Bristol smart city report

Smart City Bristol Final Report March 2011

The City Council would like to thank the Department for Climate Change for funding this work and Advancing Sustainability LLP for their insightful observations and recommendations. Barbara Janke Leader, Bristol City Council Preface 2 It is Bristol’s ambition to be amongst the 20 top cities in Europe and I have no doubt that by the end of this decade the world’s leading cities will be using smart technologies to help deliver a cleaner environment, a higher quality of life and a vibrant economy. Our ambition is, at least in part, expressed through the challenging targets we have set ourselves in response to climate change. In this respect Bristol has already adopted a number of smart technologies and this report offers us many new avenues to explore. Over the course of the next six months we will review the recommendations and respond with an updated action plan.

This report was commissioned by Bristol City Council and funded by the Department of Climate Change as part of its Local Carbon Framework programme. The purpose of the report is to: deliver an independent analysis of how smart city technologies can contribute to Bristol’s carbon reduction objectives, benchmark Bristol against other world cities, and offer a set of objective recommendations that will contribute to further emission reductions and provide city-wide economic benefits. The findings and recommendations have been submitted to Bristol City Council for their further consideration. It is also anticipated that the work will be of value to other cities across the UK. This report builds on an international analysis of smart city activities which can be downloaded at http://www.slideshare.net/Bristolcc/smart-city-benchmark About the report 3

About Advancing Sustainability LLP Advancing Sustainability has experience in developing organisational strategy, reporting, metrics, target setting, climate change, application of smart technologies, risk assessment, governance, thought leadership, stakeholder dialogue, media, public affairs and international industry collaboration. More information is available at advancingsustainability.com Disclaimer While Advancing Sustainability LLP considers that the information, opinions and recommendations given in this work are sound and reasonable, users of the report must rely upon their own skill and judgement when interpreting or applying it. Other than that held by contract, Advancing Sustainability cannot, and does not, accept liability for losses suffered, whether direct or consequential, arising out of any reliance on the findings presented. 4

Objectives and Methodology Background Smart City Benchmark Bristol’s Carbon Goals Smart Options Smart Grid Smart Transport Smart Data Overview Beyond the 2020 Horizon Contents 6 10 15 24 33 36 43 51 56 58 5

Evaluate smart city concept for carbon savings and identify best practice case studies from other cities Establish how the smart city approach can be applied in Bristol identifying actions and business case for the next 5 years across 3 key areas: Housing Transport Business/Public Sector Disseminate results Objectives Objectives and Methodology 7

Green and/or Smart? Objectives and Methodology Cities can be green without being smart, and/or smart without being green. Education Health Retail Safety Utilities Transport Waste Water Energy Biodiversity Organic GREEN SMART This report focuses on green andsmart, with a particular emphasis on the biggest opportunities to reduce carbon emissions. There are also significant opportunities to use smart technologies to improve quality of life but these are not covered in detail here. 8

Process Objectives and Methodology Smart City Benchmark 46 cities with special focus on smart grids, transport and city dash boards Stakeholder Consultation City Council, NHS, Forum for the Future, Regen SW, Analysys Mason, Camco, BT, Univ of Bristol, UWE, Toshiba, HP, Low Carbon SW, GWE Business West, Western Power Documentation Review Council papers, Smart 2020, Climate Change Committee, etc. 9

Why deploy ICT to be green? Background Ubiquity Communication infrastructure is now ubiquitous. In the UK fixed line broadband, mobile phone coverage, GPS etc are all reaching 100% coverage. Urban areas are also very well served by 3G. Automates IT can automatically optimise systems in real time. Hidden complexity When implemented well IT systems can manage hugely complex problems in the background and deliver simple interfaces to the user. Data Rich IT creates extensive data that allows multiple systems to interact and can inform better decision making. New Solutions to Old Problems Smart solutions can provide more cost effective ways to solve old problems but require people to adapt to change. 11

