Presented by Andre Ngangnou at the African Swine Fever Diagnostics, Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control Workshop, Nairobi, Kenya, 20-21 July 2011

1. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
Dr Andre Ngangnou
Animal Pathology Dpt
National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET) GAROUA - CAMEROON
1

2. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
LANAVET
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• ASF in CAMROON
• Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon
• Control Measures
• Conclusion
• Perspectives
2

3. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview of National Vet Services
Far-North
Country divided into Ten Regions
North
Distribution of National Vet
North-
Services
West Adamaoua
10 Regional Delegations
58 Divisional Delegations West
South-West
257 Sub Divisional Delegations Centre
Littoral
700 Veterinary and zootechnical East
Centres

4. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
LANAVET
1. Introduction (Cont’d)
1.2. Pig population and Production system
. Estimated to 2 millions.
. Low annual Production: 42.000 tons of meat tons per year
. Traditional sector: 30% of pig production (local breed, practiced all over the country)
. Family sector: 50% of pig production (cross breed from local/exotic), practiced in 04
regions (North West, West, Centre and Littoral)
. Modern sector: 20% of pig production (exotic breeds with Large White, Landrace et
Duroc) ; characterized by adequate feeding system, practiced mainly in three regions
(West, North West and Littoral)
. More than 250.000 pig breeders are registered within the country 4

5. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
2. ASF in Cameroon
2.1. 1982-2000
. First outbreaks registered in 1982 in Littoral regions
. Origin of the introduction unknown, several hypothesis developed, but not confirmed
. Controlled measures (Disinfection, stamping out, sanitary empty, financial compensation)
. Disease not eradicated as endemic in the southern part of the country
. A specialized ASF laboratory installed in Yaounde with the support of FA0
.
Epidemiological survey carried out in 2004: 12% of sero prevalence

6. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
2. ASF in Cameroon (Cont’d)
2.2. 2002-2009
. Country divided into three zones: Northern part (free), Buffer zone (Adamawa),
Southern part (endemic)
. Pig movements (trade) from free zone to endemic
. Uncontrolled movements from the endemic zone to free (male bought from endemic
areas to free areas, aiming at producing cross breed)
. Development of the National Programme, aiming at improving pig breeding system
(2005)
. Trough out control measures, reduction of the incidence of ASF from 11% in 1988 to
4%, in 2006-2007

7. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011 )
3.1. Keys epidemiological information
. Early 2010: Suspicion of ASF based on unusual cases of mortality in the North and
Adamawa regions.
. Late 2010: Suspicion of ASF based also on unusual mortalities in the Far North
Regions.
3.2. Field investigations:
Teams: Mixed (Laboratory and technicians
from the Ministry of Livestock)
. 122 pig farms visited
. 35 carcasses autopsied
(22 in the North and 13 in the Far-North regions)
Disinfection 7

8. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan, Africa,
BecA-ILRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET
Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon ((2009-2011) Cont’d
3.3. Main clinical signs findings
Uncoordinated movements, paresis, hyperaemia, anorexia, petechia
(skin), ecchymosis of the abdominal skin and legs, death
Skin hemorrhage (exotic breed)

9. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon ((2009-2011) Cont’d
3.3. Main clinical findings (Cont’d)
Paresis Uncoordinated movements

10. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
LANAVET BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon ((2009-2011) Cont’d
3.3. Main clinical findings (Cont’d)
Skin hemorrhage (local breed)) Paresis (local breed)

11. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3.4. Main post mortem findings
Massive haemorrhage of the gastro-hepatic and lymphatic lymph nodes, petechial
haemorrhage of the kidney and larynx, spleenomegaly.
Spleenomegaly
Hydrothoraxes

12. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011 ) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis
.Tissues samples collected
. Laboratory analysis
- Serology (Blocking ELISA)
- Multiplex ASF and CSF PCR techniques
Region Samples Quantities Lab Techniques Results
. Results below (Adamawa region)
Adamawa Entire blood 32 PCR 11 Positive
Kidney 04 PCR 03 Positive
Spleen 05 PCR 03 Positive
Serum 58 ELISA 03 Positive
Total Adamawa 99 20

13. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
LANAVET BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011 ) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
Results (North region)
Region Samples Quantities Lab Techniques Results
North Entire blood 13 PCR 07 Positive
Kidney 06 PCR 00 Positive
Spleen 04 PCR 02 Positive
Serum 26 ELISA 01 Positive
Total North 49 11

14. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET
Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
3.4.1. Results (Far North region)
Region Samples Quantities Lab Techniques Results
Far North Entire blood 36 PCR 13 positive
Kidney 15 PCR 07 Positive
Spleen 17 PCR 04 Positive
Serum 36 ELISA 00 Positive
Total North 104 24
Comments
. Serology:
-ASF Blocking ELISA, Ingezim PPA Compac, 11.PPA.K3, Ingenesa, Madrid, Spain
-The kit uses polystyrene plates pre-coated with purified protein extract from VP73,
major structural protein from ASFV

15. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
Bech-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
3.4.1.Results (Cont’d)
Comments (Cont’d)
PCR
- Technique as described by Agüero et al. (1) protocol.
- Primers as recommended by the OIE
- A gel based multiplex RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous and differential detection
of ASFV and CSFV in clinical samples as described by Agüero et al. used to screen
the same samples
- Suspicions confirmed based on Laboratory investigations (Serology and PCR)

16. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
3.4.1.Results (Cont’d)
Comments (Cont’d)
- At the same period, confirmation of the role of pig population movements as
sources of the dissemination of the disease from the endemic zones (southern part
of the country) to the previously free zones (northern regions)
- PCR technique sensitive for the early detection
- Country as a whole considered as infected

17. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
3.4.1.Results (Cont’d)
Comments (Cont’d)
• A total of 22 outbreaks (15 in 2010 and 7 in early 2011) confirmed by laboratory
analysis out of about 40 reported in different farms of various infected localities in
the three northern regions of Cameroon.
• Out of theses 22 outbreaks, 20 confirmed by the detection of ASF viral DNA in
tissues and whole blood samples using PCR
• 2 out of 22 outbreaks confirmed using blocking ELISA for the detection of ASFV
antibodies in sera.
17

18. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
3.4.1.Results (Cont’d)
Comments (Cont’d)
- Positive cases were registered using serology (three in Adamawa region and one in
the in the North region.
- Tissue samples of. A multiplex RT-PCR used to differentiate ASFV from CSFV
- The multiplex RT-PCR detected only ASFV nucleic acids
- No case of CSF detected
18

19. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
4. Control Measures
4.1. Administrative
. Ministerial decision N° 00150 (Ministry of Livestock) of 28 of April 2010 including:
- Destruction of the Pig PARC in the Ngaoundere (Adamawa) railways station
.- Stamping out of pigs reared in infected areas in Garoua and Ngaoundere down town
- Banning pigs movements from the southern to the northern regions of the country
- Closing of Pigs markets in Adamawa and North regions
- Reinforcement of sanitary barrier created by the decision N° 00163/MINEPIA of 25
July 2006
- Involvement of each Regional Delegate in the implementation of all official
decisions with regard to the eradication of ASF

20. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
4. Control Measures (Cont’d)
4.1. Administrative
. Ministerial decision N°00175 (Ministry of Livestock) of 10 May 2010, extending
application of the ministerial decision N° 150 of the 28 April 2010 to the Far North
Region
. Decision of the 2nd of June, issued by the Diamare Divisional Officer declaring this
Division infected and detailing sanitary measure to be put in place, mainly:
- Banning free range pig rearing, pig trade markets, slaughtering, pig movement
within and outside the Division ;
- Implementation of the stamping out strategy in infected farms.
- Liftage of implemented measures if negative results obtained in sero surveillance
activities in infected areas three months after the last case, assuming that disinfection
carried out in infected farms

21. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
4. Control Measures (Cont’d)
4.2. Sanitary : stamping Out

22. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI, CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
5. Conclusion
. ASF introduced in Cameroon in 1982
. Although eradication measures put in place, southern regions of the country endemic
with regard to ASF up to 2010
. In 2010, ASF outbreaks confirmed in the northern regions
. In these regions, 14 subdivisions out of 75 were infected
. Cause of the introduction of ASF in the Northern regions: Commercial activities
. Mortality:15.373 animals
. Control measures included: Administrative and sanitary

23. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
LANAVET
BecA-IlRI, CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
5. Conclusion (Cond’t)
. Sanitary (Stamping out): 12.262 animals
. Other measures implemented (banning of animals movements, pigs markets, etc.).
. In 2011: only 02 (two) outbreaks registered (Far North region)
. Although control measures put in place, ASF not eradicated
. ASF: Mayor constraint in the development of pigs breeding in Cameroon
. Estimated financial lost to National Economy: More that 40.000.000 USD per year
. Main cause of inefficiency of control measures: lack of financial compensation after
stamping out

24. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET
Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
6. Perspectives
- Role of Ornitodorus moubata in the epidemiology of ASF (vector): yet to
be determined
- Role of Wild live as reservoir in the ASF spread in Cameroon: not
excluded, but to be confirmed
- Importance of tracing the source of infection using Molecular
epidemiological investigation
- Importance to constitute a bank of different strains of ASFV circulating in
the country and its neighbouring countries
- Importance of regional approach in the control of ASF

25. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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