8. “
Syntax literally means “putting together” or
“arrangement.”
“The underlying rule
system used to generate sentences.”
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9. “
Syntactic rules: All and Only
(syntactic analysis must account for all the
grammatically correct phrases/sentences and only those
structures in language analyzed.
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13. Generative Grammar
small and finite (limited) set of rules that is capable of
generating a large and potentially infinite number of
well-formed structures
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14. Deep and surface structure
Surface structure [SS]: the different syntactic forms they have as
individual sentences.
Deep surface [DS]: abstract level of structural organization,
representation of all elements determining structural interpretation.
Relationship:
▧ One [DS] can be represented in different [SS]
▧ One [SS] can represent different [DS]
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15. Deep and surface structure
SS Charlie broke the window.
The window was broken by Charlie.
Was the window broken by Charlie?
DS It was Charlie who broke the window.
Relationship:
▧ One [DS] can be represented in different [SS]
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[SS]: RED; [DS]: BLUE
16. Deep and surface structure: Structural ambiguity
[SS] Annie bumped into a man with an umbrella.
[DS] 1. Annie had an umbrella and she bumped into a man with it.
2. Annie bumped into a man and the man happened to be
carrying an umbrella
Relationship:
▧ One [SS] can represent different [DS]
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[SS]: RED; [DS]: BLUE
17. Deep and surface structure: Structural ambiguity (2)
[SS] Sue saw the man with the telescope
[DS] 1. The seeing is done with the telescope
2. The man is holding the telescope
Relationship:
▧ One [SS] can represent different [DS]
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[SS]: RED; [DS]: BLUE
21. Phrase structure rules
▧ a sentence (S) = a noun phrase (NP) + a verb phrase (VP).
▧ A noun phrase rewrites as either:
▧ an article plus an optional adjective plus a noun,
▧ a pronoun,
▧ a proper noun.
▧ a verb phrase = as a verb + a noun phrase.
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23. 2. Tree diagrams (Phrase/constituent structure trees)
Main concepts:
▧ Words are organized into
subunits/subtrees (constituents)
▧ Speakers mentally represent sentences
not as flat strings of words, but as complex
structures with an internal organization
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