The Nairobi Water
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The Nairobi Water Fund aims to improve water quality and availability in the Upper Tana Basin of Kenya through sustainable land management interventions. Over 5 years, the fund will establish a revolving fund to support conservation measures upstream and monitor their impact on reducing sedimentation and increasing dry season flows. Key activities include mapping micro-watersheds to test best practices, monitoring changes in turbidity and flows, assessing crop yields and prices under different land use scenarios, and engaging stakeholders to design effective investments and incentives. The goal is to demonstrate impact and develop a sustainable funding model providing clean water to Nairobi through partnerships between water users, land managers, and private/public funders.
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The Nairobi Water
- 1. The Nairobi Water Fund in the Upper Tana Basin of Kenya Fred Kizito f.kizito@cigar.org 25 July 2015 Cali, Colombia APR 2015
- 2. The Upper Tana: Nairobi Water Fund Kenya Donors- WLE, UNDP- GEF, SIDA- ACT!, IFAD, UNEP, GIZ, TNC PRIVATE ENTITIES Corporates- EABL, Coca- Cola, Nairobi Water Round Table Research- Research- Future Water, Natural Capital Project, WLE and CIAT Partners
- 3. The Upper Tana Basin of Kenya
- 4. The Upper Tana Basin of Kenya
- 5. From Ecosystems to Value Biophysical Social Supply Service Benefit Ecosystem Structure Human locations & Activities Social preferences Production Function Ecosystem services as a pillar
- 6. Milestones towards impactThe 5 year span
- 7. City of NairobiCity of Nairobi N’gethuN’gethu TreatmentTreatment WorksWorks Nairobi WaterNairobi Water Supply CatchmentSupply Catchment Ndakaini DamNdakaini Dam Inflow Water Turbidity at Ng’ethu Treatment Works (Water Fund Interventions aimed at reducing turbidity to below 500NTU) Development Challenge Erosion and sedimentationErosion and sedimentation Poor water qualityPoor water quality Very low flows during the dry seasonVery low flows during the dry season Costly hydro-power generationCostly hydro-power generation Development challenge
- 8. PRIMARY: Sediment retention for Water quality CO-BENEFITS: Baseflow for Water availability Water Fund Objectives
- 9. The Water Fund will establish a revolving fund to support land- conservation measures upstream The Nairobi Water Fund Business Case Analysis of the benefits from a US$10 million investment in sustainable land management interventions through the Water Fund over 30-years Average sediment concentration by month at the intake area for Nairobi’s water (mg/kg) showing a sediment concentration reduced by 50–60% Source: TNC, 2015. Upper Tana- Nairobi Water Fund Business Case. Version 2. The Nature Conservancy: Nairobi, Kenya. Reproduced from TNC, 2015 How the fund envisions success
- 10. Monitoring the performance of sustainable land management strategies and so deliver proof of concept Monitoring subwatersheds (with partners)- detects system wide changes Monitoring microwatersheds – to test the efficiency of practices in reducing sedimentation; but also: the feasibility of interventions for people; the impact of interventions on other ES; trade-offs involved in implementing interventions. Will impact be achieved?
- 11. Research for impact Field monitoring and capacity building
- 12. Sub-watershed monitoring Subwatersheds – measuring river height on all major rivers and turbidity probes on three major rivers (hourly), one installed by CIAT Turbidity (NTU) of river water measured over the period of one month at hourly intervals in Kamakia river Measured with a Greenspan Turbidity Meter
- 13. Micro-watershed monitoring Microwatersheds Impact and control sites Interventions will be implemented in impact sites after 6 months of monitoring Before–After Control–Impact (BACI) design Monitoring water quality and quantity Map produced by Kirk Klausmeyer, TNC
- 14. Mapping microwatersheds to ensure they fulfill certain criteria; originally chosen from partner recommendations Bimonthly monitoring of turbidity and other properties Turbidity (NTU) of river water at microwatershed site Thika valley before and after a rainstorm and of runoff entering the river Normal After rain Runoff Based only on one sample from one day! Runoff entering clear water Micro-watershed monitoring 172.7 2.9 1056
- 15. Fundamental Model for Water Fund in Kenya Water Users Watershed keepers$$ Use and growth Quality Watershed CLEAN & AVAILABLE WATER Strong Governance & Endowment Funding Private Sector-farmer linkages Raw materials
- 16. tea, vegetables and grassland to cereals cereals and forest to tea and coffee agriculture to forest Land use changes
- 19. Comparative flux assessments 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 5 A ll Y e a r s - 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AnnualMoistureFluxes(m3) P r e c ip it a t io n E v a p o r a t io n F lo w to G r o u n d w a te r S u r fa c e R u n o ff T r a n s p ir a tio n 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 5 A ll Y e a r s - 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AnnualMoistureFluxes(m3) P r e c ip ita t io n E v a p o r a t io n F lo w to G r o u n d w a t e r S u r f a c e R u n o f f T r a n s p ir a t io n M a i z e S o r g h u m
- 20. 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 Cerealprices(Kshs/kg) M a iz e S o r g h u m 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 5 V e g e t a b le s M a iz e S o r g h u m C r o p p in g r e g im e s 0 4 0 0 8 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 Seasonalcropyield(kgha-1) Cereals assessments Sorghum yields are masked by other Considerations of pests and diseases, drought years
- 21. Engagements for uptake Moving forwards Need for stakeholder engagement through participatory processes: preferences, tradeoffs and feasibility Incorporate results into stakeholder platforms which will examine how investments and incentives into SLM can be designed. Motivation of investors, active engagement of resource stewards, environmental considerations Uptake and policy Results will be given to the WRMAs, Water Fund monitoring team, Steering committee and NGOs implementing Water Fund activities so that Water Fund investment strategies can be adapted if necessary.
