Open access - Opening up of Scholarly Outputs for Public Good

1. Open Access
@SridharGutam
Opening up of Scholarly Outputs
for Public Good

2. ISSN - Indian Journals
• Assigned during 1986 – 2015 : 18,702
• During 2015 : 2,462
• During 2016 : 855

3. Publishing Companies
• Social Science Research Network (SSRN) was
acquired by Elsevier $2 billion publishing company.
• Study published in PLoS, revealed that Reed-
Elsevier, Springer, Wiley-Blackwell, Taylor & Francis
and Sage published more than 50% of all research
articles in 2013.
• Reed-Elsevier $5,362 million revenue in 2014 &
$6,093 (2013)
• Its time for authors to move away from these for-
profit publishing corporations?

4. Fig 2. Number of journals changing from small to big publishers, and big to small publishers per year of
change in the Natural and Medical Sciences and Social Sciences & Humanities.
Larivière V, Haustein S, Mongeon P (2015) The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0127502.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127502
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127502

5. Sci-Hub Sept. 2015 - Feb. 2016.
Source: http://www.nature.com/news/paper-piracy-sparks-online-debate-1.19841

6. Open Access? ?
• Open Access literature is digital, online, free of
charge, and free of most copyright and licensing
restrictions (Peter Suber, 2004)

7. Why Open Access?
• Open Access seeks to return scholarly publishing to
its original purpose: to spread knowledge and allow
that knowledge to be built upon.
• http://www.righttoresearch.org/learn/whyOA/index.shtml
• It ensures that the community has free and
immediate access to the literature before and after
it has been reviewed and published.
• http://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/36/9078.full

8. Benefits of Open Access
• For researchers, it brings increased visibility, usage
and impact for their work. http://www.openoasis.org/
• Scholarly articles that are available in open access
form are downloaded and cited more often than
articles published only in subscription-based
journals, and that citations occur more quickly than
with a traditional publication cycle. http://library.duke.edu/
• Universities & Research Institutes - greater
visibility, clearer management information.
http://sparceurope.org/

9. Strategies to Achieve Open Access
• Budapest Open Access
Initiative (2002)
recommends:
• Self-Archiving – Depositing
refereed journal articles in
open electronic archives.
• Open Access Journals – New
generation of journals
committed to open access
which will not invoke copyright
to restrict access.
Source: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/boai-10-recommendations

10. Self Archiving
• Pre-Prints : first draft of the article - before
peer-review, even before any contact with a
publisher
• Post-Prints : version of the paper after peer-
review, with revisions having been made.

11. Eprints
• Eprints - free software
interoperable with all other
open archives, ready to be
registered and for their
contents to be harvested
into searchable global
archives.
• University of Southampton
• http://www.eprints.org/

12. SHERPA/RoMEO
• Publisher copyright policies & self-archiving
• http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/
• 68% of publishers formally allow some form of self-
archiving.
• 31 publishers from India.
• 1024 globally.

13. Institutional Repositories
• An Institutional Repository is an online locus for
collecting, preserving, and disseminating, in digital
form, the intellectual output of an institution
(INASP, 2013).

14. DOAJ – Indian Journals

15. https://doajournals.wordpress.com/2016/05/09/doaj-to-remove-approximately-3300-journals/

16. AcaWiki
• http://acawiki.org/Home
• There are currently over 1,017 Creative Commons
(CC-BY) licensed summaries of academic papers on
AcaWiki.
• AcaWiki enables you to easily post
summaries and literature reviews of peer-reviewed
research.
• Many summaries on AcaWiki come up high on
Google results.

