Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

1. The Water:Power Nexus
Rajesh Kumar
Chairman
Central Water Commission

2. INTRODUCTION
 Interdependence between water and power.
 The relationship can be mutually constraining.
 It presents an opportunity to address both power
and water issues together, because conserving one
leads to conservation of the other.
 The way we manage the delicate relationship
between the two will have major implications on the
future of our water and power crises.

3. WATER AND POWER RELATIONSHIP
Power Process
needs water
• Hydropower
• Thermal
• Extraction and
mining
Water Process
needs power
• Transport
• Pumping
• Treatment

4. INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER AND
POWER

5. WATER SCENARIO IN INDIA

6.  2.45% of World’s Land Area
 4% of World’s Renewable Water Resources
 17% of World’s Population
Indian Scenario

7. 7
Water – A vital Resource
Essential for:
• Life
• Livelihood
• Ecology
Vital for Economic Development
Crucial for:
• Food Security
• Energy security
• National Security

8. Water Availability - INDIA
Total utilizable water resources
1121 BCM
Ground Water
431 BCM
Presently meets the demand but is Inadequate for
future demand
Surface water
690 BCM
Current utilization
of SW
450 BCM ( 65% )
Current utilization
Of GW
231 BCM (58%)
Total water availability
1869 BCM
Total Precipitation (rainfall + snowfall)
4000 BCM

9. PER CAPITA WATER AVAILABILITY
(NATIONAL AVERAGE)
Water Scarcity Line
1000 cu. m. per
person per year
Water stress Line
1700 cu. m. per
person per year
5177
2200
1340
1140
1545
1820
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1951 1991 2001 2011 2025 2050
WaterAvailibilty(Cubicmetreper
capitaperyear)

10. Sector-wise Future Demand (BCM)
Sector Probable Water Demand as Projected by
NCIWRD (1999) (High Demand)
2010 2025 2050
Irrigation 557 611 807
Domestic 43 62 111
Industry 37 67 81
Energy 19 33 70
Others 54 70 111
Total 710 843 1180

11. DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECTS
No. of projects
Plan period Major Medium ERM
Pre-plan
period
74 143 0
Upto X Plan
(2002-2007)
186 813 121
Reported
completed
during XI Plan
35 62 19

12. CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS OF WATER
 Under the Indian Constitution, water comes under
the State List (Item 17 in List II of the Seventh
Schedule or the State List).
 There has been an increasing debate about
studying water in a holistic manner with a national
perspective in mind.
 Water is being handled by many Ministries in the
Centre.

13. INTER STATE WATER DISPUTES
 Interstate water disputes in India often prolong over
long periods and tend to recur.
 These long delays are partly due to elaborate judicial
proceedings and deliberations. But more
importantly, the adjudication proceedings are often
circumvented and impeded by variety of political
interests.

14. CURRENT INTER STATE RIVER WATER DISPUTES
AND TRIBUNALS
 Ravi & Beas Waters Tribunal
 Vamsadhara River Water Dispute
 Mahadeyi/ Mandovi River
 Krishna River Water Dispute Tribunal
 Cauvery Water Disputes

15.  Planning, development and management of water resources need to
be governed by national perspectives.
 Water resources development and management will have to be
planned for a hydrological unit.
 Appropriate river basin organisations should be established for
the planned development and management of the river basins.
 Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from
other areas including transfer from one river basin to another, after
taking into account the requirements of the areas/basins.
 Planning of water resources development projects should, as far as
possible, be for multi- purpose with an integrated and multi-disciplinary
approach having regard to human and ecological aspects including
those of disadvantaged sections of the society.
National Water Policy 2012

16.  There is need to ensure that the water charges for various uses
should be fixed such as to cover at least the operation and
maintenance charges initially and a part of the capital costs
subsequently.
 Management of the water resources for diverse uses should
incorporate a participatory approach by involving users and other
stakeholders alongwith various governmental agencies.
 Both surface water and ground water should be regularly monitored
for quality.
 Effluents should be treated to acceptable levels and standards before
discharging them into natural streams.
 Minimum flow should be ensured in the perennial streams
for maintaining ecology.
 Efficiency of utilization should be improved in all the diverse uses of
water and conservation consciousness promoted through education,
regulation, incentives and disincentives.
National Water Policy 2012

17. POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

18. POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA
 Growth in production of
electricity has led to its
extensive use in all the
sectors of economy in the
successive five years plans.
 Over the years the installed
capacity of Power Plants
(Utilities) has increased to
about 1,86,655 MW (by
December, 2011) from a
meagre 1713 MW in 1950.
 Similarly, the electricity
generation increased from
about 5.1 Billion kwh to 789
Billion kwh in 2010-11.

19. GROWTH OF POWER SECTOR
 Per capita consumption of
electricity in the country increased
from 15 kWh in 1950 to about 814
kWh in 2011.
 About 90% of the villages have
been electrified.
 However, the country continues to
have mismatch between demand
and supply.
 Energy and peak shortages to the
tune of 8.5% and 10.3%
respectively during the year 2010-
11.

20.  During the 11th Five Year Plan (2007—12), nearly
55,000 MW of new generation capacity was
created.
 Yet, there continues to be a peak shortage of about
9 per cent.
 Peak power shortage is shortfall in generation
capacity when electricity consumption is maximum.
GROWTH OF POWER SECTOR

21. WATER- POWER NEXUS
 There exists an inter-twining relationship between water and
power.
 Water is often regarded as an input for generating power in
case of thermal and hydro-electric power stations.
 However, when it comes to usage, the situation is reversed,
particularly when it is used for extracting and distributing
water.
 Urban and rural water supply systems need power to
distribute water through pipe networks and farmers need
power to run pump sets and irrigate their fields.

22.  Given that agriculture is the
largest user of water (80% in
India), it is imperative that it is
one of the focus areas of
research in order to fully
unravel the water-energy
nexus.
WATER- POWER NEXUS:
IRRIGATION SECTOR

23.  Gradual shift to ground water as dependable source of water even in
the areas covered under canal irrigation due to
 In-adequate supply of canal water
 Poor surface irrigation infrastructure
 Today, ground water meets nearly 55% of irrigation requirements in
the country.
 Over-exploitation of ground water compounded by subsidized power
for pumping in many states.
 Excessive exploitation may lead to reduction in well yield, drying up
of shallow wells, deterioration of water quality, increased energy
required to lift water from greater depth and its consequent high cost.
WATER- POWER NEXUS:
EXCESSIVE DEPENDENCE ON GROUND WATER FOR IRRIGATION

24.  Energy efficiency could help address the adverse
impact on small farmers due to increase in power tariff.
 Innovative approaches are called for to better
understand the water-energy nexus particularly from the
farmer’s perspective.
 Such research would help in scenario planning and take
into account drivers such as
demographics, consumption and production
patterns, technology, globalization and environmental
issues.
WATER- POWER NEXUS:
IRRIGATION SECTOR

25.  Another area, where water and
energy are most visibly
connected is the hydroelectric
sector.
 Further in-depth research and
analysis could help identify the
potential sites for hydroelectric
projects taking into consideration
resettlement and rehabilitation,
submergence, social and cultural
losses.
WATER- POWER NEXUS:
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR

26.  Capacity building is required to bridge knowledge
gaps, particularly at the local level. Awareness
regarding the efficient use of energy and water is
also crucial.
 School and college curricula need to include these
aspects which are a glaring gap that needs to be
filled by developing suitable courses for the youth
and training modules for teachers.
WAY FORWARD

27. WAY FORWARD
 Some observers feel that in addition to the
knowledge gap and paucity of research, there is no
single source where information on water and
energy is readily available in India.
 There are now several knowledge platforms on
water, energy and climate change but they view
these themes in isolation.
 It may be possible for some of these knowledge
platforms to find common sub-sets and present it to
the public in a more coherent manner.

28. WATER : POWER NEXUS
BOTH CHALLENGES MUST BE ADDRESSED
TOGETHER