The Macro-Economic Case Background There is a strong macro-economic case for smart city deployment. The Smart 2020 report identified potential energy and carbon savings across the global economy from deployment of smart technologies. The figures below show how the Smart 2020 findings scale to Bristol at 2010 values based on a GDP ratio. * Transport savings are disproportionately higher due to the much higher levels of duty and taxation. ** Smart Buildings don’t necessarily require connectivity and most of the savings arise from standalone technology including building management systems, lighting control, voltage optimisation etc. 12

The Business Opportunity Background Goldman Sachs estimates smart grids will be worth $750 billion globally for equipment makers, with Europe making up a quarter of that total. In total they say Europe could spend $187 billion through the next 30 years on transmission, distribution and metering systems. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE68T2T020100930, Sept 2010 Cumulative global investment in smart grids, including smart meter implementations as well as upgrades to the transmission and distribution infrastructure, will approach $46 billion by 2015, according to the latest forecasts from ABI Research. http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1688-Smart+Grid+Spending+Will+Top+$45+Billion+by+2015 Ofgem estimates that £32 billion of extra investment will be required in the next decade in the [UK] electricity networks. The Net Present Value (NPV) of the reinforcement costs avoided in a ‘smart’ system with a 50% penetration of electric cars and heat pumps could be between £2.4 and £8.1 billion. Smart Grids: Commercial Opportunities and Challenges for the UK, Knowledge Transfer Network . 13

Barriers to IT deployment Background ,[object Object],Engineers, planners, architects etc have often not been trained to consider IT solutions to their problems. ,[object Object],IT solutions often require a more holistic approach. ,[object Object],Some smart solutions will only work when deployed at scale. Small scale pilots often fail. ,[object Object],There is very little hard data available which makes it difficult to establish the business case for action at an individual project level. ,[object Object],It’s often difficult to retrofit smart solutions into existing buildings, systems and infrastructure. ,[object Object],A lack of agreed technical standards is delaying the implementation of smart technologies. 14

International Smart Cities Benchmark ,[object Object]

No city is yet fully ‘smart’

Leading cities include San Francisco, Seoul, Helsinki, Malaga, Amsterdam Full benchmark report available at: http://www.slideshare.net/Bristolcc/smart-city-benchmark 16

Early Days Benchmark By far the majority of case studies examined were in the research or pilot stage. There are very few examples of smart technology city deployment at scale. This may be because currently there is no commercially realisable, self sustaining business model. This means that projects tend to cease once the funding runs out and that projects are often opportunistic in the sense that they are driven more by the requirements of the funding than as part of a long term carbon reduction plan of the city. Key sources of funding are: ,[object Object]

Economic stimulus packages, eg USA, South Korea

Corporate investment, eg Cisco Connected Urban Development 17

Smart meters are an important entry point to smart grids. Italy has the most advanced deployment, with Enel claiming 32million customers with smart meters1. Smart grids combine smart meters with digital monitoring and managing technologies in the local distribution network and in-building demand management. A number of major trials are taking place including Singapore, Malaga, Malta, South Korea, etc. The UK is aiming for100% smart meter roll out by 2019. There is no UK regulation yet on smart grids, but Ofgem run the important Low Carbon Networks Fund (LNCF) for major trials (£80m pa). The winners of sizeable awards (~£25m) so far are London (UK Power Networks) and NE England (Central Networks). Smart Grids & Meters Benchmark 1. http://www.enel.com/en-GB/innovation/project_technology/zero_emission_life/smart_networks/smart_meters.aspx?it=0 18

Smart Grids Distributed Renewables Micro-generation Electric Vehicles Data Centre Hub Energy Management online Information Network Carrier Smart Meter In-home display Smart Appliances Electricity Image: Paul Martin Eldridge / FreeDigitalPhotos.net Energy Supplier Gas Efficiency Demand management