17. WikiProject Open Access
• Wikipedia:WikiProject Open Access, a
collaborative attempt at improving the coverage of
topics related to Open Access and at improving
other articles with the help of materials from Open
Access sources.
• If you would like to participate, you can visit
the project page for more information.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Open_Access

18. Open Access Mandates
http://roarmap.eprints.org/

20. National Data Sharing and Access Policy
• Aims at the promotion of a technology-based
culture of data management as well as data
sharing and access.
• It opens up, proactively, information on available
data, which could be shared with civil society for
developmental purposes.
• The policy has limited its scope to data owned by
the agencies, departments/Ministries and entities
under the Government of India.
http://www.dst.gov.in/national-data-sharing-and-accessibility-policy-0

21. IARI – Availability & Accessibility
• Publications from IARI are available to subscribers
of the CeRA – public availability to IARI publications
is very meager.
• Availability and accessibility of IARI publications
(2008–2010), only 9% were open access journals
and 14% of the published articles could be found
on Eprints@IARI.
• Thus, only up to 23% of the IARI’s published
literature is available and accessible to the public.
Tandon et.al. 2013 (pre-print)

22. The Barriers
• No mandate for researchers to make their data,
information and knowledge publicly accessible.
• Does not have infrastructure and tools to make
data, information and knowledge openly
accessible.
• Insufficient technical expertise on opening up
access to knowledge.
Source: CIARD

23. The Solution
•Institutes should have the policies
and resources to enable to harness
the new digital technologies and to
make data and information more
easily accessible.
Source: CIARD
Data and information power innovation — restricted
access represents a barrier to innovation.

24. Greater Openness to Research Outputs
•Improves the potential social and
economic impact of research.
•Makes research outputs travel further.
•Enables researchers themselves to
benefit.
•Provides greater value for money
to funding bodies.
Source: CIARD

25. Interaction between OA and Article Age
Gargouri Y, Hajjem C, Larivière V, Gingras Y, et al. (2010) Self-Selected or Mandated, Open Access Increases Citation Impact for Higher Quality
Research. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13636. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013636
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013636

26. Open Access India
• Advocating Open
Access in India
• Active members
on Facebook
Group
Groups – https://www.facebook.com/groups/oaindia/
Page – https://www.facebook.com/oaindia/
Blog – http://openaccess.org/blog

27. Union Budget for S & T
(allocations in millions of rupees)
Ministry/Department 2013–14 2014–15
Department of Atomic Energy 98330 104460
Department of Health Research 10080 10177
Department of Science and Technology 31843 35440
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 35710 37072
Department of Biotechnology 15020 15172
Department of Space 67920 72380
Department of Agricultural Research and Education 57290 61440
Ministry of Earth Sciences 16900 16990
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 15340 9560
Source: http://www.nature.com/news/first-modi-budget-spells-austerity-for-indian-science-1.15542

28. Scholarly Articles
Sl.
No.
Country Documents Citable
documents
Citations Self-Citations Citations
per
Document
H index
1 United States 7,846,972 7,281,575 152,984,430 72,993,120 22.02 1,518
2 China 3,129,719 3,095,159 14,752,062 8,022,637 6.81 436
3 United
Kingdom
2,141,375 1,932,907 37,450,384 8,829,739 19.82 934
4 Germany 1,983,270 1,876,342 30,644,118 7,966,777 17.39 815
5 Japan 1,929,402 1,874,277 23,633,462 6,832,173 13.01 694
6 France 1,421,190 1,348,769 21,193,343 4,815,333 16.85 742
7 Canada 1,110,886 1,040,413 18,826,873 3,580,695 20.05 725
8 Italy 1,083,546 1,015,410 15,317,599 3,570,431 16.45 654
9 India 868,719 825,025 5,666,045 1,957,907 8.83 341
10 Spain 857,158 800,214 10,584,940 2,629,669 15.08 531
Source: http://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php

29. Scholarly Articles – Year Wise
Year Documents Citable Documents % International
Collaboration
% World
2000 23,776 23,237 14.97 1.91
2001 24,761 24,052 12.97 1.85
2002 26,841 25,928 13.26 1.93
2003 31,323 29,819 18.02 2.16
2004 34,623 32,925 18.95 2.17
2005 36,611 34,669 18.99 2.18
2006 45,979 43,596 19.02 2.40
2007 50,889 48,126 19.49 2.53
2008 58,162 54,941 18.66 2.74
2009 65,995 62,523 18.14 2.97
2010 78,226 73,924 17.07 3.32
2011 95,142 89,576 16.12 3.79
2012 102,881 96,841 16.18 3.99
2013 106,029 98,968 16.49 4.13
Source: http://www.scimagojr.com/countrysearch.php?country=IN

