or reading long pieces of text, such as stories or newspapers. See intensive listening/reading.

Extract
Part of a text which is removed from an original text.
Fossilisation,fossilised errors
The process in which incorrect language becomes a habit and cannot easily be corrected.

Gist, global listening/reading: see listen/read for gist/global understanding.

Infer attitude, feeling,mood
To decide how a writer or speaker feels about something from the way that they speak or write, rather than
from what they openly say.

Integrated skills
An integrated skills lesson combines work on reading, writing, listening and speaking.

Intensive listening/reading
One meaning of intensive listening/reading is reading or listening to focus on how language is used in a
text. This is how intensive listening/reading is used in TKT. See extensive listening/reading.

Interaction noun, interact verb, interactive strategies
Interaction is „two-way communication‟ between listener and speaker, or reader and text. Interactive
strategies are the means used, especially in speaking, to keep people involved and interested in what is
said or to keep communication going, e.g. eye contact, use of gestures, functions such as repeating,
asking for clarification.

Key word
A word in a piece of discourse or text, which is important for understanding the text.

Layout
The way in which a text is organised and presented on a page. Certain texts have special layouts, e.g.
letters and newspaper articles.

Listen/read for detail
To listen to or read a text in order to understand most of what it says or particular details.

Listen/read for gist, global understanding
To understand the general meaning of a text, without paying attention to specific details.

Listen/read for mood
To read or listen to a text in order to identify the feelings of the writer or speaker. See infer attitude, feeling,
mood.

Note-taking noun, take notes verb
To take notes means to listen and write down ideas from the text in short form.

Oral fluency
The use of connected speech at a natural speed with little hesitation, repetition or self-correction. In a
written or spoken fluency activity, learners typically give attention to the communication of meaning,
rather than trying to be correct. See accuracy.

Paragraph noun + verb
A paragraph is a section in a longer piece of writing such as an essay. It starts on a new line and usually
contains a single new idea. When a writer is paragraphing, he/she is creating paragraphs. See topic
sentence.


Paraphrase noun + verb
To say or write something that has been read or heard using different words. Paraphrase can also be used
to describe what a learner does if he/she is not sure of the exact language they need to use, i.e. explain
their meaning using different language.

Prediction noun, predict verb
A technique or learner strategy learners can use to help with listening or reading. Learners think about the
topic before they read or listen. They try to imagine what the topic will be or what they are going to read
about or listen to, using clues like headlines or pictures accompanying the text or their general knowledge
about the text type or topic. This makes it easier for them to understand what they read or hear.

Process noun + verb
To actively think about new information in order to understand it completely and be able to use it in future.

Processwriting
An approach to writing, which thinks of writing as a process which includes different stages of writing
such as planning, drafting, re-drafting, editing, proofreading. See product writing, guided writing.

Product writing
An approach to writing which involves analysing and then reproducing models of particular text types. See
processwriting.

Productive skills
When learners produce language. Speaking and writing are productive skills. See receptive skills.

Proofread
To read a text in order to check whether there are any mistakes in spelling, grammar, punctuation etc.

Re-draft
When a piece of writing is changed with the intention of improving it. A writer‟s first draft may be
re-drafted. See draft.

Receptive skills
When learners do not have to produce language; listening and reading are receptive skills. See productive
skills.

Relevance noun, relevant adjective
The degree to which something is related to or useful in a situation.

Scan
To read a text quickly to pick out specific information, e.g. finding a phone number in a phone book.

Skill
The four language skills are listening, speaking, reading and writing.

Skim
To read a text quickly to get a general idea of what it is about.

Subskill
Each of the four language skills can be divided into smaller subskills that are all part of the main skill, e.g.
identifying text organisation (reading); identifying word stress (listening). See listen/read for gist, global
understanding, scan, listen/read for detail.

Summary noun,summariseverb
To take out the main points of a long text, and rewrite or retell them in a short, clear way.

Text structure
The way a text is organised. For example, an essay typically has an introduction, a main section and a
conclusion.

Text type
Texts that have specific features, e.g. layout, use of language, that make them part of a recognisable
type of text, e.g. letters, emails, news reports.


Theme noun, thematic adjective
The main subject of a conversation, a text or a lesson.

Topic
The subject of a text or lesson.

Topic sentence
A sentence that gives the main point or subject of a paragraph. This is usually the opening sentence in a
paragraph.

Turn, turn-taking
When someone speaks in a conversation this is called a turn. Speaking and then allowing another person to
speak in reply is called „turn-taking‟.

Version
A particular form of something in which some details are different from an earlier or later form of it, e.g. a
written text may have different versions.


TKT Module 1:Unit 9: Motivation – Participant’s Worksheet 1

Put the teacher characteristics in order (1–6) of how important you think these
characteristics are to be an effective teacher.

The teacher knows English grammar well.
The teacher speaks clearly.
The teacher is friendly.
The teacher is well-organised.
The teacher can speak a foreign language.
The teacher knows her students well

Exercise 1

Compare these ideas with your ‘top tips’ for teachers to maintain motivation in
students.

1.Give students something to work towards. Have goals for yourself and encourage
students to have goals of their own.
2.Be enthusiastic in lessons and enthusiastic about the material you are using. „Sell it‟to the
students.
3.Make sure your material is well presented and attractive for learners.
4.Give clear instructions for tasks so that students can achieve your aims.
5.Provide a good variety of activities in your lessons.
6.Provide a variety of interaction patterns in lessons.
7.Find out about your students‟ interests so that you can provide material on topics that the
students are interested in.
8.Encourage students to relax in lessons and encourage them to talk to each other and to
help each other.
9.Praise all students when they have done something well, especially weaker learners, to
build self-confidence.
10. Encourage students to continue studying outside the classroom.
Exercise2
Matcheachoftheactivitiesbelowwiththe‘toptip’ abovethatitwouldputin action


A. Demonstrate tasks so that students know what to do. Check understanding of instructions.
B. If students arrive early for class, encourage them to chat to amongst themselves. C. Try to
do different activities in a lesson, e.g. speaking and reading rather than just
reading.
D. Start your lessons with a warmer to raise energy levels.
E. Set up a research project. Get learners to look things up on the internet.
F. Provide a questionnaire with topics so that students can choose which ones they like best.
G.When monitoring a speaking or writing task, select some examples of good English to put on
the board at the end for everyone to share. .
H. Use pictures on handouts and vary the font size, layout, etc.
I. Tell students what you intend to achieve by the end of the course and find out what they want
to achieve.
J. Do pair work and group work and change students around so they can work with different
people.


TKT Module 1: Unit 9: Motivation – Sample Task

For Questions 1–6, match the general advice on motivation with the techniques for encouraging
motivation listed A, B, C or D.

Mark the correct letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet. You need to use some options
more than once


Key to Participant‟s Worksheet 2

1 I 2 D 3 H 4 A 5 C
6 J 7 F 8 B 9 G 10 E

Key to Sample Task

1. B 2. A 3.C 4.D 5. C 6D


TKT Module 1:Unit 10: Exposure to language and focus on form

Read the text quickly and answer these questions:

• What theory of language learning is discussed in the text?

• Does the theory avoid the teaching of grammar completely?

Second language learning

If you look in a dictionary to find the meaning of the word „acquisition‟, you will find it defined as
something like „the process of learning skills or getting knowledge‟. So what then is „language
acquisition‟ and how is language acquisition different to „language learning‟?

Some theorists believe that there is a difference between learning and acquisition and that the
difference is this: language learning is a conscious or intentional process which may involve
studying the language, paying attention to grammar rules and possibly following a course of
instruction. Language acquisition, on the other hand, is considered to be a natural process and
involves „picking up‟ language in a non-conscious way through exposure to language, not by
studying it.

Children „acquire‟ their first language and get to know its rules through exposure and by being
exposed to examples of the language and by using it. This is part of the theory of „first
language acquisition‟.

„Second language acquisition‟ is the process, and the study of the process, by which people
learn a language that is not their native language. This is a fairly new field of study and there
are still many questions to answer about how languages are learnt. However, teachers and
theorists believe that we do learn a second language by „acquiring‟ or „picking up‟ language, but
there are some important considerations for second language learners.

