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Theories of aging s14
1. Early Theories of Aging
Thanatophobia
Extend maximum life span
Hippocrates – gradual loss of body heat
Erasmus Darwin – reduced responses to stimuli, loss of
excitability
Others – metabolic rate, irradiation, genetics
“geriatrics” coined in 1914
First geriatric medical journal published in 1945
ACSM founded in 1954
NIA created in 1974
5. Theories of Aging
Erikson’s
Psychosocial Stages
◦ Development through late adulthood
◦ Positive/Negative Outcomes
Late
Adulthood
◦ Pride & satisfaction vs. lack of
accomplishment
◦ Dignity & acceptance vs. frustration
Keys:
close relationships; productivity
with family and/or work; evaluation of the
rear view
6. Theories of Aging
Selective
Optimization with
Compensation (Baltes & Baltes, 1990)
◦ Select priorities/likes/most important
◦ Optimize skills and talents
◦ Compensate for decrements in ability
Examples
◦ Playing music
◦ Lifting weights
◦ Running
7. Theories of Aging
SOC
◦ Functional competence is key
Related
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concepts
Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977)
Self-esteem
Control
Cognitive capacity
8. Theories of Aging: Sociological
Activity
Theory (Havighurst, 1961)
◦ Engaged in mental and physical activities
◦ Community/family/profession
Continuity
(Atchley, 1971)
◦ Carry forward positive habits, relationships,
regardless of advancing age
Can
social beings successfully age without
solid social connections?
Cognitive function?
10. Theories of Aging
Damage
from wear and tear
◦ Chemical reactions that occur naturally in the
body begin to produce a # of irreversible
defects in molecules.
◦ What is the source of “microinsults”?
Physical
Chemical
Infectious
Mechanical
Loss of function &
System failure
Injury
Repair
12. Theories of Aging
Free-radical
theory (damage)
◦ Chemical compounds that contain an
unpaired electron in an outer orbital
◦ Able to link to tissue and cause damage
15. Theories of Aging
Accumulation
of defects in metabolic
pathways
Does aging originate in the mitochondria?
Oxidation of mitochondrial DNA
Widespread impact
16. Theories of Aging
Strategy
for reducing free radicals:
◦ Consumption of Vitamins E and C
“anti-oxidants”
◦ Mechanism?
◦ Use of supplements?
17. Theories of Aging
Cross-linkage
(damage)
◦ Corrupted DNA not repaired
◦ Cross-linking occurs in protein-based collagen
fibers
◦ Over time, results in
Stiffening of tissue
Rigidity of blood vessels
Tight ligaments & tendons
Cataracts
Atherosclerosis
18. Theories of Aging
Genetic
theories
◦ Genes related to
pathologies
◦ Could dictate cellular aging
◦ DNA mutations of
mitochondria build during
lifetime
19. Theories of Aging
Hayflick Limit
Cells
will divide & reproduce only a limited
number of times “Cell Clock”
Number is genetically programmed
Limitations
20. Theories of Aging
Telomere
Hypothesis
◦ Shortens with each replication
of the chromosome
◦ Replication at a fixed rate may
indicate that the telomere is
the “clock” that determines the
lifespan of any given cell
◦ Dolly’s fate
21. Theories of Aging
Gradual
Imbalance Theory
◦ Nervous system
◦ Endocrine system
◦ Impaired relationship btwn the two
Hormones
impacted
Adaptation impaired
Is aging the result of decreased ability to
survive stress??
22. Theories of Aging
There is no overwhelming support for
just one biological theory of aging.
Likely theories overlap and each explain
some aspect(s) of aging
23. Slowing the Aging Process
Improve
nutrition
↓ total food consumed
Maintain general activity levels
Have social/community
involvement
Perform moderate amounts of
physical exercise
24. Slowing the Aging Process
Caloric
restriction
◦ Total amt of food is reduced
How much?
◦ Major nutrients, minerals, & vitamins
necessary for health are maintained
25. Slowing the Aging Process
Biosphere
2 experiments
N = 8; ~2 years
Lower
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Metabolic rate
Body temperature
SBP & DBP
Blood glucose
Insulin
Thyroid hormones
Okinawan
population
Experimental data in humans?
26. Slowing the Aging Process
General
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activity level
Active in life
Social contacts
Taking care of self
Living the “good life”
28. Quality of Life
The difference between active living
& just being alive.
Active
life expectancy
29. Quality of Life (more to come)
Activities
of Daily
Living (ADLs)
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Walking
Dressing
Bathing/toileting
Eating
Getting up from a
bed or chair
Instrumental
Activities
of Daily Living (IADLs)
◦ Managing finances
◦ Using the telephone
◦ Light housework
◦ Heavy housework
◦ Meal preparation
◦ Shopping
Spiritual health: Relationships,
values, purpose