30. The Protection and Utilization of Public
Funded Intellectual Property Bill, 2008
• Highlights
– To provide incentives for creating and commercializing
intellectual property from public funded research.
– Requires the scientist who creates an intellectual
property to immediately inform the research institution.
• Arguments against
– May lead to commercialize all government-funded
research literature and may hamper the movement for
open access to scholarly literature.
– Exclusive licensing enables restriction on the
dissemination of academic research in the marketplace,
and increase in cost of products based on public-funded
research.
Source: The Centre for Internet & Society

31. Alternate Metrics
• San Francisco Declaration on Research
Assessment
– “Do not use journal-based metrics, such as Journal Impact
Factors, as a surrogate measure of the quality of
individual research articles, to assess an individual
scientist’s contributions, or in hiring, promotion, or
funding decisions”
• Altmetric.com
• ImpactStory

32. DST – DBT on Metrics
• “The DBT/DST affirms the principle that the
intrinsic merit of the work, and not the title of the
journal in which an author’s work is published....”
• “DBT/DST does not recommend the use of journal
impact factors, as a surrogate measure of the
quality of individual research articles, to assess an
individual scientist’s contributions, or in hiring,
promotion, or funding decisions”.
Source: dbtindia.nic.in/docs/DST-DBT_Draft.pdf

33. All Rights Reserved
• "All rights reserved" is a phrase that
originated in copyright law as part of copyright
notices. It indicates that the copyright holder
reserves, or holds for their own use, all the
rights provided by copyright law, such as
distribution, performance, and creation of
derivative works; that is, they have not waived
any such right. Copyright law in most
countries no longer requires such notices, but
the phrase persists.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_rights_reserved33

34. Public Domain
• Works are in the public domain if they are not
covered by intellectual property rights at all, if
the intellectual property rights have expired,[1]
and/or if the intellectual property rights are
forfeited.[2] Examples include the English
language, the formulae of Newtonian physics,
as well as the works of Shakespeare and the
patents over powered flight.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_rights_reserved#Works_not_covered_by_copyright_law
10/21/2010 34gutam@iari.res.in

35. Copyrights in India
• Life + 60 years (except posthumous works)
• 60 years from publication (posthumous works,
photographs, cinematograph films, sound
recordings, works of public undertakings, and
works of international organisations)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_length
10/21/2010 35gutam@iari.res.in

36. GNUGPL
• The GNU General Public License, originally
written by Richard Stallman, was the first
copyleft license to see extensive use, and
continues to dominate the licensing of
copylefted software. Creative Commons, a
non-profit organization founded by Lawrence
Lessig, provides a similar license called
ShareAlike.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft
10/21/2010 36gutam@iari.res.in

37. Authors' Rights: Regaining Control
• Scholars who sign away all rights must request permission from publishers
(often for a fee) to place their own articles on a personal web site, in a
course pack for a class they are teaching themselves, in an institutional
repository, or to distribute copies to colleagues.
• And though scholars create the content (i.e., articles) and provide editing
and peer review, publishers typically receive both content and quality
control at no cost.
• Academic libraries then purchase back this content in an attempt to
support all disciplines on campus.
• This contributes to the fact that some commercial publishers post large
profits – up to 40% in some cases.
• As a result, publishers rather than scholars manage and control access to
scholarship and research.
Kevin Smith (2010) http://www.acrl.ala.org/scholcomm/node/8

38. • Copyright is a valuable asset, even for
academic authors. Although they seldom
profit from their works of authorship,
copyright, when properly managed, provides a
level of control that can be very useful in
ensuring the greatest possible impact for
scholarship. Librarians, who are often called
upon to advise on these matters, need to feel
competent and well-versed on the basic
principles of copyright.
Kevin Smith (2010) http://www.acrl.ala.org/scholcomm/node/8
10/21/2010 38gutam@iari.res.in