Second language learners acquire language through exposure to many different examples
of the language, by reading it and by hearing it in their environment. We listen and read and
develop an understanding of language over a period of time before we eventually use it
ourselves. The period, when learners are taking in language, processing it and perhaps silently
practicing it, is known as the „silent period‟ and is thought to be an important stage in language
acquisition.

Once we use the language, it is important that there is an opportunity for interaction so we can
use the language, to experiment, to make the language work in communication.

The final consideration is the need for a focus on form. Second language learners need to
focus on the language, to analyse and identify it and practise it. Teachers and learners will also
want to look at correcting mistakes so that learners can think about rules, and exceptions to
rules.


Exercise 1: Read the text again and answer the following questions.

1.What is „acquisition‟?

2.In some people‟s opinion, how is language acquisition different to language learning?

3.How do children learn their first language?

4.What is second language acquisition?

5.What are the three considerations mentioned regarding second language acquisition?

6.What is „exposure‟?

7.What is the „silent period‟?

8.Why is „interaction‟ important?

9.What is „focus on form‟?

Exercise 2: Look at the activities and decide if they are related to (A) acquisition, (I)
interaction, or (F) focus on form. Write A, I or F in the column on the right.

Activity A/I/F
1. Students read a newspaper and choose one article to study in detail.
2. Students read a newspaper article and circle all the examples of reported speech
3. Students repeat model sentences in an open class drill.
4. Students tell each other in groups about different festivals in their countries.
5. Students read each others‟ essays and suggest improvements.
6. Students listen to a recording of a job interview.


TKT Module 1:Unit 10: Exposure to language and focus on form – Sample
Task

For Questions 1–5, match the teacher strategies with the aspects of learning listed A, B or
C.

Mark the correct letter (A, B or C) on your answer sheet. You need to use some options more
than once
Techniques

A Focus on form

B Silent period

C Exposure

Teacher strategies

1 I know some of the students won‟t want to speak straightaway, so I‟ll leave them
to just work things out.

2 I‟m going to set my students a project where they have to use the internet and do
some research into different aspects of the topic beforehand.

3 This exercise will encourage the learners to look at the language in the text and to
think about why and when it is used.

4 I know the texts have a lot of unknown grammar and lexis, but I think I‟ll use a lot
more authentic material in my lessons so that my students don‟t have to rely on the coursebook
alone.

5 I‟ve built in some time for correction on the board with the whole class at the end of the
lesson, so that I can pick up and deal with mistakes that I‟ve heard during the class.

TKT Module 1: Unit 11: The role of error

Exercise 1, The following are all errors commonly made by students. Look at the
sentences/questions and correct them. Then discuss possible reasons that these errors
are frequently made by students.

1. I have a good news for you.

2. He has not yet gone to the bed.

3. He came by the 4:30 o'clock train.

4. I have a strong headache.

5. Tell me why did you go there?

6. Does he needs a ticket for the bus?

Exercise 2.Look at these examples of student errors. Decide what the error is in each
sentence, and discuss why you think the error is being made. You should use the terms
in the box.

false friend L1 interference interlanguage overgeneralisation

1. She liːvz in London in a small flat.

2. He throwed the ball over the fence.

3. I have seen that film yesterday.

4. She told me a fantastic history about her last holiday.

5. Where do you come from? I’m coming from Sweden.

6. You should better can to go now.

Exercise 3

1. What‟s an error?

2. What‟s a slip?

3. Why do people think it is important for students to make mistakes?

4. What can teachers learn from students‟ mistakes?

5. What is the teachers‟ role in relation to students‟ mistakes?


Exercise 4

Why do students make mistakes? Choose the correct term in the box below for the
following descriptions.