Smart Grids & Meters - Bristol Benchmark The UK as a whole is behind many other countries, with Bristol behind leading areas of the UK1. Benchmark: Bristol has some useful smart meter experience from its DHEMS project (50 homes), and will build on this with an additional 100 homes as part of the 3E project. There will be some additional smart meters (eg. large energy users with 30min meters)in Bristol but there is no visibility of these at the city level apart from those in Council buildings. Smart grid activity in Bristol is at very early stages of consideration. The lack of a smart grid will limit PV roll out plans. This is well illustrated by the scale of existing Tier 2 LCNF funded projects. Central Networks in NE England will cover 600 intelligent white goods,14,000 customers with smart meters, as well as 2,250 small commercial customers; 14,000 industrial/commercial customers; 250 merchant generators. UK Power Networks, London: 5,000 electric vehicle charging points supporting 100,000 electric vehicles by 2015, 5,000 smart meters. 20

Smart technology is becoming integral to transport systems and the user experience. It can: improve traffic flows, reduce congestion, facilitate modal shifts and even offer complete alternatives to travel. Many cities already have (or are planning) traffic light optimisation, bike hire schemes, parking availability displays, travel information systems, electronic payment systems. Some cities are experimenting with advanced forms of these. For example: San Francisco (dynamic pricing for parking), Lisbon and Hamburg (changeable traffic lanes), in cab displays (Frielot project), demand responsive public transport (Helsinki). Smart Transport Benchmark 21

Smart Transport Systems: Mobility on Demand Reducing Congestion Travel Subsitution Real Time Information Integrated Logistics

Smart Transport - Bristol Benchmark Bristol’s existing smart transport applications offer a good launch pad for further development. Benchmark: Bristol has a good traffic control centre linked via the City’s own fibre network (B-net). An electronic payment system is planned. The freight consolidation centre prevents 4,000 HGV trips from central Bristol every year1. Small scale car clubs are operating in the private and public sectors and Bristol is a leading Cycling City. According to Bristol’s Citizens’ Panel in October 2007, the worst thing about Bristol was the level of traffic congestion2 (although statistics show it is no worse than most UK cities). Public transport was the second worst thing. Joint Local Transport Plan http://www.welovebristol.com/travel/congestion 23

Connected data sensors are, by design or by default, becoming ubiquitous. Data is often used to optimise the system which generated it but rarely beyond. Some cities have open data portals (eg London, Paris, District of Columbia). Data provision and system optimisation will become increasingly real time. Real time dashboards are appearing for buildings, but not yet for cities. Ultimately inter-connected data streams will optimise the city at a whole system level. No city achieves this today, although some (eg Milton Keynes, Helsinki) have expressed this as an aspiration. Smart Data Benchmark 24

Smart Data - Bristol Benchmark Bristol’s has begun the smart data journey with it’s open data projects. Benchmark: Bristol’s technical, academic and cultural base makes it well placed to develop smart data applications. Bristol could choose to become a leader in smart data applications and dashboards. 25

Bristol Carbon Targets Carbon Goals Baseline - 25% - 40% Bristol has ambitious carbon targets and a comprehensive annual action plan. Recommendation: Build a quantified roadmap of key abatement activities to 2020. 27

The Bristol Challenge Carbon Goals Bristol Emission Pathway CCC Pathway: reduction pathway from the Climate Change Committee (CCC) 4thCarbon Budget Report. Stretch: The CCC pathway is designed to meet the UK national targets set by the Climate Change Act. In itself this will require substantial action at the local authority level. A Bristol ‘stretch’ will be required over and above that already expected as part of the national measures if the city is to meet its 40% target. Residual: remaining emissions The ‘stretch’ Bristol has set itself is equivalent to ca 160 x 1MW wind turbines. 28

Carbon Goals Transport has the biggest challenge Electricity and Heating Industry, commercial and public sector Housing Transport CCC Pathway: reduction pathway from Climate Change Committee 4th Carbon Budget Report Stretch: additional action needed to reach Bristol target Residual: remaining emissions 29

