What You See is What You Get: In-use Measurement of Vehicle Activity, Emissions, and Fuel Use in Istanbul - Alper Unal

What You See is What You Get: In-use Measurement of Vehicle Activity, Emissions, and Fuel Use in Istanbul Alper Unal, Ph.D Senior Research Scientist

Outline

Motivation for this study

Climate Change, its Impacts and Transportation’s role

Air Pollution its Impacts and Transportation’s role

Istanbul Mobile Emissions Project

Emissions Inventory Work

Workshop

Discussion

The Land and Oceans have warmed http://www.ipcc.ch

Precipitation patterns have changed http://www.ipcc.ch

http://www.ipcc.ch

Air Pollution

Current estimates are that a quarter of the world’s population is exposed to unhealthy ambient air pollutants, with nearly 6.4 million years of healthy life lost owing to long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter alone. (World Health Organ. 2003, 2004)

Air pollution damages crops, built structures such as buildings and historic monuments, ecosystems, and wildlife.

Pollutants currently in the atmosphere are likely causing large scale changes in the Earth’s basic systems such as climate and ocean dynamics.

Sources of Air Pollution

Gases: blue

Particulates: green

HO • , HO2 • : red

Mobile Sources

Transportation sector (on-road + non-road vehicles) responsible from:

CO : 82 % USA 53 % EU

NO X : 56 % USA 47 % EU

Air toxics: 51 % USA

VOC: 45 % USA, 25% EU

SO 2 : 5 % USA, 15% EU

GHG: 30% USA, 21% EU

Air Quality in Istanbul: 1990s

Evs el Isınmada kullanılan yakıt temiz hale getirildi

Vehicle Emissions in Istanbul 2.6 Million Vehicles in Istanbul in 2006 600 new vehicles enter traffic everyday (Assuming 50 % is taken outside Istanbul, 300 new vehicles/day)

Reducing Transportation Emissions in Istanbul

Objectives:

Quantify the magnitude of on-road transportation emissions

Develop efficient and economic mitigation strategies and policies to reduce this impact

Develop pilot projects to test proposed strategies and identify the best options for Istanbul

Emissions Inventory Campaign: Team

EMBARQ

International Sustainable Systems Research

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality

Emissions Inventory Campaign

Conducted between October 31 st and November 16 th 2006

Had 3 components

Activity Data Collection

Diesel Vehicle Testing

Gasoline Vehicle Testing

Measurement Site

Diesel Testing

Used Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) to measure second-by-second road gasoline and particulate matter emissions (CO, CO 2 , NO X , SO 2 , HC, PM 2.5 )

Completed 42 Tests

Data from 2 Vehicles lost due to equipment malfunction

Vehicles ranged in size from passenger vehicle to small truck to Articulated Bus.

Model Year: 1985 – 2006

Engine Size: 1.5 – 6.5 liter

Vehicles Tested

29 Trucks and Vans

6 Buses

7 Passenger Vehicles (Diesels)

Diesel Vehicle Test Route

Diesel Testing

Gasoline Testing

Used Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) to measure second-by-second road gasoline emissions (CO, CO 2 , NO X , SO 2 , HC)

Completed 104 Tests on Passenger Vehicles

Data from 5 Vehicles lost due to equipment malfunction

Model Year:1974 - 2007

Engine Size: 1.2 – 3.8 liter

Fuel Type: LPG, Gasoline

Gasoline Vehicle Test Route

Gasoline Testing

Example of PM 2.5 - Diesel Vehicles

Vehicle Activity Data Collection

Vehicle Activity:

Driving Behavior and Traffic Flow in Istanbul (GPS)

General vehicle type distribution (Video)

Vehicle technology distribution (Parking Lot Surveys)

Driving Behavior and Traffic Flow Study Areas A B C D E A – Europe mid-lower income B – Europe mid-higher income C – Europe commercial D – Asia mid-higher income E – Asia mid-lower income

Driving Behavior – Mid-Lower Income Route

Driving Behavior-Passenger Cars

European side:

3 vehicles, 8 days:, 80 hours data, 288,000 data points

Asian side:

3 vehicles, 3 days: 24 hours data, 86,000 data points

Vehicle Activity Vehicle Driving Patterns

Data collection:

14 days on different areas and streets

Second by second rate of acceleration/deceleration; steady speed

Slope of roadways

Average speed (by road type and overall)

Percent of time spent in idle mode (by road type and overall)

typical highway driving pattern

Typical Arterial Driving Pattern

Example: GPS data collected from a bus

Dolmuş

Truck

Taxi

Parking lots survey

European side: 874 vehicles

Asia side: 744 vehicles

Total: 1618 vehicles

Comparison of Registered Park Data

Annual Vehicle Miles** ** Based on car sale ads

Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Diesel Emissions Measurements IVEM Total Emissions per 1000 km Total Emissions Annual VKT Fleet & Location Files Base Adjustment Factors Gasoline Emissions Measurements Start-up Data (VOCE) Power Distribution (GPS) Fleet Distribution (Parking Lots) Other Data (Temp., Humidity, Fuel Quality)

2006 VKT Values Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Total Kilometers Percent (%) Passenger Vehicle 56,369,617,511 65.5 Buses 6,061,408,753 7.0 Light Trucks 15,293,540,880 17.8 Trucks 3,698,546,460 4.3 Taxi 3,646,569,000 4.2 Dolmus 309,869,824 0.4

2015 Projection

Major projects were considered:

Ra il Projects

Marmaray

Kadıköy-Kartal Metro

Yenikapı-Hacıosman Metro

Kirazlı-İkitelli-Olimpiyat Köyü Metro

Highways

Boğaziçi T unnel

2015 Proje ction Source: Prof. Dr Haluk Gercek Year Population Employment Students 2006 11,618,050 4,083,104 2,690,566 2010 13,495,516 4,847,464 2,760,517 2015 14,952,755 5,502,941 3,094,496 2023 17,284,338 6,551,705 3,628,863

2015 Proje ction Source: Prof. Dr Haluk Gercek

2015 Proje ction A 25 % improvement has been observed from field measurements

Emission Estimates for 2006 ve 2015 CO2 Emissions Improvement in technology

Emission Estimates for 2006 ve 2015 Criteria Pollutants CO NOX Total Hydrocarbons

Particulate Matter Sulfur Dioxide Criteria Pollutants Emission Estimates for 2006 ve 2015

WORKSHOP