4.2 carbohydrates

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CHAPTER 4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL 4.2 CARBOHYDRATES Nur amni syazana

C A R B O H Y D R A T E S ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

T Y P E S O F C A R B O H Y D R A T E S MONOSACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES

M O N O S A C C H A R I D E S ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

D I S A C C H A R I D E S ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE ------------------->MALTOSE + WATER condensation GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE <-------------------MALTOSE + WATER hydrolysis

P O L Y S A C C H A R I D E S ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE ------------------->MALTOSE + WATER hydrolysis

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Carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrients in the human diet, along with protein and fat. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates play an important role in the human body. They act as an energy source, help control blood glucose and insulin metabolism, participate in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, and help with fermentation. The digestive tract begins to break down carbohydrates into glucose, which is used for energy, upon consumption. Any extra glucose in the bloodstream is stored in the liver and muscle tissue until further energy is needed. Carbohydrates is an umbrella term that encompasses sugar, fruits, vegetables, fibers, and legumes. While there are numerous divisions of carbohydrates, the human diet benefits mostly from a certain subset.

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Carbohydrates are generally classified into monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (containing few sugar units) and polysaccharides (containing many sugar units). Monosaccharides are sugar molecules containing short chain of carbon atoms, one aldehydic or ketonic group and hydroxyl groups attached to remaining Carbon atoms. Oligosaccharides are formed by polymerisation of monosaccharide molecules by elimination of water molecules. Polysaccharides are high molecular weight substances composed of large number of moosaccharide units combined to form one large polymer molecule. They may be straight chain or branched chain polymers.

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