Bristol’s published carbon footprint is based on national indicator 186. Much of the component data for this indicator are calculated using national average conversation factors– eg national average carbon content of grid electricity, national average vehicle emission data, etc. This approach means many actions Bristol may take at a local level will not get reflected in the NI 186 measure and will thereby not contribute to Bristol’s carbon reduction targets. This will be particularly important in respect of the application of smart technologies. BCC should therefore develop an amended footprinting methodology that accommodates and accounts for local actions that go beyond (or below) the national norm. Counting what counts Carbon Goals Recommendation: develop a carbon footprint methodology that fully reflects additional local action. 30

Housing Carbon Goals Climate Change Committee 4th Carbon Budget Report Projections to 2020 We assume the insulation of 90% of lofts and cavity walls, as well as 25% of solid walls. We also assume that nationwide 13 million boilers are replaced with new efficient boilers. In 2008 emissions from power generation were 540 gCO2/kWh; this will fall to around 300 gCO2/kWh by 2020 Appliances account for 66% of domestic electricity consumption and lighting for 20%. We assume efficiencies will deliver a nationwide reduction of 5MtCO2 by 2020. 31

Carbon Goals Industry, commercial and public sector The Climate Change Committee predict very little reduction in industrial emissions by 2020 despite decarbonisation of electricity. Emissions from buildings (offices, shops, etc.) are expected to reduce substantially. The national measures actually exceed the Bristol target in 2015 and almost meet it in 2020. Note: Bristol Industry, commercial and public sectoremissions split 70/30 between buildings and industry. This is an approximation and requires further work. 32

Transport Carbon Goals These abatement factors will be driven mainly by European and UK legislation. Electric cars are not expected to make much impact until after 2020. Smart choice refers to modal shift and is strongly influenced by local action. Eco driving ( ie more efficent driving technique) can also be enhanced by local campaigns. Changing (or simply enforcing) the speed limit will have most impact at high speeds. Recommendation: Consider a redistribution of 2020 carbon targets from transport to buildings. 33

Proposed Targets Carbon Goals Industry, commercial and public sector This slide illustrates a redistribution of targets offering a more achievable goal for transport related emission reductions to 2020. There will be additional scope for more aggressive transport related emissions after 2030 as electric and hydrogen vehicles become more commonplace. Housing Transport 34

Key Abatements Smart Options Can ‘smart’ technology help? ✗ Building Efficiency Via better insulation ✗ Appliances Homes ✓ Behaviour Change Smart meters, smart data Smart grid enabled decentralised renewables, demand management, etc. Electricity Decarbonisation ✓ Smart meters and building displays ✓ Behaviour Change Non-res* ✓ Building energy management systems Building Efficiency ✗ Vehicle Efficiency Transport ✓ Smart choices, smart data Behaviour Change 36 This analysis considers ‘smart’ to use IT and connectivity. Smart appliances for demand management are covered under smart grid. Homes are unlikely to become ‘smart’ in the way large buildings will be in the period to 2020. * Non-res = Industry, commercial and public sector

Selection Criteria Smart Options Scalable – able to go to scale to make a real difference Economic – shows economic value in terms of cost savings and / or economic development Fundable – capable of winning UK and EU funds Partnership – attractive for local businesses and universities to engage Evolutionary – builds on existing expertise and city capabilities Holistic – part of a longer, connected vision for Bristol’s future The following options and recommendations have been developed using these criteria and assume the redistribution of targets as proposed on slide 34…… 37

Smart Grid Smart Options - grid The wholesale roll out of smart meters and the establishment of a smart grid are foundation stones of a smart city. Bristol is unlikely to achieve either its distributed renewable electricity ambitions or its carbon reduction objectives without a smart grid infrastructure. Smart meters are part of a smart grid and can help drive behaviour change in homes, the public sector and businesses. 39

