2. • Internal energy: আমরা একে দুই ভাকে োরাকে পারর । োপ/রিট আর োজ রিকে।
োজ িক া শরির িস্তান্তর গরেশী েস্তুর মকযে।work is energy transferred in a moving
object . আর োপ িক া শরির িস্তান্তর অণু এেং েণার মকযে। heat is energy transferred
between atom and molecules
State function and path function
• State function : we can say ..that only depends upon final state.
Eg: temperature , pressure , volume , enthalpy, entropy, free energy.
• Path function: the quantity that depend on initial and final state but
also depends on path by which it has been obtained.
Eg : Work , Heat, Heat Capacity, Molar heat capacity
dQ=dE+dW – 1st Law of thermodynamics.
6. • The water in a large lake is to be used to generate electricity by the installation of a hydraulic
turbine–generator at a location where the depth of the water is 50 m (Fig. 2–60). Water is to be
supplied at a rate of 5000 kg/s. If the electric power generated is measured to be 1862 kW and
the generator efficiency is 95 percent, determine (a) the overall efficiency of the turbine–
generator, (b) the mechanical efficiency of the turbine, and (c) the shaft power supplied by the
turbine to the generator.
7.
8. A reciprocating air compressor takes in 2 m3/min at 0.11 MPa, 20°C
which it delivers at 1.5 MPa, 111°C to an aftercooler where the air is
cooled at constant pressure to 25°C. The power absorbed by the
compressor is 4.15 kW. Determine the heat transfer in
(a) The compressor (b) The cooler
State your assumptions.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. • “Boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other liquid is heated,
steam or vapor is generated, steam is super-heated, or any
combination thereof, under pressure or vacuum, for use external to
itself, by the direct application of energy from the combustion of
fuels, from electricity or nuclear energy. “
15. • There are following Boilers Types:
• 1. According to the position of water and hot gasses
• Fire Tube Boiler
• Water Tube Boiler
• 2. According to Axis of Shell
• Horizontal Boiler
• Vertical Boiler
• 3. According to the position of the boiler
• External Fired Boiler
• Internally Fired Boiler
• 4. According to the pressure
• Low-Pressure Boiler
• High-Pressure Boiler
• 5. According to the method of circulation
• Natural Circulation Boiler
• forced Circulation Boiler
• 6. According to use of boilers
• Mobile Boiler
• Stationary Boiler
• 7. According to drums
• Single drum Boiler
• Multi drum Boiler
• 8. According to the nature of drought
• Forced drought Boiler
• Natural drought Boiler
• 9. According to furnace
• Single furnace Boiler
• Dual furnace Boiler
• 10. According to fuel firing
• Solid fuel-fired Boiler
• Liquid fuel-fired Boiler
• Gaseous fuel-fired Boiler
Types of Boiler and Classifications of Boiler:
16.
17. • Boiler mountings are mechanical devices that are considered necessary to operate the boiler smoothly
& safely, which are usually mounted on surfaces of the boilers.
• Boiler accessories are devices and plants that are installed with boilers to improve the operating
condition and overall efficiency of the boiler plant. Boiler accessories are devices that are installed
along the boiler and the surrounding area to increase the efficiency of the boiler. These are not an
indispensable part of the boiler, and thus without installing these devices, the boiler operation can be
completed at low efficiency.
• #2. Boiler Accessories
• 1. Feed Pump
• 2. Soot Blower
• 3. Injector
• 4. Superheater
• 5. Air Preheater
• 6. Pressure Reducing Valve
• 7. Steam Separator
1. Boiler Mounting
• 1. Main Steam Stop Valve
• 2. Auxiliary Steam Stop Valve
• 3. Safety Valve
• 4. Scum Blowdown Valves
• 5. Salinometer valve
• 6. Automatic Feed Water Regulator
• 7. Manhole
• 8. Mud box
• 9. TDS Sensor and Sample
• 10. Water Level Gauge Glass
• 11. Air vent cock
• 12. Feed Check Valves and Controls
• 13. Pressure Gauge Connection
• 14. Blowdown Valve
