IOR techniques can be categorized as primary, supplemental, or enhanced recovery. Primary recovery relies on natural reservoir forces, supplemental recovery uses external energy without changing fluid properties, and enhanced recovery changes fluid properties. Improved hydrocarbon recovery and reserves addition can be achieved through various techniques including late-field depressurization, viscous oil processes, gas injection, modified waterflooding, flow diversion, and improved well and reservoir management. Unconventional resources like tight gas present production challenges that require innovative technologies and approaches to economically extract more hydrocarbons from substantial resource bases.

2. IOR TECHNIQUES
Improved Oil Recovery covers Supplemental Recovery, Improved Reservoir
Management and Enhanced Recovery (Slide 1). Slide 1 also illustrates the four
typical stages of an (offshore) oil field’s life cycle: (I) primary recovery, (II) plateau
production, (III) tail end production and finally (IV) late field rejuvenation. The
classical definition of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary recovery (Slide 2) do not
cover/describe the actual value activities encountered. Primary Recovery and Improved
Oil Recovery is presented as a neo-classical representation of the recovery techniques
(Slide 3). This neo-classical approach represents the global technical challenges.
Primary recovery is achieved utilising the natural energy stored in the reservoir fluids and
underlying aquifer. The primary recovery efficiency is due to one or more of the following
mechanisms taking place in the reservoir: solution gas drive; gas cap drive; natural aquifer
drive; fluid and rock expansion; and gravity drainage.
Supplemental recovery is achieved by using external energy added to the reservoir fluid
system to supplement the primary recovery mechanism. No fundamental changes occur to the
physicochemical properties of the displacing or displaced fluids. Typically this external energy is
provided by water or immiscible gas.
Enhanced recovery techniques use external energy added to the reservoir fluid system.
However, fundamental changes occur to the physicochemical properties of the displacing or
displaced fluids. These physicochemical changes affect the chemical, biochemical, density,
miscibility, surface or interfacial tension, and viscosity or thermal nature of the reservoir fluid
system.

3. Slide 1

4. Slide 2

5. IOR Techniques & Processes
Slide 3

7. IMPROVED HYDROCARBON RECOVERY + RESERVES ADDITION
1. GAS AND ADDITIONAL OIL RECOVERY BY LATE FIELD
DEPRESSURISATION [dissolved GOR >600 scf/stb]
2. VISCOUS OIL RECOVERY PROCESSES {ie cp>10, M>3)}
[Polymer, Hot Water, Steam, Insitu-Combustion] NB: Heavy Oil {cp>1000}
3. GAS INJECTION
* GRAVITY STABILISED GAS INJECTION {GSGI}
* HORIZONTAL GAS INJECTION {HGI}
* OPTIMAL GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT
4. MODIFIED WATERFLOOD
[Improved Waterflood Techniques; MEOR-BOS, Surfactant, Foam, Polymer]
5. FLOW DIVERSION TECHNIQUES
[Microbial, Polymer-Gels, Polymer RPM, Foams]
6. HORIZONTAL AND EXTENDED REACH WELL TECHNOLOGY
7. IMPROVED RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE
8. IMPROVED FACILITY SCIENCE, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENT
9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
[The Problem ?, Measuring, Monitoring, Reducing, Avoiding, Remediation]
BUSINESS & SOCIETY
10. BUSINESS VALUE
IMPROVED OIL RECOVERY & TIGHT GAS

8. UT
T
L
P
G
E
M
Ultra-Tight
Tight
Low Permeability
Poor Permeability
Good Permeability
Excellent Permeability
Medium Permeability
>0.001
>0.01
>0.1
>1
>100
>1000
>10
(mD) IOR Techniques
WaterFlood
TightGas
ET Extreme-Tight>0.0001
UET Ultra Extreme-Tight>0.00001
MG Mega Permeability>10,000
GAS RESERVOIRS
SPE 35284: Improved Recovery from Gas Reservoirs
through Late-Life Waterflooding, 1995