Smart Options - grid Smart Grid 40

Smart Grid Recommendations Smart Options - grid SG1 Work with Western Power and other interested parties to submit an LCNF bid that will facilitate distributed PV roll out at scale with links to commercial scale variable tariff demand side control. Consider a Tier 1 submission this year, followed by a full (~£25m) Tier 2 bid next year. SG2 Identify the location of existing smart meters across the city (also see recommendation SD1). SG3 Review current and projected low carbon energy flows at Avonmouth. And valuate the viability of smart grid enabled, hydrogen fuelled city transport, especially for large vehicles. SG4 Identify the location of existing smart buildings with internet enabled energy management systems. Link to SG1, SG2 and SG5. Encourage the wider deployment of smart buildings – especially new builds and as part of major refurbishments. 41

Smart Grid Recommendations Smart Options - grid SG5 Develop a building efficiency display for use on the outside of buildings that indicates a Red/Amber/Green performance status from a distance and provides real time energy consumption data nearby. Install on prominent public buildings and encourage others to follow suit. Source: Arup, Smart Cities, October 2010 42

Bristol can achieve it’s buildings related emission reductions by being ahead of the national average with regard to: building insulation installed renewable electricity smart energy management systems for large buildings Smart grid technologies will be important for large scale roll out of distributed renewables and are integral to smart buildings. The Carbon Case for Action 43 Smart Options - grid Thermal insulation in homes – not ICT enabled. Bristol additional action to meet proposed target for buildings (homes, commercial and public sector). 29k tonnes CO2 Smart grid enabled distributed renewable electricity. Equivalent to 120MW of PV in 2020. 29k tonnes CO2 87k tonnes CO2 Smart energy efficiency in large commercial and public sector buildings. 29k tonnes CO2

The Business Case for Action 44 Smart Options - grid Bristol additional action to meet proposed target for buildings (homes, commercial and public sector). Thermal insulation in homes – not ICT enabled. 29k tonnes CO2 29k tonnes CO2 87k tonnes CO2 Smart grid enabled distributed renewable electricity. Equivalent to 120MW of PV in 2020. Estimated PV installation cost: £180m Annual FIT revenue + savings: >£20m See notes 1-4. 29k tonnes CO2 Smart energy efficiency in large commercial and public sector buildings. Payback can be <4 years, especially if installed as part of a major refurbishment programme. 29k tonnes CO2 saved = energy savings of ~£5m pa See note 5. Notes: 1. All financial figures are at today’s prices. 2. CO2 estimates based on CCC projected carbon content of electricity in 2020. 3. PV installation costs based on BCC figures. 4. Insufficient data to estimate cost of smart grid installation. 5. Assumes a 70/30 split between electricity and gas.

Smart Options Smart Transport 45

Smart Transport Smart Options - transport Tackling congestion is a key priority for Bristol which will be achieved through better traffic flow, incentivising the use of public transport, and smart data applications that make it easier to take the lower carbon option. In order to reduce emissions it will be important to ensure that improved traffic flows capture the improvements as part of positive feedback loops and do not simply increase road capacity. Bristol already has a comprehensive transport strategy which can be supported through the innovative use of ICT. 46

Smart Options - transport Smart Transport 47

Smart Options - transport Smart Transport Recommendations CONGESTION BAD PARKING TARIFF HIGH ST1 Introduce real-time pricing for parking to reduce congestion. Initially for car parks, then on-street parking. 48

Smart Transport Recommendations Smart Options - transport SG2 Establish the number of flexible workers employed in Bristol by Bristol employers. Estimate CO2 savings from reduced transport (and real estate). Run a campaign to reach a new target. SG3 Enhance the capacity of the freight consolidation centre and consider building an intra-Bristol version of anyvan.com allowing existing traffic movements to take deliveries for an auctioned sum. SG4 Expand the existing NHS Go Low travel scheme across Bristol’s public sector organisations. Co-ordinate with private sector schemes. SG5 Investigate electronic parking permits as part of the Bristol Transport Plan. SG6 Support a university research project examining the ICT requirements for a demand responsive public transport infrastructure across Bristol. 49

