Organic compounds are almost 60% of all compounds. because of carbons tendency to form a compound as it has more than1 electron(4electrons) to form covallent compounds. SO a wide range of everything we eat is formed from carbon and hydrogen, which is the second important element to form organic compounds.

1. Prepared by: Ahura Rahim

2. Organic Compound
• An organic compound is any member of a
large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical
compounds whose molecules contain carbon.
• Organic chemistry is the science concerned
with all aspects of organic compounds.
Organic synthesis is the methodology of their
preparation.

3. CARBON
• With 4 electrons in its outer energy level,
carbon can form one covalent bond with each
of these electrons.
• There are many C compounds because C can
form so many bonds.
• As you know Carbon is in group 14 period 2,
and is the first element in its column.

4. Classification
• Organic compounds may be classified in a
variety of ways. One major distinction is
between natural and synthetic compounds.
Organic compounds can also be classified or
subdivided by the presence of heteroatoms,
e.g., organometallic compounds, which
feature bonds between carbon and a metal,
and Alkyl halide compounds, which feature
bonds between carbon and a halogen.

5. Natural compounds
• Natural compounds is a chemical compound
or substance produced by a living organism
that is found in nature. Examples include most
sugars, carbohydrates and proteins.

6. Synthetic compounds
• Compounds that are prepared by reaction of
other compounds are known as "synthetic".
They are compounds that do not occur
naturally.
• Most polymers (a category that includes all
plastics and rubbers), are organic synthetic
compounds

7. Monomer
• A monomer is a molecule that may bind
chemically to other molecules to form a
polymer. The process by which monomers
combine to form a polymer is called
polymerization. Molecules made of a small
number of monomer units (up to a few dozen)
are called oligomers.

8. Polymerization
• In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a
process of reacting monomer molecules
together in a chemical reaction to form
polymer chains.

9. Polymer
• A polymer is a large molecule, composed of many
repeated subunits. Because of their broad range
of properties, both synthetic and natural
polymers play an essential role in everyday life.
Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics
such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such
as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to
biological structure and function. Polymers, both
natural and synthetic, are created via
polymerization of many small molecules, known
as monomers.

10. Functional Groups
• In organic chemistry, functional groups are
responsible for the characteristic behavior of
compounds. The same functional group will
undergo the same or similar chemical
reaction(s) regardless of the size of the
molecule it is a part of. The atoms of
functional groups are linked to each other and
to the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds.

11. R In Organic Compounds
• In Organic Chemistry R group is an
abbreviation for carbon or hydrogen atoms
that is attached to the rest of the molecule.
Sometimes it is also used for the combination
of two.

12. Hydrocarbons
• Functional groups, are organic compounds
that contain only carbon and hydrogen, but
vary in the number and order of double
bonds. Each one differs in type (and scope) of
reactivity.

13. Alkanes
• Alkanes are the simplest of all hydrocarbons.
• For example CH4 forms from one carbon and 4
hydrogen atoms, which is called Methane.
Methane is simplest of all alkanes.
• If we add one carbon and two hydrogen
Ethane will form. Ethane’s chemical formula is
C2H6.
• And then comes propane C3h8

16. Alkenes
• Like alkanes, alkenes are also hydrocarbon. What
makes alkenes different from alkanes is that they
have double bond between the carbons.
• Ethylene is the simplest of all alkenes. Alkenes are
featured by 4 hydrogen and a double bond
between the carbons in the atom.
• Another example is Butene features four carbons,
two of them are a part of methyl groups, and the
other two have formed a double bond.

18. Alkynes
• Alkynes are similar to Alkenes and Alkanes that they
are all hydrocarbons. what makes them different from
them is that they have a triple bond between the
carbons. This will affect it to have a single bond
between carbons and hydrogen.
• Two Examples will be:
• Acetylene: is the smallest of all hydrocarbons.
Acetylenes have two carbons that are triple bonded.
Each has a single bond with hydrogen
• Propyne: is a hydrocarbon that features three carbon
one which is part of the methyl group and the other
two have a triple bond shared between them.