12. Sustainability - Stewardship
E&P Resource Managementship [/Guidelines]
 Stewardship of Resources & Reserves [E&P]
 Proven (Commercial) Reserve
 Current & Future Expected (Proved) Reserves
 Stranded Resources (Technically Recoverable; Non-Viable)
 ‘Book Keeping’
 Classifications [SGP linked]
 Categorisations
 Risk Weighting => Expected Reserves [“Industry Guideline”]
 ‘Accountability’
 Current Supply; Resource Planning & Delivery [Future Supply]
 Capital Intensity [CAPEX/Annual Revenue] {Project vs Corporation}
 Peer Review [QA/QC]
 Technical Assurance [TA/TC]
Annual Revenue = 365.25 x Expected BOPDannual avg x Expected Oil Priceannual avg

15. SPECULATIVE RESOURCE – Unrecognised Resource
[Discovered]
Speculative Resource occur in discovered petroleum accumulations. These resources are where the
petroleum accumulation is being explored or appraised for:
(1) net pay or net reservoir delineation, prior to potential commercial development option selection
(2) Improved Oil Recovery [IOR] or Improved Oil Production techniques
(3) reactivation/rehabilitation of abandoned reservoir or field
(4) unconventional resource play based on HIIP/km2 or mile2
(5) known discovery with net reservoir ambiguity due to unproven commercial technological application
in specific net pay formation [eg Tight Rock, Heavy & Viscous Oil]
(6) unknown discovery with ambiguity due to lack of well test flow data and sufficient fluid sampling.
Stranded Speculative Resources are where the discovered petroleum accumulation pool size is
considered too small for economic development or due to currently foreseen regulatory or technical
considerations. Stranded resources, if included in any assessment, should be clearly categorised into
resources which could be technically recovered but not currently recognised economic today and those
which are truly stranded unlikely to be ever economically viable in the foreseeable future unless new
regulation or technological progress is achieved.

16. Net Pay? Net Reservoir?
SPECULATIVE PROSPECTIVE RESOURCE – Unrecognised Resource
[Undiscovered]
Speculative Prospective Resource occur in undiscovered petroleum accumulations. These resources are
where the prospects are not in active projects and where leads and plays are being considered. All
undiscovered resources not in actively licensed acreage must be categorised in this classification.
Stranded Speculative Prospective Resources are where the undiscovered petroleum accumulation pool
size is considered too small for economic development or due to currently foreseen regulatory or
technical considerations. Stranded resources, if included in any assessment, should be clearly
categorised into resources which could be technically recovered, if discovered, but not currently
recognised economic today and those which are truly stranded, unlikely to be ever economically viable if
discovered in the foreseeable future unless new regulation or technological progress is achieved.

18. • unrecognised economic potential (known accumulation, reservoir or field)
Economic Resources [Future Reserves]
Speculative Resources: Speculative & Speculative Prospective
• Missed Pay: 1990’s
• Unrecognised Net Pay or Net Reservoir
• Under-Assessed, Under-Evaluated Reservoir Rocks
• Improved Oil Recovery [‘Deemed Impossible’] 1990’s
• Being Evaluated
• Technique or Technology ‘Un-Proven’
• reasonable technical resource or producible reserves (under appraisal or evaluation)
 ‘reasonableness’ or ‘proved’ based on experience & knowhow
 clear statement of facts: ‘Peer Reviewed’ [Y] [N]; Technical Assurance (ie Gate Review);
economic screening or full economic project evaluation
• unrecognised for their resource potential (known or unknown Prospect, Lead, Play)
• Explore & Appraise [Discovered]: 1850’s
• Being Delineated
• Unrecognised (‘Known’) & Un-Identified (‘Un-Known’)

19. Economic Resources [Future Reserves]
Speculative Resources: Speculative & Speculative Prospective
• Stranded Fields
• Resource Plays [Shales & Tight Rocks; Extra Heavy Oil]
• Reactivation (/Rehabilitation) of Reservoirs & Fields
Post 2003
Post 2006
Post 2014
Post 2017
• Under-Capitalised JVs [Contingent Resources?]
• Under-Capitalised National ‘Interests’

21. #Investments
…follow the money!
#Novelty
• unrecognised economic potential
Sustainability - Stewardship
Planet Oil [Current; Speculative & Prospective Resources]
Tim Jackson: ‘Prosperity Without Growth’ [2009]
Surrey University #Adaptation