1. When the learner‟s mother tongue affects their performance in the target language.
A learner may make a mistake because they use the same grammatical pattern in the
target language as they use in their mother tongue. The L1 grammatical pattern is not
appropriate in L2.
2. The process in which incorrect language becomes a habit and cannot easily be
corrected.
3. An error made by a second language learner which is natural part of the language
learning process because they are unconsciously organising and working out
language. These types of error are also made by children learning their first language
and often disappear as their language ability improves.
4. When a student uses a grammatical rule he/she has learned, but uses it in
situations when it is not needed or appropriate, e.g. a student says There were three
girls (correct plural form used for most nouns) and two mans. (incorrect plural form –
not appropriate for man).
5. The learners own version of the second language which they speak as they learn.
They create their own grammatical system as they are learning, which is neither their
first language nor the target language but something in between the two. This version
of their language changes as they progress and learn more.
6. A word in the target language which looks or sounds as if it has the same meaning
as a similar word in the learners‟ first language but does not, e.g. in French „librairie‟ is
a place where people can buy books. In a library in English, you do not buy books but
borrow them instead.

A. false friend B. interlanguage C. L1 interference

D. overgeneralisation E.fossilisation F. developmental error


TKT Module 1: Unit 11: The role of error – Sample Task

For questions 1–6, match the teachers‟ comments about errors with the type of mistake listed
A, B or C.

than once
Type of Error

A slip

B L1 interference

C error

Teacher’s comments

1 We haven‟t covered the past simple yet so when I asked about their weekend my
students said things like „I go to the park‟, „I am very busy with my friends‟.

2 I‟m trying to get my learners to see the difference between the subjunctive in
English and in their own language so that they will use it accurately in English.

3 My students were really tired by the end of the afternoon so I didn‟t do very much
correction. I knew that they would know how to say the sentences correctly; they were just
tired.

4 We‟ve been doing a lot of practice saying /θ/ and /ð/. My learners keep saying
/z/, I think it‟s because they don‟t have those sounds in their own language so they
just use the sound they do have.

5 While doing an individual drill teaching „going to‟, one of the students said „I going
to buy some fruit‟. I repeated „I going‟ with rising intonation and he said I‟m going‟.


KEY TO EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1.

Sentence with correction Possible reason for error
1. I have a good news for you. Difficult for students to recognize countable and
uncountable nouns and to know if they should use
the indefinite article.
2. He hasn‟t yet gone to bed. Go home, go to bed, go to school don‟t use definite
article.
3. He came by the 4:30 o'clock We only use „o‟clock when the time is on the hour
train. e.g. 10.00.
4. I have a strong bad/terrible Strong does not collocate with headache.
headache.
5. Tell me why did you go went Indirect questions have sentence formation and
there. sentence grammar, not question
formation/grammar, so no auxiliary and no
inversion is needed.
6. Does he needs a ticket for Present simple question uses auxiliary does, which
the bus? is
followed by the base form, so no s for third person.

EXERCISE 2.

1. L1 interference and problems with /ɪ / and /iː/.

2. Overgeneralisation of ed endings. This is an irregular verb and does fit in to the rule for past
tense endings.

3. L1 interference – this tense can be used with a specific past time in other languages.
OR Overgeneralisation: learner doesn‟t know the limitations of present perfect which can‟t be
used with a specific past time.

4. False friend (history = story)

5. Overgeneralisation: learner doesn‟t know the limitations of present continuous which is not
used to for stating facts about yourself.

6. Interlanguage: the learner has made up this grammatical structure, which is neither his own
language nor the target language.


EXERCISE 3

1. An error is a mistake a learner makes when trying to say something that is above their level
of language. They would not be able to self correct an error.

2. A slip is a mistake a learner makes that they are able to correct themselves.

3. Errors are considered to be important because they are an important and necessary part of
language learning, learners need to experiment with language in order to work out how
language works.

4. Teachers can learn what learners know, what they need to be taught and they can find out
what aspects of language they have processed. This enables teachers to adapt their teaching
programme.

5. The teachers‟ role in relation to students‟ mistakes is deciding if, when and how to correct.

EXERCISE 4

1 C 2 E 3 F 4 D 5 B 6 A

Key to Sample Task

1 C 2 B 3 A 4 B 5 A


TKT Module 1: Unit 12: Differences between L1 and L2 learning

Discuss the following questions with a partner or colleague, try answering them
yourself.

ːWhere and when did you start learning your second language?

ːWhat do you think is the best age to start learning a second language?

ːWhy do you think is this the best age to start learning a second language?