39. • Copyright law gives the creator of copyrighted
works exclusive rights, including principally:
• to reproduce the work in copies (e.g., as
photocopies or online),
• to distribute copies of the work;
• to prepare translations and other derivative
works,
• to perform or display the work publicly;
• to authorize others to exercise any of these
rights.
Kevin Smith (2010) http://www.acrl.ala.org/scholcomm/node/8

40. Know Your Rights as the Author
• The author is the copyright holder.
• As the author of a work you are the copyright holder unless and until you transfer the
copyright to someone else in a signed agreement.
• Assigning your rights matters.
• Normally, the copyright holder possesses the exclusive rights of reproduction, distribution,
public performance, public display, and modification of the original work. An author who has
transferred copyright without retaining these rights must ask permission unless the use is one
of the statutory exemptions in copyright law.
• The copyright holder controls the work.
• Decisions concerning use of the work, such as distribution, access, pricing, updates, and any
use restrictions belong to the copyright holder. Authors who have transferred their copyright
without retaining any rights may not be able to place the work on course Web sites, copy it
for students or colleagues, deposit the work in a public online archive, or reuse portions in a
subsequent work. That’s why it is important to retain the rights you need.
• Transferring copyright doesn’t have to be all or nothing.
• The law allows you to transfer copyright while holding back rights for yourself and others.
This is the compromise that the SPARC Author Addendum helps you to achieve.
http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtm

41. Scrutinize the Publication Agreement
• Read the publication agreement with great care.
• Publishers’ agreements (often titled “Copyright Transfer Agreement”) have
traditionally been used to transfer copyright or key use rights from author
to publisher. They are written by publishers and may capture more of your
rights than are necessary to publish the work. Ensuring the agreement is
balanced and has a clear statement of your rights is up to you.
• Publishing agreements are negotiable.
• Publishers require only your permission to publish an article, not a
wholesale transfer of copyright. Hold onto rights to make use of the work
in ways that serve your needs and that promote education and research
activities.
• A journal article is often the culmination of years of study, research, and
hard work. The more the article is read and cited, the greater its value. But
if you give away control in the copyright agreement, you may limit its use.
Before transferring ownership of your intellectual output, understand the
consequences and options.
http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml

42. What if Publisher Rejects?
• Explain to the publisher why it is important for you to retain
these rights in
• your own work.
• Ask the publisher to articulate why the license rights provided
under the SPARC Author Addendum are insufficient to allow
publication.
• Evaluate the adequacy of the publisher’s response in light of
the reasonable and
• growing need for authors to retain certain key rights to their
works.
• Consider publishing with an organization that will facilitate
the widest dissemination of their authors’ works, to help
them fulfill their personal and professional goals as scholars.
http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml42

43. Hoorn & Graaf (2006) – Survey
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february06/vandergraaf/02vandergraaf.html

44. Figshare

45. Why Open Access
Source: http://www.sparc.arl.org/resources/open-access/why-oa

46. CC-BY Attribution 4.0
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• You are free to:
• Share — copy and redistribute the material in any
medium or format
• Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
for any purpose, even commercially.
• The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long
as you follow the license terms.

47. Knowledge as a Public Good
• From Peter Suber’s November 2009 issue of the
SPARC Open Access Newsletter.
• “One of the most durable arguments for OA
is that knowledge is and ought to be a public
good. Here I don't want to restate or
evaluate the whole argument, which is
complex and has many threads. But I do
want to pull at a few of those threads.”
http://www.sparc.arl.org/resources/articles/knowledge

49. DOAJ – Members

50. DOAJ

51. Open Access India - Advocacy
•Advocating for
giving score for
Open Access
publishing in DOAJ
Indexed Journals.
•Advocating for not
to use Impact
Factors for
• assessment
• appointment
• advancement

52. Open Science Framework

53. Open Science Framework

56. Thank You
Sridhar Gutam, PhD, ARS
Sr. Scientist (Plant Physiology) ｜ ​Associate Editor, DOAJ ｜ Convener, Open Access India
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region Research Centre Ranchi
Tata Road, Rajaulatu Post, Plandu, Ranchi 834010, Jharkhand, India
Mobile:+91-9005760036/8005346136
Skype: sridhar.gutam ｜ Twitter: @SridharGutam
Email: gutam2000@gmail.com