20. Groups containing nitrogen
• One other functional group is related to nitrogen
and carbon.
• An example of nitrogen containing group is
Amines. Ammonia is an inorganic compound
which includes one nitrogen and three hydrogen
atoms. If one of this hydrogen is replaced with a
carbon group it will change into primary Amine.
That will be Organic. If two of them is replaced it
will be secondary Amine results and if all three it
will be a tertiary Amine.
• As well as Amines we have Imines and Nitriles.

22. Haloalkanes (Alkyl halides)
• Haloalkanes are a class of molecule that are defined by
a carbon–halogen bond. There is a bond between
carbon and a halogen in the other hand the carbon has
a bond with three R groups. These R groups can be
carbon, hydrogen or both of them together.
• The simplest of all Alkyl halides is methyl halides,
which results when the R groups are all replaced with
hydrogen. The methyl takes it name by depending on
whether which halogen is the halide.
• Fluoromethane is the name of this compound

23. • Alkyl halides can be primary, secondary and
tertiary, alkyl halides can be too. An example
of a primary alkyl halide is a propyl Iodide a
propyl Iodide is formed when you change one
hydrogen into carbon group. If two is replaced
there will be secondary alkyl halide an
example of it is chlorocyclohexane. And finally
if you change all there will be tertiary alkyl
halide. Tert-butle bromide is an example.

25. Alcohols
• An alcohol is any organic compound in which
the hydroxyl functional group (OH) is bound
to a saturated carbon atom. The carbon atom
may be bonded to other carbon or hydrogen
atoms in this case we will write R.
• a saturated compound is a chemical
compound that has a chain of carbon atoms
linked together by single bonds. Alkanes are
saturated hydrocarbons.

26. Methanol
• If we replace all R groups with hydrogen
methanol will form the simplest of all alcohols.
Chemical formula of Methanol is CH3OH.
• If one of those hydrogen is replaced with carbon
group there will be primary Alcohol. An example
of primary Alcohol is Ethanol. Changing two of
them will result to secondary Alcohol. Isopropyl
Alcohol is an example of Alcohol. Finally if we will
replace all of them it will result in tertiary
Alcohol, an Example will be Tert-Butyle Alcohol.

28. Compounds Containing Sulfur
• Another functional group is compounds
containing sulfur.
• An example is Thiols. Thiols have one sulfur
atom connected to a hydrogen and carbon
group.
• Another example is sulfides, sulfides are one
sulfur attached with two carbon groups.
• Dimethyl sulfide is a kind of sulfide.

29. Dimethyl sulfide

30. Carbonyl
• In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a
functional group composed of a carbon atom
double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is
common to several classes of organic
compounds.

31. Aldehydes and Ketones
• Aldehydes: are composed of a carbonyl and
attached to hydrogen and an R group. The R may
be hydrogen as well as carbon, an Example is
Formaldehyde. A Formaldehyde’s R is Hydrogen.
• Ketones: Ketones are somehow different, the
difference is that the ketones have a carbonyl
attached to a carbon group. Acetone is an
example of Ketones, the carbonyl is attached with
two methyl groups.

33. Carboxylic Acid and Esters
• A carboxylic Acid is any compound that has a
carbonyl group attached to a hydroxide and a R
group. The simplest Carboxylic Acid is formic acid
which the R is hydrogen. Also Acetic acid will be a
good example the R is methyl group.
• Esters have a carbonyl group attached to a R
group and an oxygen in which the oxygen is
attached to another R group. An example is ethyl
acetate.

35. Amides
• Amides are composed of a carbonyl group
attached to a R group and a nitrogen. the
nitrogen is attached to two other R groups.
The group is either hydrogen, carbon or the
combination of two.
• An example is:
N,N DIMETHYLFLORMAMIDE (DMF)

37. Organometallic and
Organophosphorus
• Organophosphorus compounds are organic
compounds containing phosphorus. They are
used primarily in pest control as an alternative
to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the
environment. Organophosphorus chemistry is
the corresponding science of the properties
and reactivity of organophosphorus
compounds.