2. Name: JEAN- JACQUES ROUSSEAU
Birth:June 28, 1712 (Geneva, Switzerland)
Death:July 2, 1778 (Ermenonville, France)
School/tradition: Social contract theory, Political philosophy
Influences: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Denis Diderot, Immanuel Kant
3. 1. He emphasized nature and the natural way of doing things. Education should
occur in a natural rather than artificial environment and should be a natural
outgrowth of the child's development rather than a set of contrived experiences.
2. Human beings are by nature good, but are corrupted by the institutions of
"civilized" society.
3. Childhood is unlike adulthood and those differences should be allowed and
encouraged. Children should not be expected to take on adult responsibilities or
forced to live by adult standards. Childhood is a qualitatively distinct period of
life for which special freedom and nurture should be provided.
4. Because the child is innately good and the teacher has been corrupted, the
educational process should be child-centered, not content-centered or teacher-
centered.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
4. 5. In motivating children we should rely on natural curiosity, not force.
6. Education should be "negative" or "subtractive." That is, the less the
teacher interferes in the child's natural development, the better off the child
will be. The teacher is a guide or facilitator, not an instructor.
7. Education should be informal. It should occur outside the school in the
"real" world and should grow out of the experiences the child has on a day
to day basis.
8. We should rely on natural punishments to teach a child morality rather
than contrived rules and teacher imposed punishments.
9. Parents should be involved in education. The parents are the people
nature has chosen to educate children.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
5. Name: John Dewey.
Birth: October 20, 1859. (Burlington, Vermont)
Death: June 1, 1952. (New York City)
School/tradition: Pragmatism
Influences: Richard Rorty, Hilary Putnam,
Richard J. Bernstein, Cornel West, Jurgen
Habermas, Noam Chomsky, Hu Shih
6. 1. The child learns useful thing when he experiences truth.
2. Teaching according to the natural ability, interests and
activity of the child.
3. Purposive re-organisation of experiences is the basis of
mental development.
4. School is a miniature society.
5. School should represent present life.
6. School is life itself.
7. Teaching can lead to moral development.
8. Education should be related to social needs.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
7. MAJOR THEMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
9. Leadership qualities should be developed.
10. Learn through self experiences.
11. Equal opportunities for boys and girls.
12. Handicrafts should be included in teaching.
13. Means of education are designing, use of things and tools,
games, contact with nature, description and activity.
14. Aim of education – self knowledge imbibed with social qualities
or development of character.
15. Base of education should be social and psychological.
8. Name: JOHANN H. PESTALOZZI
Birth:January 12,1746 Zurich, Switzerland
Death:February 17, 1827.
9. 1. Pestalozzi took many of the ideas of Rousseau, made them less
radical, and applied them to education in ways that were workable
within existing schools.
2. He promoted the making of education accessible to the poor, not
only by providing schools but by teaching subjects in those
schools that were interesting to and valued by common folk. He
desired to get away from classical curriculum, that was perceived
to be elitist, and teach more practical subjects.
3. He made popular the idea of teaching by getting students actively
involved in learning through using all of their senses. His
particular method for doing this was called the object lesson.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
10. 4. He defined education as the harmonious development of all the powers
of the child, especially the intellect. This represented a fundamental
shift in thinking from traditional schools which saw education as
specialized institution for the development of the intellect alone.
5. He said the social environment of the classroom should be modeled
after the family and should be characterized by love and affection.
6. He conducted research on teaching and developed teaching methods.
7. In addition to his theoretical contributions, Pestalozzi ran an
orphanage, taught numerous young people, trained teachers, and wrote
books (Leonard and Gertrude and How Gertrude Teaches Her
Children).
MAJOR THEMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
11. Name: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Birth:October 2, 1869 (Porbundar, India)
Death:January 30, 1948
School/tradition: Basic Education, Blend of all philosophies.
12. (a) Adult Education - involvement of educated parents (with productive
skills) and the community for a happy, healthy, clean and selfreliant life.
An educated adult's participation is closely connected to the success of
pre-school, primary and secondary education.
(b) Pre-School Education - for children under-7, both boys and girls, to
develop their faculties conducted by School teachers in cooperation with
the parents and the community. It includes physical nurture, medical
care, personal cleanliness and health, community cleanliness and
health, self-help, social training, creative activities in work and play for
the acquisition of basic concepts, speech training, development of
mathematical sense, nature study, art and music and spiritual
development.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
13. (c) Primary Education - education for selfsufficiency, of eight
years duration for children in the age group of 7-15, with the same
subjects and curricular contents for both boys and girls, irrespective
of their caste or class.
(d) Secondary Education - education through self-sufficiency or
vocational education of four years duration, with the same
curricular contents for adolescent boys and girls in the age group of
15-18, irrespective of their caste or class. It must provide for a great
range of productive activities to support the community and provide
the basis for sound and well-organized knowledge.
(e) Tertiary Education - It should either lead to the responsibilities
of adult family life or some form of professional training in the
university.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
14. There are five fundamental activities around which the programme
of work for adult education, pre-school education, primary
education and secondary education are recommended.
(a) Clean and Healthy Living to focus on personal and social
habits and attitudes of health, cleanliness and hygiene towards
self and community; practical skills to carry out all types of proper
cleaning and sanitation work efficiently.
(b) Self-Reliance to focus on economic selfsupport for its own
sake and for character training.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
15. (c) Productive Basic Crafts to focus on three most suited crafts
for children by age for developing intelligence and general
knowledge. The three basic crafts are the main centre of correlation
for the "core subjects" of language, mathematics, general science
and social science.
(d) Citizenship in Community to focus on developing habits and
attitudes of cooperation and neighbourliness at home, at school
and in the community.
(e) Recreational and Cultural Activities to focus on games,
dance, music, drama, festivals relating to social, religious, historical
and national significance.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
16. Name: FRIEDRICH WILHELM AUGUST FROEBEL
Birth:1782, Oberweibach in Thuringia, Germany.
Death:July, 1852
School/tradition: KINDERGARTEN SYSTEM.
17. 1. He founded the Universal German Educational Institute
for training teachers.
2. Froebel divided the process of early education into
distinct stages of physical and mental development and
developed specific educational tasks for each stage.
3. He developed the kindergarten system, the program that
shapes a child's view of schooling.
4. Froebel's new philosophy of education introduced and
focused on child-centered learning.
5. Unlike other institutions, Froebel's new educational
system was open to children of all social classes and
religious denominations.
MAJOR THEMES IN THE EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT
