2. Key Notes
๎ Introduction to Open Source.
๎ What is Linux.
๎ Linux Distros.
๎ Which is Suitable for Me.
๎ Linux Installation Process.
๎ How to Use Linux.
๎ Installing Useful Software.
๎ Linux Shells (Advanced).
3. Open Source
๎ Is a development methodology.
๎ Means that people can share their programs
source code with every one for free.
๎ This type of software is available under terms of
licenses such as GPL, LGPL, AGPL, ISC, MIT.
๎ Each license puts some rules for the method of
using their code.
๎ Most famous one is the GPL license used with
Linux.
4. Open Source & Linux
๎ Unix was the Major used OS in most
universities.
๎ Unix started asking students to pay money for
the usage and development of the system.
๎ A professor developed Minix in order to replace
Unix, which was used by Linus Torvalds.
๎ Linus started to develop the Linux Kernel.
๎ In the same time Ritchard Stallman started to
develop GNU and constructed Free Software
Foundation.
5. What is Linux?
๎ Linux is a free open source operating system
kernel built by a student to replace UNIX.
๎ Linux is the system kernel where GNU is the
tools that system use to operate.
๎ It was developed in early 1990s but still
developed until now.
๎ Is the first choice for enterprise world and
geeks.
๎ Linux can run on many platforms(i386, x86/64,
PPC, Amiga, SPARC, PS3, Super computers).
6. GNU/Linux Architecture
๎ Linux has a monolithic kernel.
๎ GNU/Linux uses the structure of layered model.
Process File
Networking Kernel Peripherals
control System
Unix Shells Unix Tools
X Server (X window system)
7. Linux Window Managers.
๎ Window managers is a graphical software used
to ease the use of the system.
๎ Linux has many window managers (KDE,
Gnome, xpde, xfce, fluxbox, twm, NextStep,....).
9. Linux Distros.
๎ As Linux is open source so any one can
develop his own version.
๎ Linux distros varies in DWM, Applications
provided with each.
๎ Market imposed on us some distros as
standard (Redhat, Debian, Slackware).
๎ Most of current distros are based on
Debian(Ubuntu) or Redhat (Fedora).
12. Which is Suitable for Me?
๎ Redhat is good for enterprise work.
๎ Debian is good for professional end-users.
๎ Fedora is good for personal use and developing
๎ Opensuse is good for training usage
๎ Mandriva is very good for non technical user.
๎ Slackware is intended for Advanced
professional users.
๎ Ubuntu is suitable for ALL !!!
13. Why Ubuntu?
๎ Ubuntu is a free Linux distros
๎ Ubuntu is based on Debian which is reliable
and stable.
๎ Ubuntu is the distribution with the biggest
software repositories.
๎ Ubuntu has a good hardware support for most
available companies.
๎ Ubuntu have a lot of variants (Kubuntu,
Xubuntu, Edubuntu, Goubuntu, MIDI Ubuntu).
15. Installing Ubuntu
๎ Ubuntu comes on a live CD.
๎ Live CD means that you can use the system
from CD with out installing (boot only).
๎ The system installation is as easy as installing
a program (Only double click on icon).
๎ The installation process is very fast and easy
(faster and easier than installing windows).
๎ Let's see how ???!!
25. Using Linux
๎ Linux desktop is very easy to use like windows.
๎ There are some important elements on desktop
๎ Computer Disks: Places โ Computer.
๎ Home Directory : Places โ Home Folder.
๎ Configurations : System โ Preferences.
๎ Administration : System โ Administration.
๎ All Programs : Applications โ Choose Category.
๎ Note that all this menus are found under
Gnome only KDE is different.
26. Using Linux (File System)
๎ Linux uses EXT2, EXT3 file systems and a
swap partition to use as virtual memory.
๎ Linux can mount FAT16/32 , NTFS , HFS
Drives where windows can't mount EXT drive.
๎ Under File system there are some Directories:
๎ /bin: contains UNIX tools and executable Shell tools
๎ /boot: file needed to boot the system.
๎ /etc: system configuration files.
๎ /lib : system and applications libraries.
๎ /media: mounted drives.
