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CHAPTER 10: IMMUNITY EDWARD JENNER The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 – 1919 killed 22 million people in 18 months
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
INTRODUCTION ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
First line barriers to infection ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Second line barriers ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
Neutrophils ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Monocytes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
These cells extend long pseudopodia that can attach to polysaccharides on a microbe’s surface, engulfing the microbes by phagocytosis, and fusing the resulting vacuole with a lysosome
Eosinophils ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE ~ SPECIFIC IMMUNITY ,[object Object],[object Object]
Lymphocytes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
T CELLS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
B CELLS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object]
Antigen (Immunogen) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of antigens ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A single antigen such as a bacterial surface protein usually has several effective epitopes, each capable of inducing the production of specific antibody
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
11.1.2 ANTIBODY ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
10.1.4 Humoral Response  (Antibody-Mediated Immunity) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
10.1.5 Cell-mediated Response (Cell-mediated Immunity) ,[object Object],[object Object]
10.1.6 Lymphatic System ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Structure of the lymph node
Structure of the spleen
The reaction between antibody and antigen ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
[object Object],[object Object]
10.1.7  Antigen-antibody Interaction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
i. Neutralization ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
ii. Agglutination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
iii. Precipitation ,[object Object]
 
iv. Complement Fixation ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
i. The Classical Pathway ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ii. The Alternative Pathway ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
Summary of Antibody-antigen Interaction
10.2 Development of Immunity
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],CLONAL SELECTION
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Antigen molecules bind to the antigen receptors of only one of the six B cells shown The selected B cell proliferates to give rise to a clone of identical cells bearing receptors for the selecting antigen Some proliferating cells develop into long-lived memory cells that can respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen Some proliferating cells develop into short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibody specific for the antigen
[object Object],[object Object],PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
 
 
[object Object],IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
The Development of Active Immunity ,[object Object]
[object Object]
10.2.1 Self and Non-self Recognition ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
MHC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],(CD8 protein)
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],(CD4 protein)
Fig. 57.9
IMMUNE RESPONSES
The immune system can mount two types of responses depending on the antigen which stimulates the system i. Humoral response ii. Cell-mediated response ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
 
[object Object],Development of Cellular Immunity
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cytotoxic T cell
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Development of Humoral Immunity ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
The immune system’s capacity to distinguish self from nonself limits blood transfusion and tissue transplantation
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
10.3 Immune Disorder: SLE and AIDS
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tissue grafts and organ transplantation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES The Body Attacks Itself ,[object Object],[object Object]
e.g. Autoimmune diseases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rheumatoid Arthritis of  the Hands Rheumatoid arthritis can result in severe deformation of the hands, wrists, feet, ankles, hips, and shoulders. The characteristic swelling, pain, and restricted movement Rheumatoid arthritis can result in severe deformation of the hands, wrists, feet, ankles, hips and shoulders. The characteristic swelling, pain and restricted movement
Multiple sclerosis ,[object Object]
Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease that causes weakness and fatigue, most commonly in the muscles of the eyes, face, throat and limbs. MG is an acquired disease, meaning it isn't inherited as a genetic disease.  The word "myasthenia" means muscle weakness.
Systemic lupus erythematosus                                                                             
[object Object],[object Object]
A I D S C QUIRED MMUNO - EFICIENCY YNDROME
INTRODUCTION
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],A T cell infected with HIV. The virus (blue) bud continuously from the surface of the T cell (orange). The cell will die, but only after it produces many copies of its viral killers
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Causative Agent  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Causative Agent  RNA Capsid RNA Reverse transcriptase enzyme Viral  envelope Glycoprotein
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Causes
The Causes … mainly because of the  exchange of body fluid: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Symptoms
The Symptoms  Flu or mononucleosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Symptoms  Behavioral dementia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Symptoms  Pneumocystis   carinii   pneumonia (PCP) ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Symptoms  Kaposi’s sarcoma a cancer of the skin and  blood vessels (purplish spot on skin)
The mechanism of infection and HIV replication
The Mechanism of infection and the Replication of HIV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],The Mechanism of infection and the Replication of HIV
 