ːWhat do you think are some differences between learning your first language and learning a
second language?

ːWhat do you think are some of the difficulties in learning a second language? Are these the
same as the difficulties children have when learning a first language?

Exercise 1 – Text 1

Read the text and decide on an appropriate title for it.

We learn our first language as a baby and as a young child and continue to build our language
as we grow older and learn different kinds of language and language skills.

Babies and children are surrounded by their first language. They hear and see their families,
friends and strangers talking and interacting with each other and friends and family interact with
them. Children are constantly provided with opportunities to use the language and to
experiment with the language as they are learning it and they receive constant praise and
encouragement for their efforts. Parents encourage and persuade their children to talk by
simplifying their own language and directing simple questions and requesting simple
responses. When children‟s language is inaccurate, adults very rarely correct them or make
them repeat accurate forms and they will, more often than not, respond to the utterance in a
natural way.

Babies and children learn language by „acquiring‟ it through exposure and by picking it up. They
are generally highly motivated to learn their first language because they have a great need and
desire to communicate with others around them. They hear and see friends and family
communicating with each other and they will listen and take in this language and process it
during a „silent period‟, possibly lasting many months, before using language themselves.
When children start using language the language they use will be about things they see around
them and they will play and experiment with new language. They learn through this
experimentation and through interaction with family and friends.

Exercise 2 – Text 2

Read the text and decide on an appropriate title for it.

Most people learn their second language at school in a classroom. Some start at primary
school or secondary school and their learning might continue in later life. Some people begin
second language learning as adults and attend lessons along with the other things they do in
their lives.

Second language learners do not usually hear or read more than three or four hours a week of
the second language, so they do not have much exposure to the language. The exposure they
do get is generally in the classroom, where they will hear recordings and read texts and will
have the teacher to listen to. Teachers often simplify their language so are not necessarily a
source of additional exposure to language and they usually correct studentsfrequently. In class,
the opportunities for second language learners to use the language vary, as does the amount
of praise and encouragement provided by the teacher and other learners.

Second language learners, like L1 learners, do learn language by „acquiring‟ it through
exposure but they are more likely to learn language in a classroom and the language they learn
is selected by teachers. They learn by interacting with the teacher and with other learners and
by using language in controlled practice activities. In the classroom, learners often want to
produce the language as soon as possible and do not always welcome the opportunity of a
silent period. They use language for talking about experiences and things relating to their lives
outside the classroom. Learning is often dependent on motivation and this can vary in second
language learners, from learners having little or no motivation to learners being very highly
motivated.


1. Complete the appropriate column in the table with information from texts 1 and 2

Group A Group B

First Language (L1) learning Second Language (L2) Learning

Age

Context

Exposure

Praise

Correction

Simplified
language

Way of
learning

Motivation

Silent
period

Language
used for


TKT Module 1: Unit 12: Differences between L1 and L2 learning – Sample
Task 1

For Questions 1–6, match the aspects of learning with the type of learner listed A, B or C.

than once.
Type of learner

A L1 learner

B L2 adult learner

C Both L1 and L2 adult learner

Aspect of learning

These learners seem to respond to praise and encouragement and it helps them to
1develop their language and skills.

These learners don‟t need to be constantly corrected. They need to experiment
2and to play with language.

These learners will listen and process language and will not speak at all,
3sometimes for many months, before beginning to use language.

4These learners are able to share experiences and talk about the things they see
around them and about experiences in their lives.

5These learners need some controlled practice and a focus on form.

Key to Participant’s worksheet 4

Group A Group B

First language (L1) learning Second language (L2) learning
Age Baby, young child Primary, secondary, adults
Context At home Mostly at school in a classroom
Three or four hours a week, recordings,
Exposure Surrounded all the time texts, the teacher and other students
Constant praise and
Praise encouragement Varied, depending on the teacher
Correction Rarely Frequently by the teacher
Simplified
language Yes, from parents Yes
Acquiring some through language
exposure
Way of Acquiring language through Interacting with the teacher and other
learning exposure learners
Doing controlled practice activities.