The proposed 2020 transport target requires Bristol action beyond the national norm to deliver an additional 18k tonnes CO2 reduction. Bristol has some influence over the most significant transport emission reduction areas such as vehicle emission standards and availability of biofuels. However, in order to meet its target, Bristol will primarily need to achieve a substantially greater switch to smarter transport choices than the national average. A saving of 31k tonnes of CO2 (made up of the additional 18k + the nationally expected smart choice change of 13k) is roughly equivalent to doubling the number of bus journeys in the city by 2020 which would eliminate around 175,000 car trips a day. Of course the savings need not come exclusively from cars. The Carbon Case for Action 50 Smart Options - transport

The Business Case for Action (i) 51 Smart Options - transport Provided it is accompanied by estate rationalisation, flexi working can have a very short pay back period (<2 years1) and save > 1 tonne CO2 per employee per annum2. The extension of parking permits is already in the Bristol transport plan. Using RFID electronic parking permits, Hoboken3 (part of New York) saved around $8m against an upfront investment of $50k. Dynamic pricing for parking is currently uncosted but will be greatly facilitated by existing smart transport infrastructure (induction loops, traffic data consolidation project, etc.) Notes: http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/localgov/goodpractice/useofresources/Pages/salfordflexibleworking.aspx http://www.smart2020.org/case-studies/bt-agile-worker-energy-and-carbon-study/ http://www.easyorderparkingpermits.com/blog/rfid-application-in-parking-permits-saves-hoboken-8-million-a-year/

The Business Case for Action (ii) 52 Smart Options - transport Overall, encouraging people to make smart transport choices will be part carrot (easier journeys) and part stick (financial instruments). The net benefit will be substantially to reduced congestion, currently estimated to cost the city economy £50 million per annum1. Notes: http://www.welovebristol.com/travel/congestion

Smart Data Smart Options- data data SMART TECHNOLOGY optimisation SMART GRID user technology apps creation city dashboard DATA CONSOLIDATOR Consolidating smart data offers the opportunity to optimise the city at a systems level. Care will need to be taken to preserve privacy and commercial confidentiality but this should not act as a barrier. SMART TRANSPORT 54

Smart Options - data Smart Data 55

Smart Data Recommendations Smart Options - data SD1 Work with utility providers (electricity, gas and water) to identify as many data sources as possible. SD2 Identify as many additional data streams as possible. See, for example, recommendations SG2 and SG4. SD3 Establish more real time data on the Bristol open data portal. SD4 Pull together a consortium of interested parties with a view to achieve a city dashboard by 2015. Establish interim milestones. Apply for EU funding. SD5 Build a community of interest around smart data software applications similar to the Code for America initiative. 56

The Case for Action 57 Smart Options - data In part, the case for action for smart data is already made in the smart grid and smart transport recommendations. Applications such as smart meters, where consumption data becomes much more apparent, generally see a reduction in consumption of around 10%. At the city (ie system) level there is currently such limited implementation of smart data applications that the benefits have yet to be fully identified. However, the old adage “if you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it” should certainly come into play. There is a real opportunity here to innovate and develop exploitable expertise that builds on Bristol’s existing skill base.

Smart technologies will be needed to meet the Bristol ‘stretch’. The most significant actions will be: A ubiquitous smart city experience influencing behaviour change. Visible smart large buildings. Large increase in distributed renewables underpinned by a smart grid. Large scale swing to smart transport choices underpinned by congestion reduction. Bristol should consider becoming a centre for hydrogen technology. Achieving the Stretch Smart Options - overview Bristol Emission Pathway The Bristol ‘stretch’. 59

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