The Mechanism of infection and the Replication of HIV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Mechanism of infection and the Replication of HIV ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
The Mechanism of infection and the Replication of HIV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Mechanism of infection and the Replication of HIV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Mechanism of infection and the Replication of HIV ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The new HIV particles leaving the host’s cell  Mature form Budding particle
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
THE STAGES OF HIV INFECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HIV on a lymphocyte HIV particles
Treatment of AIDS ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
The Preventive Measures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Preventive Measures

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Immunity

  • 1. CHAPTER 10: IMMUNITY EDWARD JENNER The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 – 1919 killed 22 million people in 18 months
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.  
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. These cells extend long pseudopodia that can attach to polysaccharides on a microbe’s surface, engulfing the microbes by phagocytosis, and fusing the resulting vacuole with a lysosome
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.  
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27. A single antigen such as a bacterial surface protein usually has several effective epitopes, each capable of inducing the production of specific antibody
  • 28.
  • 29.  
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.  
  • 33.  
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.  
  • 37.  
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.  
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44. Structure of the lymph node
  • 46.
  • 47.  
  • 48.  
  • 49.  
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54.  
  • 55.
  • 56.
  • 57.
  • 58.  
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.  
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65.
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73.
  • 74. Antigen molecules bind to the antigen receptors of only one of the six B cells shown The selected B cell proliferates to give rise to a clone of identical cells bearing receptors for the selecting antigen Some proliferating cells develop into long-lived memory cells that can respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen Some proliferating cells develop into short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibody specific for the antigen
  • 75.
  • 76.
  • 77.
  • 78.  
  • 79.  
  • 80.
  • 81.
  • 82.  
  • 83.
  • 84.
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  • 109.
  • 110.
  • 111.  
  • 112.
  • 113.
  • 114.
  • 115.
  • 116.  
  • 117. The immune system’s capacity to distinguish self from nonself limits blood transfusion and tissue transplantation
  • 118.
  • 119.
  • 120.
  • 121.  
  • 122.
  • 123.
  • 124. 10.3 Immune Disorder: SLE and AIDS
  • 125.
  • 126.
  • 127.
  • 128.
  • 129.
  • 130.
  • 131.
  • 132.
  • 133.
  • 134.
  • 135.
  • 136.
  • 137.
  • 138.
  • 139.
  • 140. Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hands Rheumatoid arthritis can result in severe deformation of the hands, wrists, feet, ankles, hips, and shoulders. The characteristic swelling, pain, and restricted movement Rheumatoid arthritis can result in severe deformation of the hands, wrists, feet, ankles, hips and shoulders. The characteristic swelling, pain and restricted movement
  • 141.
  • 142. Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease that causes weakness and fatigue, most commonly in the muscles of the eyes, face, throat and limbs. MG is an acquired disease, meaning it isn't inherited as a genetic disease. The word "myasthenia" means muscle weakness.
  • 143. Systemic lupus erythematosus                                                                             
  • 144.
  • 145. A I D S C QUIRED MMUNO - EFICIENCY YNDROME
  • 147.
  • 148.
  • 149.
  • 150.
  • 151.
  • 152.
  • 153. Causative Agent RNA Capsid RNA Reverse transcriptase enzyme Viral envelope Glycoprotein
  • 154.
  • 156.
  • 158.
  • 159.
  • 160.
  • 161. The Symptoms Kaposi’s sarcoma a cancer of the skin and blood vessels (purplish spot on skin)
  • 162. The mechanism of infection and HIV replication
  • 163.
  • 164.  
  • 165.
  • 166.  
  • 167.
  • 168.
  • 169.  
  • 170.
  • 171.
  • 172.
  • 173.  
  • 174. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
  • 175. The new HIV particles leaving the host’s cell Mature form Budding particle
  • 176.
  • 177.  
  • 178.  
  • 179.
  • 180. HIV on a lymphocyte HIV particles
  • 181.
  • 182.
  • 183.
  • 184.

Editor's Notes

  1. Autoantibodies are often found in the blood of older people who have no disease, a phenomenon that is not properly understood.