- 22. The Nature conservancy, Water Management Resources Authority (WRMA), Sustainable Agricultural Community Development Programme (SACDEP), Green Belt Movement and Kenya National Farmers Program
- 23. Thanks for your attention Donors- WLE, UNDP- GEF, SIDA- ACT!, IFAD, UNEP, GIZ, TNC PRIVATE ENTITIES Corporates-EABL, Coca- Cola, Nairobi Water Round Table Research- Future Water, Natural Capital Project, and CIAT Courtesy of Fred Kihara (TNC)
Editor's Notes
- Photo by Stacie Wolny – in Thika-Chania watershed
- The case study presented here describes existing approaches and opportunities for better use and management of ES in agricultural landscapes to achieve agriculture and development goals. I am drawing on an examples from the Upper Tana Basin of Kenya. The Upper Tana Basin originates from Mt Kenya and the Aberderes Ranges Starting in the “water towers” of Aberdare National Park (3850masl) and Mount Kenya World Heritage Site (5199masl), the Tana River flows through land filled with over one million farm families before draining into the Seven Forks Hydropower Stations and into the internationally recognized wetlands of the Tana Delta, now a RAMSAR site. Unifying source of livelihoods Provides 90% of Nairobi’s water; 4M inhabitants Provides 60% Kenya’s hydropower Flood recession agriculture International significance (World Heritage; RAMSAR)
- Turbidity Rise?- Nairobi Water Co. has to replace alum with more costly poly-electrolytes for figures beyond 500 and reduce throughput if amounts exceed 2000 NTU interrupting supply.
- 50 % Kenya’s electricity 95% of Nairobi’s water Critical to agriculture production SEDIMENTION REDUCING THIS CAPACITY
- But how do we know Water Fund activities will actually result in changes modelled in the Nairobi Water Fund Business case? MONITORING to provide evidence of impact on the ground.
- understanding of nutrient & water dynamics
- Really WRMA will be doing most of the subwatershed monitoring and so this is not really us – but I just wanted to show the one month of turbidity measurements from the Kamakia river. In some places it goes above 1200…
- The microwatersheds have been chosen in clusters that are all climatically similar In each cluster there are 1-2 impact sites and 1 control site. They span across the three priority watersheds which you can see outlined in white. BACI design.
- We are mapping each of the identified microwatersheds which were chosen with partners – but now we are ground truthing to verify they meet certain criteria e.g. they have a certain amount of degradation; impact and control watersheds in clusters are similar etc. This shows the results from one microwatershed – but its only anecdotal! Shows turbidity of river before rain, after rain and then turbidity of the runoff entering the water. In the picture you can see clear water coming from further up the stream and the turbid water mixing with it.
- But how do we know Water Fund activities will actually result in changes modelled in the Nairobi Water Fund Business case? MONITORING to provide evidence of impact on the ground.
- The Upper Tana Basin originates from Mt Kenya and the Aberderes Ranges Starting in the “water towers” of Aberdare National Park (3850masl) and Mount Kenya World Heritage Site (5199masl), the Tana River flows through land filled with over one million farm families before draining into the Seven Forks Hydropower Stations and into the internationally recognized wetlands of the Tana Delta, now a RAMSAR site.