Brief Introduction into Oil & Gas Industry by Fidan Aliyeva
MORE IOR 2009
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2. IOR TECHNIQUES Improved Oil Recovery covers Supplemental Recovery , Improved Reservoir Management and Enhanced Recovery (Slide 1) . Slide 1 also illustrates the four typical stages of an (offshore) oil field’s life cycle: (I) primary recovery , (II) plateau production , (III) tail end production and finally (IV) late field rejuvenation . The classical definition of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary recovery (Slide 2) do not cover/describe the actual value activities encountered. Primary Recovery and Improved Oil Recovery is presented as a neo-classical representation of the recovery techniques. This neo-classical approach represents the global technical challenges. Primary recovery is achieved utilising the natural energy stored in the reservoir fluids and underlying aquifer. The primary recovery efficiency is due to one or more of the following mechanisms taking place in the reservoir: solution gas drive; gas cap drive; natural aquifer drive; fluid and rock expansion; and gravity drainage. Supplemental recovery is achieved by using external energy added to the reservoir fluid system to supplement the primary recovery mechanism. No fundamental changes occur to the physicochemical properties of the displacing or displaced fluids. Typically this external energy is provided by water or immiscible gas. Enhanced recovery techniques use external energy added to the reservoir fluid system. However, fundamental changes occur to the physicochemical properties of the displacing or displaced fluids. These physicochemical changes affect the chemical, biochemical, density, miscibility, surface or interfacial tension, and viscosity or thermal nature of the reservoir fluid system.
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5. IMPROVED HYDROCARBON RECOVERY + RESERVES ADDITION 1. GAS AND ADDITIONAL OIL RECOVERY BY LATE FIELD DEPRESSURISATION [dissolved GOR >600 scf/stb] 2. VISCOUS OIL RECOVERY PROCESSES {ie cp>10, M>3)} [Polymer, Hot Water, Steam, Insitu-Combustion] NB: Heavy Oil {cp>1000} 3. GAS INJECTION * GRAVITY STABILISED GAS INJECTION {GSGI} * HORIZONTAL GAS INJECTION {HGI} * OPTIMAL GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT 4. MODIFIED WATERFLOOD [Improved Waterflood Techniques; MEOR-BOS, Surfactant, Foam, Polymer] 5. FLOW DIVERSION TECHNIQUES [Microbial, Polymer-Gels, Polymer RPM, Foams] 6. HORIZONTAL AND EXTENDED REACH WELL TECHNOLOGY 7. IMPROVED RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE 8. IMPROVED FACILITY SCIENCE, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT 9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT [The Problem ?, Measuring, Monitoring, Reducing, Avoiding, Remediation] BUSINESS & SOCIETY 10. BUSINESS VALUE IMPROVED OIL RECOVERY & TIGHT GAS
6. UT T L P G E M Ultra-Tight Tight Low Permeability Poor Permeability Good Permeability Excellent Permeability Medium Permeability >0.001 >0.01 >0.1 >1 >100 >1000 >10 (mD) IOR Techniques WaterFlood Tight Gas >0.0001 GAS RESERVOIRS >0.00001 ET UET Extreme-Tight Ultra Extreme-Tight
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9. … challenge to extract more from substantial Resources [>2006] PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
10. 0 1 2 3 4 5 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 Daily production mmboe Oil Dry Gas + HPHT 2031 2041 Discoveries IOR projects New projects Where are we today? [2006] Big Structures Subtle, Smaller, Complex Trap Structures 62 Billion BOE_MORE EOR: Heavy/Viscous Thermal Polymer Surfactant Carbon Dioxide Flue Gas Appraisal Drilling Technologies & Facilities Production Technologies EOR Technologies E&A,D,P = £370 billion @12/2006 [UKOOA] 3 Billion BOE_EOR RESOURCE EXPLOITATION