22. Output
# quantity, quality
Resources
# Assets; USD $
Mega Company
Activities
Social, Political
& Environmental
Consequences
Policy,
Procedures &
Processes
Signals
# Public, Stakeholders
Transactions
# Assets, Goods & Services, Money
Value
# Tangibles, Intangibles
MarketPlace
Informed
Policy
Changes
Mega Company Activities
MarketSpace
Organisation
• What is appropriate 'Value-for-Money' where services are not marketed ?
• How should efficiency be measured when outputs are produced many years later ?
• What effort should be spent assessing, evaluating, reviewing work ?
• Appropriate for Stewardship of National Resources? [Value Preservation]
Saudi Aramco: ‘The Caravan Goes On’ [2013]
Frank Jungers, Chairman & CEO 1973-1978
Chapter 22: Master Gas Plan #Change

23. #Innovation …inspiration & perspiration
#Innovative
Models, Experiments & Experimentation
Stewardship - Managementship
Reserve Stock (/Wealth) Replenishment
• Resource Stock(/Wealth) => Proved Reserves [Replenishment]
• Proven Reserves (Resource Wealth) ‘Almost Certain’ [~P90]
• Proved Reserves (Expected Reserves) [Replenishment] ~2P
Proved = Current Reserves [~2P] {Expected}
Future = RW Speculative, Prospective, Speculative
Prospective [‘Discovered’; Economic]

24. Classification: Reserves & Resources
Categorisation: 1P, 2P, 3P & Risk Weighting => ~2P
• Reasonable Certainty = Expected
Sustainability - Stewardship
Proved Reserves: Current & Future Expected Reserves

25. ‘PLANET OIL’ [MINED SHALE OIL]
Estonia Shale Oil – Resource Management Plan
http://www.envir.ee/sites/default/files/polevkivi_kasutamise_arengukava_2008_2015_eng.pdf
‘Sputter, Surges and Stalls’
‘Peak’

27. Un-Conventional Gas Resources [Best Practice]
Tight Gas [Speculative Prospective]

29. # Value/Worth = 1P, 2P, 2C, …
State IPO: Saudi Aramco [Economic Resources]
Petroleum Resources
Proved Reserves: Current & Future
Supply  Demand [Assets]
Auditors
Regulators: Annual Reserves/Resource Bookings
Governments: Policy, Trade, Future Investments
Social Geology [Public TouchPoints]
Social Engineering
InternalExternal
Means ?
End ?

33. … challenge to extract more from substantial Resources [>2006]
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
SP E_EO R Last Drop 05_2007.url

34. 0
1
2
3
4
5
Daily production
mmboe
Oil
Dry Gas + HPHT
Discoveries
IOR projects
New projects
Where are we today? [2006]
Big Structures
Subtle, Smaller,
Complex Trap
Structures
62 Billion BOE_MORE
EOR: Heavy/Viscous
Thermal
Polymer
Surfactant
Carbon Dioxide
Flue Gas
Appraisal
Drilling Technologies
& Facilities
Production Technologies EOR Technologies
E&A,D,P = £370 billion @12/2006 [UKOOA] 3 Billion BOE_EOR
RESOURCE EXPLOITATION

35. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
… about being more PRODUCTIVE
• DRILLING more PRODUCTIVE WELLS
• FACILITIES PRODUCING more RESERVES
• ABILITY to EXPLOIT TIGHT GAS ROCKS
• ABILITY to EXPLOIT VISCOUS - HEAVY OIL
• ABILITY to EXTRACT P50 RESERVES [MARGINAL FIELDS]
INTEGRATED MULTI-TASKING
MARKET ORIENTED RESOURCE EXPLOITATION
Business Environment
Insight, Originality, Reality
Technical
Evaluation
Implementation
Data
Characterisation
PEOPLE & TECHNOLOGY
Acquisition
Decisions
Knowledge
PRODUCTION
The PLAN
"The REAL ASSET"
The STRATEGY
Command & Control
DESIGN
INTEGRATION
[Operational Enactment]

36. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
… challenge to extract more from substantial Resources [>2006]
• TIGHT GAS eg Cygnus SNS [>2 TCF GIIP]
• DEEP WATER OIL eg Santos Basin [100+ billion BO STOIIP]
• HPHT & XHPHT eg UKCS [>10 billion BOE HIIP]
• SHALE GAS & OIL
ie Fraccing
• OIL SANDS [extra heavy oil] [>2 trillion BO STOIIP]
ie SAGD; Surface Processing[upgrader gasification process];
Catalytic Upgrading [downhole]
• DEEP WATER GAS eg West of Shetlands [>3 TCF GIIP]