27. Installing Useful Software
๎ Most of applications available for Linux are free
and open source so it's easy to get.
๎ Linux has repositories for programs (search &
get).
๎ Each Linux distribution has a software called
package manager.
๎ The two most famous packages formats are:
.deb for Debian based system , .rpm for Redhat
based systems.
28. How to Install Applications?
๎ From Application menu go to Add/Remove.....
๎ In the windows opened write program name or
description in the search field.
๎ choose your preferred programs.
๎ Click โApplyโ and wait for download and instillation.
๎ Now the program is installed and ready to use.
๎ To install application from shell.
๎ sudo apt-get install packageName
๎ Then wait for download and installation.
29. Windows Emulation
๎ WINE is a windows emulator which is able to
run windows software under Linux.
๎ Wine can be downloaded via Add/Remove..
๎ WINE can emulate windows (2.0, 3.0, 95, 98,
NT, 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista, Server 2008)
๎ Wine Doors is a program that downloads some
libraries for WINE to be compatible with most
windows Apps.
๎ Wine needs (MFC , VC++ runtime, VB runtime,
IE6 libs, DX9c libs, .....).
30. Programming on Linux.
๎ Linux has dozens of programming languages.
๎ GNU Compilers Collection has compilers for:
๎ Ada, C/C++, Fortran and Java.
๎ The Linux kernel is compiled using GCC.
๎ Perl, Python are installed on most distros.
๎ Sun's JDK, JVM can be installed on Linux.
๎ A lot of IDEs are available for Linux(Eclipse,
Netbeans, Mono, KDevelop, Omnis Studio)
31. Installing Java & Netbeans
๎ To install Sun Java write this commands:
๎ sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jre
๎ sudo apt-get install sun-java6-bin
๎ sudo apt-get install sun-java6-jdk
๎ sudo apt-get install sun-java6-plugin
๎ To install Netbeans download the Linux file
then:
๎ Double click the Icon and continue the setup.
๎ ./netbeans6.x --javahome:JavaDirectoryPath
32. Installing MySQL & Oracle
๎ MySQL server must be installed using package
manager:
๎ sudo apt-get install mysql-server-5.0
๎ Query browser and other tools can be downloaded via
Add/Remove from Applications menu.
๎ Download the Oracle deb package from Oracle
website then:
๎ Double click on the icon.
๎ Click on install package button and wait for setup to
finish.
๎ Go to /etc/init.d then write โchmod +x oracle-xeโ
๎ Then start script as root โsudo ./oracle-xeโ
33. Linux Shells (UNIX shells)
๎ Linux uses shells to interact with user in CLI
mode (good for servers and administrators).
๎ Shells can be accessed by GUI users via
terminals.
๎ Linux shell is similar to UNIX shell but with
some additional commands.
๎ Most popular Linux shell is Bash.
๎ Bash supports scripts with a wide range of
commands.
34. Linux Shell Commands
๎ cp file1 file2 โ copy file1 to file2
๎ rm fileName โ deletes the file.
๎ mv file1 file2 โ rename file1 or moves it to another
location.
๎ cd directoryName โ change directory.
๎ less fileName โ view file content
๎ clear โ clear screen
๎ man command โ view command Manual.
๎ find fileName โ search for file.
35. Linux Shell Commands 2
๎ ls โ list files in current directory.
๎ ps -u UserName โ view all running process for userName.
๎ kill PID โ kill process with a specific ID.
๎ su โ change to root mode.
๎ sudo โcommandโ โ execute command in root mode.
๎ chmod +x โfileโ โ change file mode to executable.
๎ ./script.xyz โ execute script or file.
๎ ifconfig โ view your network interface configurations.
๎ history โ view history of command you entered.
๎ reboot โ restart system , halt โ shutdown the system
36. Shell Configurations
๎ The shell configurations file of the Bash shell is
found under /home/UseName/.bashrc .
๎ We can use this file to define new environment
variables to the shell by adding the following
line at the end of the file:
๎ PATH=$PATH:/xx/yy/zz;
๎ export PATH
๎ .bash_history โ contains your command history.
๎
.bash_logout โ execute command when leaving shell.