1. PAPER OF AN INTRODUCTION TO
SOCIOLINGUISTIC
NATIONAL LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE
PLANNING
BY GROUP 5:
ATIKAH APRILLIANI (2312.005)
SITI RAHMA SARI (2312.015)
NABILAH SABRINA N.A (2312.016)
ALHUSNI (2312.018)

2. 1. National and Official Language
National Language
• Identify the nation and unite the people of the nation
• The language of political, cultural and social unit
• Used as a symbol of national unity
• For instance Indonesian in Indonesia, Malay in Malaysia
Official Language
• Used for government bussiness
• Primarily utilitarian rather than symbolic
• Possible for one language to serve both function
• For instance French in Zaire, Spanish in Paraguayan.

3. A. Official Status and Minority Languages
• It has not been considered necessary to legislate that the
language of the majority is an official language.
• The minorities campaigned for the right to use their legal
language in every domains such as the law courts, official
government ceremonies and transactions, and in education.
• For instance in New Zealand, although English is in fact the
official language of government and education, Maori is the
only language which has been legally declared an official
language.

4. B. What Price A National Language?
• As a lingua franca
• The struggle to establish a distinct national identity
• To secure independence from colonial rule
• The development of a national language
• A symbolic unifying function of lingua franca and official
language for a nation.

5. 2. Planning for a National Official Language
• Addressing this challenge involves issues relating to the form of the
variety, the functions it serves, and the attitudes people hold towards
it
• There are generally four interrelated steps:
1. Selection; choosing the variety or code to be developed
2. Codification; standardising its structural or linguistic features
3. Elaboration; extending its function for use in new domains, this
involves developing the necessary linguistic resources for handling
new concepts and contexts
4. Securing its acceptance; the status of the new variety is important,
and so people’s attitudes to the variety being developed must be
considered. Steps may be needed to exchance its prestige, for
instance, and to encourage people to develop pride in the language
or loyalty towards it.

6. A. Tanzania
• Selecting code
1. Choosing language from over a hundred indigenous languages, each
associated with particular tribe, would have simply provoked discontent, if
not intertribal warfare.
2. Choosing english for a newly independent nation seemed anappropriate
• Codifying and elaborating Swahili
1. Codification involved developing a standard spelling system
2. describing the grammar of the variety selected as the new standard
3. writing a dictionary to record vocabulary
4. In 1961, Swahili used in more and more contents for education,
administration, politics and law
5. Vocabulary was expanded by borrowing freely from Arabic and English
as appropriate
• Attitudes to swahili
1. Unifying the people of Tanzania to work for independence, guaranteed it
prestige and positive attitudes
2. Tanzanians developed a strong loyalty towards the language which
united them in working towards freedom.

7. 3. Developing a Standard Variety in Norway
• Selecting a code
1. Attempt involved a variety based on Danish with some
modifications in he direction of Norwegian pronunciation
2. Approach created a new Norwegia standard by drawing on a range
of rural norwegian dialects.
• Codification and elaboration
1. Identified common grammatical patterns in different dialects
2. Chose vocabulary from a range of different regions
3. New words were needed for many concepts which had previously
been discussed only in Danish so aasen used dialect forms as his
main resource for creating new words.
• Acceptance
1. The norwegian nationalists enthusiastically welcomed Nynorsk
2. Rejected the modified Danish alternative
3. The influential educated city dwellers did not

8. 4. The Linguist’s Role in Language Planning
• Codification of orthography
1. Missionaries were trained to translate the Bible into the local language of
the place where they were working, and this usually meant first developing
a spelling system for the language
2. Missionaries were often good linguists who produced a spelling system
which closely reflected the pronunciation of the language
• Developing vocabulary
Finding words from people’s vernacular languages. The commisioners of
Maori language has recommended:
1. A word borrowed from English
2. An equivalent Maori word which is perhaps nor well known or with a
slightly different meaning which could be adopted
3. A word newly created from Maori resouces.
• Acceptance
1. What people accept and use will finally determine whether a proposed
form succeeds or not
2. It applies as much to an individual word as to a new code selected to
serve as a standard official language.

9. CONCLUSION
• Language planning is defined most simply as deliberate
language change
• Language planners generally focus on specific language
problems
• Language expresses identity and membership of particular
group as well as nationhood
• Multilingualism highlights linguistic diversity and makes it
easier to perceive
• Monolingual speech communities use this diversity to signal
their attitudes and allegiances.