1) The student performed an experiment on Linux administration lab that involved installing Linux in dual boot mode and answering questions about the differences between BASH/DOS, UNIX/Linux, and kernel types. 2) To use Microsoft Word documents in Linux, the student would install an open-source alternative like OpenOffice or AbiWord that can open Word files, though formatting may differ. 3) The student explained the 15 step process to install Linux in dual boot, which included creating a partition, booting the live USB, configuring settings, and installing Linux while keeping Windows. Screenshots were provided.

1. Experiment 1
Student Name: Kashish Dixit UID: 20BCA1108
Branch: BCA Section/Group: b/2
Semester: 4th
Date of Performance: 18/02/2022
Subject Name: LINUXADMINISTRATION LAB Subject Code: 20CAP-256
1. Aim/Overview of the practical:
1. (a) What is the basic difference between BASH and DOS?
(b) Is there any difference between UNIX and LINUX?
(c) Elaborate the functions of kernel along with the types of kernel.
(d) What are the advantages of an open-source?
2. Suppose recently your company switched their operating systems from Microsoft to Linux.
Now you have all documents in MS word, what you will do to save all of that work in
Linux operating system?
3. Perform installation of Linux in dual boot. Explain the detailed steps along with screenshots.
2. Task to be done:
Perform installation of Linux in dual boot. Explain the detailed steps along with screenshots.
3. Answer to the theory questions
1 a). What is the basic difference between BASH and DOS?
Ans - The key differences between the BASH and DOS console lies in 3 areas:
– BASH commands are case sensitive while DOS commands are not;
– under BASH, / character is a directory separator and acts as an escape character.
Under DOS, / serves as a command argument delimiter and is the directory separator

2. – DOS follows a convention in naming files, which is 8 character file name followed by a
dot and 3 character for the extension. BASH follows no such convention.
b). Is there any difference between UNIX and LINUX?
Ans -
Sr.
No.
Key Linux Unix
1
Development Linux is open source and is
developed by Linux community of
developers.
Unix was developed by AT&T
Bell labs and is not open source.
2 Cost Linux is free to use. Unix is licensed OS.
3
Supportd
File systems
Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Xfs,
Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS.
fs, gpfs, hfs, hfs+, ufs, xfs, zfs.
4
GUI Linux uses KDE and Gnome. Other
GUI supported are LXDE, Xfce,
Unity, Mate.
Unix was initially a command
based OS. Most of the unix
distributions now have Gnome.
5
Usage Linux is used in wide varieties from
desktop, servers, smartphones to
mainframes.
Unix is mostly used on servers,
workstations or PCs.
6
Default Shell Bash (Bourne Again SHell) is
default shell for Linux.
Bourne Shell is default shell for
Unix.
7
Target
processor
Linux was initially developed for
Intel's x86 hardware processors.
Now it supports 20+ processor
families.
CUnix supports PA-RISC and
Itanium family.
8
Example Ubuntu, Debian GNU, Arch Linux,
etc.
SunOS, Solaris, SCO UNIX,
AIX, HP/UX, ULTRIX etc.

3. c). Elaborate the functions of kernel along with the types of kernel.
Ans - A Kernel is a computer program that is the heart and core of an Operating System. Since
the Operating System has control over the system so, the Kernel also has control over
everything in the system. It is the most important part of an Operating System. Whenever a
system starts, the Kernel is the first program that is loaded after the boot loader because the
Kernel has to handle the rest of the thing of the system for the Operating System. The Kernel
remains in the memory until the Operating System is shut-down.
The Kernel is responsible for low-level tasks such as disk management, memory management,
task management, etc. It provides an interface between the user and the hardware components
of the system. When a process makes a request to the Kernel, then it is called System Call.
A Kernel is provided with a protected Kernel Space which is a separate area of memory and
this area is not accessible by other application programs. So, the code of the Kernel is loaded
into this protected Kernel Space. Apart from this, the memory used by other applications is
called the User Space. As these are two different spaces in the memory, so communication
between them is a bit slower.
Types of Kernel
In general, there are five types of Kernel. They are:
1. Monolithic Kernels
Monolithic Kernels are those Kernels where the user services and the kernel services are
implemented in the same memory space i.e. different memory for user services and kernel
services are not used in this case.
2. Microkernel
A Microkernel is different from Monolithic kernel because in a Microkernel, the user services
and kernel services are implemented into different spaces i.e. we use User Space and Kernel
Space in case of Microkernels.
3. Hybrid Kernel
A Hybrid Kernel is a combination of both Monolithic Kernel and Microkernel. It makes the
use of the speed of Monolithic Kernel and the modularity of Microkernel.