Motivation Highly motivated Varies – none, a little, a lot
Silent
period Yes, sometimes for many months Often not
Language Talking about things they see Talking about experiences and things
used for around them related to lives outside the classroom

Key to Sample task

1 C 2 C 3 A 4 B 5 B


TKT Module 1:Unit 13: Learner characteristics

Exercise 1,Complete the puzzle with learning styles using the clues below.

Across
3. A learner who finds it easier to learn when they can see things written down or in a picture.
This type of learner may like the teacher to write a new word on the board and not just say it
aloud.

Down
1. A learner who remembers things more easily when they hear them spoken. This type of
learner may like the teacher to say a new word aloud and not just write it on the board.

2. A learner who learns more easily by doing things physically. This type of learner may like to
move around or move objects while learning.


VAK Learning Style Questionnaire

Exercise 2, What is your preferred Learning Style?
What kind of learner are you?


Check your answers. If your answers are mostly A, you are an Auditory Learner. If your
answers are mostly V, you are a Visual Learner. If your answers are mostly K, you are a
Kinaesthetic Learner.

Exercise 3, for what kind of learner would the following strategies be useful?

1. The teacher creates a substitution table with the target language on the board.

2. The teacher contextualises target language by telling the students a story.

3. The teacher asks learners to come to the board and to write their answer to a task.

4. The teacher says the new words she is teaching three times before asking the students to
repeat them.

5. The teacher does a mingling activity, where learners walk around asking questions to find
out information from each other.

6. The teacher shows learners a picture of the object she is trying to elicit.

Exercise 4

What learning strategies could learners use to help them improve in the following areas?

1. dealing with words in texts and recordings that you don‟t know

2. remembering new vocabulary

3. learning new grammar

4. improving pronunciation

5. developing oral fluency

6. developing comprehension skills

7. becoming more independent


Exercise 5,Match the learner strategies below with the areas for improvement on
Participant’s worksheet 4 Exercise 2.

A.Reading more authentic material (magazines and newspapers etc.) outside class, listening to
English radio/TV programmes outside class, asking people to repeat what they have said when
you don‟t‟ understand.

B.Learning the sounds and symbols in the phonemic chart, asking teachers and other students
to correct your pronunciation, recording your self and listening for pronunciation errors.

C.Using the internet to research language and vocabulary, using English-English dictionaries to
research vocabulary, choosing an area of language or vocabulary to revise/learn and using
resources to self study

D.Saying new words in your head over and over again, writing new words down in your note
book, writing new words down with a translation in your own language next to them, writing
words down on separate cards and storing them in a box.

E.Guessing the meaning from context, looking words up in the dictionary, writing words down to
ask someone about later.

F.Speaking English only in class, speaking English whenever possible outside class, practise
speaking for one minute on a topic without hesitating.

G.Practising the language as soon as you‟ve learnt it, repeating different examples of the
language, writing down the different grammatical components of the language, cutting up the
different components and arranging them in the correct order.


TKT Module 1:Unit 13: Learner characteristics – Sample Task

For questions 1–7 match the learners‟ comments to the descriptions of learner preferences
listed A–H.There is one extra option which you do not need to use

Comments

1 „Most of the time should be spent doing grammar exercises.‟

2 „I prefer working with other students to speaking to the teacher in front of the
class.‟

3 „I really like knowing how language works.‟

4 „Rules just confuse me – it‟s better to work out language from examples.‟

5 „Why should I listen to other students‟ mistakes? The teacher should talk most of
the time.‟

6 I just want people to understand what I mean. I don‟t worry if I make mistakes.‟

7 „It‟s important for me to know how well I‟m doing.‟

Preferences

A The learner wants explanations of grammar use.

B The learner enjoys explaining language to other students.

C The learner enjoys practising language in pairs or groups.

D The learner enjoys doing language practice that focuses on
accuracy.
E The learner doesn‟t want to work with other students.

F The learner needs to feel a sense of progress.

G The learner focuses on communicating.

H The learner doesn‟t want the teacher to explain grammar.


