School power point presentation for Nuclear Power Plant. Credits to some information gathered here also in Slideshare.

3. • type of power plant that uses the
process of nuclear fission in order to
generate electricity
• in nuclear power station, heavy
elements such as Uranium (U235) or
Thorium (Th232) are subjected to
nuclear fission in a special apparatus
• the steam runs the steam turbine
which converts steam energy into
mechanical energy
• the heat energy thus released is
utilized in raising steam at high
temperature and pressure
• the turbine drives the alternator
which converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy

5. • A nuclear power plant works in a
similar way as a thermal power plant.
The difference between the two is in
the fuel they use to heat the water in
the boiler(steam generator).
• 1 kg of Uranium U235 can produce as
much energy as the burning of 4500
tonnes of high grade variety of coal
or 2000 tonnes of oil.
• Inside a nuclear power station, energy
is released by nuclear fission in the
core of the reactor.

7. • Uranium exists as an isotope in the form of U235
which is unstable.
• When the nucleus of an atom of Uranium is split,
the neutrons released hit other atoms and split
them in turn. More energy is released each time
another atom splits. This is called a chain reaction.

8. D I V I D E D I N T O F O U R M A I N S T A G E S

9. • the main component of nuclear power plant
• an apparatus in which nuclear fuel (U235) is
subjected to nuclear fission
• controls the chain reaction that starts once the
fission is done
• a cylindrical stout pressure vessel and houses fuel
rods of Uranium, moderator and control rods

11. • in nuclear power plant, coolant is used to raise the
heat of the heat exchanger which is utilized in
raising the steam. After that, it goes back to the
reactor
• a device which transfers heat from one medium to
another

12. • in nuclear power plant, the steam produced in the
exchanger is led to the steam turbine through a
valve. After that the steam is exhausted to the
condenser. This condensed steam is fed to the heat
exchanger through feed water pump.
• a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy
from pressurized steam and transforms it into
mechanical work.

13. • in nuclear power plant, steam turbine is coupled to
an alternator which converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy. The output of alternator
produces electrical energy to bus bars via major
electrical apparatus like transformer, circuit
breakers, isolators etc.
• an electrical generator that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy in the form of
alternating current - the flow of electric charge
periodically reverses direction

16. • pressurized water in the primary coolant loop
carries the heat to the steam generator. Pressurizer
keep the pressure at 100kg/cm2 so that it doesn’t
boil.
• the core inside the reactor vessel creates heat
• inside the steam generator, heat from the steam
• the steam line directs the steam to the main
turbine, causing it to turn the turbine generator,
which produces electricity.

18. • water used in reactor (as coolant, moderator and
reflector) is cheap and easily available
• the reactor is compact and power density is high
• fission products remain contained in the reactor
and are not circulated
• a small number of control rods is required
• there is a complete freedom to inspect and
maintain the turbine, feed heaters and condenser
during operation.
• this reactor allows to reduce the fuel cost
extracting more energy per unit weight of fuel as
it is ideally suited to the utilization of fuel
designed fo higher burn-ups

19. • capital cost is high as high primary circuit requires
strong vessel
• in the secondary circuit, the thermodynamic
efficiency of this plant is quite low
• fuel suffers radiation damage and, therefore its
reprocessing is difficult
• severe corrosion problems
• it is imperative to shut down the reactor for fuel
charging which requires a couple of month’s time
• low volume ratio of moderator to fuel makes fuel
element design and insertion of control rods
difficult
• fuel element fabrication is expensive

20. • the plant can safely operate using natural
convection within the core or forced circulation
• uses enriched fuel

22. • Heat exchanger circuit is eliminated and
consequently there is gain in thermal efficiency
and gain in cost.
• There is use of a lower pressure vessel for the
reactor which further reduces cost and simplifies
containment problems
• The metal temperature remains low for given
output conditions.
• The pressure inside the pressure vessel is not high
so a thicker vessel is not required.

23. • possibility of radioactive contamination in the
turbine mechanism, should there be any failure of
fuel elements
• more elaborate safety precautions needed which
are costly.
• wastage of stream resulting in lowering of
thermal efficiency on part load operation.
• boiling limits power density; only 3 to 5% by mass
can be converted to steam per pass through the
boiler
• the possibility of “burn out” of fuel is more in this
reactor than PWR as boiling of water on the
surface of the fuel is allowed

25. • amount of fuel required is quite small
• requires less space as compared to any other
type of the same type
• has low running charges as a small amount of fuel
is used for producing bulk electrical energy
• very economical for producing bulk electric
power
• can be located near the load centers
• there are large deposits of nuclear fuels all over
the world
• ensures reliability of operation

27. • fuel used is expensive and difficult to recover
• capital cost on a nuclear plant is very high as
compared to other types of plants
• erection and commissioning of the plant requires
greater technical know-how
• fission by-products are generally radioactive and
may cause a dangerous amount of radioactive
pollution

29. • sufficient water must be available for cooling, thus
plant must be situated near a river or by sea-side,
which ample quantity of water is available

30. • waste produced is generally reactive, and thus must be
disposed of properly to avoid health hazards. Waste
must be disposed in deep trench or in sea away from
shore.

31. • Must be far away from populated areas as there may be radio-
active particles in the atmosphere near plant. However, the
radio-activity released by a nuclear power plant is significantly
less than a similar coal-powered plant

32. • the site selected for a nuclear power plant should have adequate
facilities in order to transport the heavy equipment during
erection and to facilitate the movement of the workers
employed in the plant

34. • fission of nuclei or nuclear fuels
• the effect of neutron fluxes on the heat carried in
the primary cooling system and on the ambient air
• damage of shell of fuel elements

35. • a nuclear power plant should be constructed away
from human habitation.(160km radius)
• the materials used for construction should be of
required standards
• waste water should be purified
• should have a proper safety system, plant could be
shut down when required
• while disposing off the wastes it should be ensured
that it doesn’t contaminate the river or sea

37. • The process of geological disposal
centers on burrowing nuclear waste into
the ground to the point where it is out of
human reach.
• The waste needs to be properly
protected to stop any material from
leaking out. Seepage from the waste
could contaminate the water table if the
burial location is above or below the
water level. Furthermore, the waste
needs to be properly fastened to the
burial site and also structurally supported
in the event of a major seismic event,
which could result in immediate
contamination.

38. • emerged as a viable long term method for dealing
with waste. As the name implies, the process
involves taking waste and separating the useful
components from those that aren’t as useful.
Specifically, it involves taking the fissionable
material out from the irradiated nuclear fuel..

40. The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
(BNPP) is an interesting case
study of nuclear energy.
Completed back in 1980s and
costing $2.2 billion, the BNPP
currently stands in Morong,
Bataan, atop Napot Point that
overlooks the West Philippine
Sea. However, it never achieved
its goal of generating 623 MW
of electricity. The BNPP is
currently the only nuclear
power plant in the Philippines
and more interestingly, was still
the only nuclear plant in the
Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN) as of 2014.