4. 4. Nanokernel
In a Nanokrnel, as the name suggests, the whole code of the kernel is very small i.e. the code
executing in the privileged mode of the hardware is very small. The term nanokernel is used
to describe a kernel that supports a nanosecond clock resolution.
5. Exokernel
Exokernel is an Operating System kernel that is developed by the MIT parallel and the
Distributed Operating Systems group. Here in this type of kernel, the resource protection is
separated from the management and this, in turn, results in allowing us to perform application-
specific customization.
d). What are the advantages of an open-source
Ans -
1. Lesser hardware costs
Since Linux and open source solutions are easily portable and compressed, it takes lesser
hardware power to carry out the same tasks when compared to the hardware power it takes
on servers, such as, Solaris, Windows or workstations. With this less hardware power
advantage, you can even use cheaper or older hardware and still get the desired results.
2. High-quality software
Open source software is mostly high-quality software. When you use the open source
software, the source code is available. Most open source software are well-designed. Open
source software can also be efficiently used in coding. These reasons make open source
software an ideal choice for organizations.
3. No vendor lock-in
IT managers in organizations face constant frustration when dealing with vendor lock-ins'.
Lack of portability, expensive license fees and inability to customize software are some of
the other disadvantages. Using open source software gives you more freedom and you can
effectively address all these disadvantages.
4. Integrated management

5. By using open source software, you can benefit from integrated management. Open source
software uses technologies, such as, common information model (CIM) and web based
enterprise management (WBEM). These high-end technologies enable you to integrateand
combine server, application, service and workstation management. This integration would
result in efficient administration.
5. Simple license management
When you use open source software, you would no longer need to worry about licenses.
Open source software enables you to install it several times and also use it from any location.
You will be free from monitoring, tracking or counting license compliance.
2.Suppose recently your company switched their operating systems from Microsoft to
Linux. Now you have all documents in MS word, what you will do to save all of that
work in Linux operating system?
Ans - While Microsoft does not make a version of its Office suite of business programs (Word,
Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook and so on) for the Linux system, there are alternatives. Many of
these Linux programs not only can open Word files but are also inexpensive or in some cases
free.
One example is OpenOffice, a free suite of programs that includes Writer, a word processing
program; Calc and Impress, spreadsheet and presentation programs; and Draw, a graphics tool.
OpenOffice can open and save Word documents, although you may see some quirks in
formatting when exchanging files with people who use Microsoft Word.
Versions of OpenOffice for Linux, Mac OS X, Windows and some Unix systems are available
for downloading at www.openoffice.org.
AbiWord (www.abiword.com) is another free word-processing program that can open some
types of Microsoft Word files. There are versions of AbiWord for Linux, Windows, Mac OS X
and other operating systems.
Once again, you may have to tweak the fonts and formatting of documents from Word users
when opening them in this program.
The Linux Online site (www.linux.org/apps/index.html) site has a list of Linux-compatible
programs in a variety of categories.

6. Qno 3 . Perform installation of Linux in dual boot. Explain the detailed steps along with
screenshots.
Ans –
1. Create a live USB or disk
2. Make a new partition for Linux operating system: (Make partition in windows operating system
using30-40 GB of space)
3. Boot in to live USB: You have to restart the system after inserting the Live USB in order to start
bootafter selecting boot option as USB
4. Start the installation
5. Configure the Date and Time: The world’s map will be displayed. Click on your current physical
locationon the map to set your time

7. 6. Configure Language Support: to configure your language settings
7. Configure Keyboard: You can test the keyboard configuration here
8. Select Installation Source: to customize your installation using other sources other than the
traditional USB/DVD.

8. 9. Configure Software Selection: This is the step where you will select your preferred system
installation software
10. Configure Partitioning: This is the part where you configure your hard disk
11. Configure Networking & Hostname: for network related settings

9. 12. Configure Kdump: Kdump is an advanced crash dumping mechanism. Its purpose is to create
crashdumps in case of a Kernel crash.
13. Begin CentOS 7 Installation: set root user password and create a user
14. One installation is complete then Remove the USB button and hit the ‘Reboot’ button to
restartyour system.
15. Click on ‘LICENSE INFORMATION’: Accept the license
16. Finish configuration
Learning outcomes (What I have learnt):
1. Learned how to install Linux in dual boot mode.
2. Learned how to use word file in linux.