Key to exercise 1

1A 2K
U I
D N
3V I S U A L
T E
O S
R T
Y H
E
T
I
C
Exercise 3

1. Visual 4. Auditory
2. Auditory 5. Kinaesthetic
3. Kinaesthetic 6. Visual

Exercises 4 and 5

1. E 2. D 3.G 4.B 5.F 6.A 7.C

Key to Sample Task

1. D 2. C 3.A 4.H 5.E 6.G 7.F

Key to Procedure Step 9

Additional exercises.

What are some of the different learner characteristics of children, teenagers and adults?
Differences in
ː length of time they can pay attention/ concentrate
ː ability to stay still
ː ability to control behaviour
ː attitude to making mistakes
ː attitude to taking risks
ː levels of self consciousness
ː being able to bring life experiences to learning.

What effect can learners’ past learning experiences have on learner characteristics?
ː previous experience of learning may be very different to the approach taken by the
current teacher; this change may or may not be welcomed
ː learners may have tried to learn a language before and failed
ː learners may have fixed ideas about the best way of learning.

TKT Module 1:Unit 14: Learner needs


Exercise 1.

Exercise 2,What can teachers do to respond to learners’ needs? Match the following
answer with the concepts in the boxes below the answers.

•Do a „needs analysis‟ and/or find out about your learners‟ personal needs, learning needs and
future or current professional needs.

•Select topics and subjects for lessons that fit with their interests and needs.

•Select material that meets their needs.

•Choose activities that fit with their learning styles, and are suitable for their needs and
interests.

•Decide on pace and interaction patterns.

•Think about the balance of skills work (reading, listening, speaking, writing) in relation to their
needs.

•Adopt approaches for teaching language that respond to their needs, interests and learning
styles.

•Think about how to give learners feedback on their work.


TKT Module 1: Unit 14: Learner needs – Sample Task

For Questions 1–6, match the needs of each group of students with the most suitable type of
course listed A–G.There is one extra option which you do not need to use.

Groups of students
1 These young adults need a range of study skills before going to a British
university.

2 These adult beginners are going on holiday, and need to learn how to
communicate in an English-speaking environment.

3 This group of young children have a short attention span; their parents want them
to learn English while having some fun.

4 These business people need to meet and work with people from other countries
at international conferences.

5 These secretaries and receptionists want to focus on vocabulary and skills which
are useful for them in their work.

6 These scientists need to keep up-to-date with the latest developments in their
subjects.

Types of courses

A a course focusing on basic language skills for everyday situations.

B a course focusing on listening and note-taking, and writing academic
essays
C a course based on role-plays and situations, such as greeting visitors and
telephoning clients

D an activity based course with lots of games, songs and stories

E a course based on grammar revision and written practice

F an oral skills course based on cross-cultural material

G an online course in which students read texts on specific topics and
answer detailed comprehension.


TKT Module 1:Unit 14: Learner needs – Answer Keys

Key to Sample Task

1. B 2. A 3.D 4.F 5.C 6.G


TKT GLOSSARY, UNITS 9 TO 14

Background to language learning

Achievement noun, achieve verb, achievable adjective
Something reached by effort; something done successfully. Something which is achievable for
learners is something they can succeed in.

Acquisition noun, acquire verb
To learn a language without studying it, just by hearing and/or reading and then using it. This is
the way people usually learn their first language.

Attention span
How long a learner is able to concentrate at any one time.

Auditory learner: see learning style.

Clue
A piece of information that helps someone to find the answer to a problem, e.g. a teacher could
give the first letter of a word she is trying to elicit as a clue to learners to help them find the
word.

Cognitive (processes)
The mental processes involved in thinking, understanding or learning.

Confidence noun, confident adjective
The feeling someone has when they are sure of their ability to do something well. Teachers
often do activities that help learners to feel more confident about their own ability.

Conscious (of)
To know that something exists or is happening, or to have knowledge or experience of
something; to be aware.

Demotivate: see motivation.

Developmental error: see error.

Effective
Having the intended or desired result.

English-medium school
A school in a non-English speaking country, in which all subjects are taught using English.

Error
A mistake that a learner makes when trying to say something above their level of language or
language processing. See slip.

A developmental error is an error made by a second language learner which could also be
made by a young person learning their mother tongue as part of their normal development, e.g.
I goed there last week (I went there last week).
Expectation

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